" Renouvier believed it was impossible to prove freedom in terms of being 'a fact'. He asserted the problem to be not only within actions but also within knowledge. Renouvier called the specific problem 'vertige mental' or a condition of psychopathological in nature, or a disturbance of rational harmony of self-possession which constitutes the essence of the personal consciousness."
In this state the individual has characteristics of hallucination. Stated is that Renouvier held that, "If all things are necessitated, then moral judgments, the notions of right and of duty, have no foundation in the nature of things." Accordingly the character vested in either 'virtue or crime' is lost with sentiments and feelings losing their meaning. Renouivier argues that, "if all is necessary, if all human actions are predetermined, then popular language is guilty of a grave extravagance and appears ridiculous, insinuating, as it does, that many acts might have been left…...

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Bibliography

Conflict: Radical Theory Online at  http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/conflict.htm 

Hil, Richard (2002) Facing Change: New Directions for Critical Criminology in the Early New Millennium?

Criminology: Radical and Neo-Critical Theory

hile that line of thinking is seductive, because it suggests an easy solution for complex problems, like racism; est believes that the real solutions will require people to question their own fundamental assumptions about power and its relationship to racism. Specifically, est talks about how racism is inherently linked to classification, and, in fact, that "the genealogy of racism in the modern est is inseparable from the appearance of the classificatory category of race in natural history," and then traces the history of race as a classification.
hile est cautions others against oversimplification, he appears to engage in oversimplification himself. He discusses race from a purely estern perspective, as if racial distinction was merely the result of estern race classification. However, by the time that Francois Bernier first formally used race as a classification in 1684, there was already a thriving and well-established slave-trade practice, which was at least partially…...

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Works Cited

Barker, Martin. "The Problems with Racism." Race Critical Theories: Text and Context. Eds.

Philomena Essed and David Goldberg. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. 80-89.

Bhabha, Homi. "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse." Race Critical

Theories: Text and Context. Eds. Philomena Essed and David Goldberg. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. 113-122.

Theoretical Applications in Sociology: Critical Theory vs. Systems Theory
Exciting advances are being made in the development and application of sociological theories to social work practices. Two of the foremost theories are systems theory -- currently undergoing an architectural evolution due to the implications of the chaos and complexity disciplines -- and critical theory, which seeks to change the current systematical frameworks of society for the better. For the purposes of this paper, I will compare and contrast the two theories, highlighting the similarities between them as well as the segments of departure and their practical implications. I will then apply both theories to a single case study in order to show the strengths and weaknesses of each theory in practice.

In "New Directions in Systems Theory: Chaos and Complexity," authors Warren, Franklin and Streeter examine how advances in the chaos and complexity disciplines are instigating an evolution of traditional systems theory.…...

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References

Dominell, L. (2003). Anti-Oppressive Social Work Theory & Practice. Publisher's City: Publisher's Name.

Warren, K., Franklin, C. & Streeter, C.L. (1998). New Directions in Systems Theory: Chaos and Complexity. Social Work, 43 (4), 357-372.

**Not sure of all the information for the other sources (Book Title, Publisher, Publisher City ect). Take a look at the following cite for help in completing the reference page:  http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa

Realist, Liberalist and Critical Theory
The field of International Relations (often abbreviated IR) is devoted to the study of how the system of states could be made to work more effectively to enhance the power of law, peacefully manage interstate affairs, preserve order and minimize the prospects of war (An Overview of the Field of International Relations 1). From the start, IR has been a policy-oriented discipline. There is no agreed-upon methodology for it other than the commonly-found normative perspective, which means that researchers often make value judgments or take a stand on certain issues. The field seeks to not only analyze foreign policy but to help formulate it. This has led, as one might imagine, to various debates (called theoretical debates) about ways of thinking in international relations. The content and character of those debates have shaped the field into what might be called the following "schools of thought" which…...

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Works Cited List

An Overview of the field of International Relations. 1-11. Accessed 18 October 2011.

www.drtomoconnor.com/3040/3040lect02a.htmCached

Friedman, T. "Globalization, Alive and Well." New York Times. 22 September 2002. Accessed 18 October 2011.

Cached - Similar - Add to iGoogle

roots in critical theory, which stemmed from the approaches of the Frankfurt school of philosophers in the mid-20th century. The Frankfurt School was led by Theodore Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Erich fromm and other German intellectuals who had emigrated from Germany during the time of the Third eich. They held what an essentially neo-Marxist point-of-view -- that is, they based their critical analysis of society on the fact that the proletariat had failed to seize power from the elites. Adorno and Horkheimer especially focused on the "culture industry" which they claimed was responsible for the failure of the proletariat in the West to climb out of its class oppression. The "culture industry" promoted the concept that the elites wanted the proletariat to adopt -- namely, that they were comfortable and happy with the way things were. Through technological innovations like television and propaganda-producing systems like Hollywood, the working class was…...

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References

Caldwell, P. (2012). Marxist Criticism of Public Education Funding and Social

Reproduction. Colgate Academic Review, 2(10): 54-58.

Connelly, F.M., He, M.F., & Philion, J. (2007). The Sage handbook of curriculum and instruction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. NY: Continuum.

Furthermore, while acknowledging that there was a consciousness of whiteness and white superiority in other lands, such as England, Roediger points out that part of the Americanization process for European immigrants was to become white, and that this process involved internalizing feelings of racism and hatred towards blacks.
Affirmative Action and the Politics of Race by Manning Marable

Manning Marable is a pro-affirmative action author, and he begins his essay by decrying the fact that the political right wing has largely defined the context of discussions about affirmative action. In addition, he stresses concern that those who have benefitted from affirmative action have been reluctant to defend it. He suggests that part of the problem is due to how affirmative action has traditionally been framed and its lack of a definition. Historically, he says, affirmative action was "designed to promote some degree of compensatory justice to the victims of slavery, Jim…...

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Works Cited

Goldberg, David Theo. "Modernity, Race, and Morality." Race Critical Theories: Text and Context. Eds. Philomena Essed and David Theo Goldberg. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. 283-306.

Marable, Manning. "Affirmative Action and the Politics of Race." Race Critical Theories: Text and Context. Eds. Philomena Essed and David Theo Goldberg. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. 344-354.

Roediger, David. "Whiteness and Ethnicity in the History of 'White Ethnics' in the United

States." Race Critical Theories: Text and Context. Eds. Philomena Essed and David Theo Goldberg. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. 325-343.

Essed notes the profound perceived threat to power experienced by those in the majority feel when even small encroachments are made by other groups into the dominant fabric of society, and how tacit racism against minorities is often allowed even by those who might not consider themselves prejudiced on an interactional and personal level (184). In short, the institutional racism of society inevitably affects interpersonal relations, even amongst people who do not harbor what we might think of as hatred in their hearts. Racism for Essed is an ideological social construct, a powerful social and philosophical method of enforcement that affects how 'people' see the world, and also the mechanisms of the justice system (185). Racist images and practices become an invisible and accepted part of daily life, and are unquestioned, thus it is not enough to simply change one's individual mind (190). Her essay, though it seems overly…...

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Works Cited

Race Critical Theories: Text and Context. Philomena Essed & David Theo Goldberg, Ed.

Blackwell, 2002.

Great Gatsby: As Seen Through Marxist Perspective
A Marxist perspective of F. Scott Fitzgerald's famous novel, The Great Gatsby may be interested in social class representations, together with how characters acquired and retained riches and power. An overall analysis of the novel reveals that it portrays the extremely rich social class that does not work and devotes most of its day to leisure activities primarily. A few less rich minor characters also find mention, along with a smaller share of workers and servants seen at work in the course of the story. In terms of the Marxist theory, the affluent social class denotes the "haves." At the time of the American industrial revolution, capitalists -- the people with capital (i.e., wealth, equipment, or land) -- meant the upper social class. On the other hand, the "have-nots" indicated the lower social class, or workers. In Marx's opinion, a class with economic…...

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Works cited

Falth, Sebastian. "Social Class and Status in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby." Web.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Amersham: Transatlantic Press, 2012

"Marxist Interpretations." -- The Great Gatsby Study Guide from Crossref-it.info. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

TYSON, LOIS. "Critical Theory Today." Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

' Culture, in Buck's point-of-view, and the construction of race, thus had a greater importance upon the creation of modern Kentucky than a logical evaluation of individual's real interests. This is why both whites and blacks have been worked to the bone.
Discrimination against poor whites still abounds in present-day Kentucky in the form of stereotypes. Poor whites are often characterized as supposed 'rednecks' who deserve their economic fate because their days are devoted to "drinking, incest," and "family violence," and living lives of "general backwardness, bare-footedness, improvidence, and red-necked cussedness (7). "The actions of coal mine owners, of corporate tobacco buyers, or of manufacturing executives are irrelevant in explaining Kentucky's bony fingers if they can be explained by the problems in Kentucky's culture instead," not by bad corporate behavior (7).

In defending her thesis, Buck begins with evidence from her own life, as she opens with her struggles opening and operating…...

Theory Help You to Make Sense of Your Own Organization and the Management Practices in Your Organization?
Too often, individuals get an idea stuck in their heads and they cannot dislodge it no matter how hard they try. In actuality though, most people who can only contrive a particular system for working, whether that be managing or running an organization, and there is no interest in change. I realize that falling back to a secure position is comforting, but it is also damaging from a growth standpoint. And, growth is the object in business; that is, aside from the fact that making money is probably the primary concern.

But making money has led to some troubling consequences in the world as businesses have grown greedy and managers have become overly authoritarian and sure of their stagnant methods. The reality is that "managing and organizing are not isolatable objects of study but…...

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References

Akella, D., (2008). A reflection on critical management studies. Journal of Management and Organization, 14(1), 100-109.

Bourn, D. (2011). Global skills: From economic competitiveness to cultural understanding and critical pedagogy. Critical Literacy: Theory & Practice, 6(1), 3- 20.

Das, H., & Long, B.S., (2010). What makes management research interesting?: An exploratory study. Journal of Managerial Issues, 22(1), 127-140.

Delbecq, A.L., (1999). Rethinking management education. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 439-442.

Thus even the process of reclaiming ones identity is subject to the conditions imposed by colonial oppression.
hile the book certainly touches upon some of the lingering and seemingly intractable problems associated with colonial oppression, there is also glimpses into how human beings are able to transcend these problems and carve out their own identity; even without an adequate understanding of their roots. e see for example, how Lucy misses her life in Antigua, even though it represents and existence that was constantly stifling her and preventing her from reaching her true potential as a woman. As she implies, this is because while Antigua represents a more restrictive existence compared to her experiences in America, the bonds of family which were forged on the island, are not easily broken (Kincaid, 6). Her experiences in the United States, while liberating and interesting, fail to elicit the same deep emotional connections she…...

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Works Cited

Kincaid, Jamaica. Lucy. Macmillan, 2002. Print.

Tyson, Lois. Critical theory today. CRC Press, 2006. Print.

Theory vs. Creativity in Design
Leaders have a task of moving the organization forward in a fashion that is supported by all stakeholders. After allocating resources to bolster organizational success, leaders must primarily assess and accept the risks related innovation. Innovation includes accepting new management theories to replace the outdated philosophies widely incorporated into an organization's procedures and policies over time (American Evaluation Association, 2004). This study aims to identify, discuss, and recommend strategies to create tension between existing management theories and management's ability to create new business paradigms. The study will also identify and discuss stakeholder attitudes towards innovation, ethics, and inclusion as primary drivers of a successful organization. While focusing on innovation and ethics, the study will suggest ways in which organizational leadership can prepare a company for the future and current environmental changes.

How leaders integrate innovative principles while adhering to industry and market mandates

Integrity and honesty: Organizations must…...

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References

American Evaluation Association. (2004). American evaluators association guiding principles for evaluators. American Evaluation Association. Retrieved from  http://www.eval.org/p/cm/ld/fid=51 

Bogan, C.E., & English, M.J. (2010). Benchmarking for best practices: Winning through innovative adaptation. New York [u.a.: McGraw-Hill.

Burton, R.M. (2008). Designing organizations: 21st century approaches. New York: Springer.

DiMaggio, P. (2011). The twenty-first-century firm: Changing economic organization in international perspective. Princeton, NJ [u.a.: Princeton Univ. Press.

Positive effects:

UPB management will be able to capitalize on the five years of training and other investments in Mark Williams

The colleagues will feel a sense of security as Williams has decided to stick with the company

Costs with replacing him will now be incurred and the money could be used in another direction

UPB clients will be content as they will not have to switch consultants

Mark Williams will feel loyal and the sense that he has betrayed his 'savior' will not torment him

Negative effects:

Mark Williams will continually feel frustrated with the sense of things at UPB

He will give up his opportunities for further professional development and promotions

It is highly possible that his sacrifice will not even be recognized by the UPB stakeholders

7. eflections

Mark Williams graduated Business College and found a job at UBP Consulting in a time in which nobody else would hire him. Due to processes of internal reorganizations, the company…...

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References:

Brown, C., Ethical Theories Compared, Trinity University, 2001,   last accessed on June 26, 2009http://www.trinity.edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories.html 

Geuras, D., Garofalo, C., Practical Ethics in Public Administration, 2nd Edition, 2005, Management Concepts, ISBN 1567261612

Todd, H.C., Speaking of Ethics -- Changing Jobs, The District of Columbia Bar, 2009,   last accessed on June 26, 2009http://www.dcbar.org/for_lawyers/resources/publications/washington_lawyer/march_2009/ethics.cfm 

English for academic purposes approach focuses on the reader, too, not as a specific individual but as the representative of a discourse community, for example, a specific discipline or academia in general. The reader is an initiated expert who represents a faculty audience. This reader, particularly omniscient and all-powerful, is likely to be an abstract representation, a generalized construct, one reified from an examination of academic assignments and texts (aimes, 1991).
Partnership Teaching is not just an extension of co-operative teaching. Co-operative teaching consists of a language support teacher and class teacher jointly planning a curriculum and teaching strategies which will take into account the learning needs of all pupils. The point is to adjust the learning situation in order to fit the pupils. Partnership Teaching is more than that. It builds on the notion of co-operative teaching by linking the work of two teachers with plans for curriculum improvement…...

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References

Davison, Chris. (2006). Collaboration Between ESL and Content Teachers: How Do We Know

When We Are Doing It Right? International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism, 9(4), 454-475.

Grover, Sam. (2009). Methods for Teaching TESOL. Retrieved August 31, 2010, from e-How

Web site: http://www.ehow.com/way_5403572_methods-teaching-tesol.html

Critical Thinking for Homeland Security
Everyone navigates their way through the world using a set of preconceived ideas, stereotypes, notions and beliefs concerning how things work and how others will behave in any given situation. Not surprisingly, many people are surprised and even shocked to learn that some of the things they have firmly believed to be true all of their lives are inaccurate or even false. These frailties of the human condition mean that the search for the truth is ongoing and learning how to find it represents a critical part of the skill set needed in the 21st century. This paper provides a discussion and comparison of "elements of truth" and the "right questions" that should be asked in any given situation to discern the facts, followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

Not only does every side have…...

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References

Browne, N. & Keeley, S.M. (2012). Asking the right questions. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice.

....

Here are some options for probation outlook essays:

1. Research-based: An essay that examines current research and studies on probation effectiveness, recidivism rates, and best practices in probation programming.

2. Persuasive: An essay arguing for reform and improvement in the probation system, advocating for increased funding, better training for probation officers, and more resources for rehabilitation programs.

3. Historical: An essay that traces the history of probation in the United States, discussing its origins, evolution, and key milestones in the development of probation as a method of criminal justice.

4. Comparative: An essay that compares and contrasts different probation systems from around the world,....

Critical theory and positivism are two distinct approaches to conducting research in the field of health and social care. These approaches shape how researchers understand and interpret issues in this field in different ways.

Positivism is a traditional scientific approach to research that emphasizes objectivity, quantifiability, and empirical evidence. It seeks to uncover universal laws and principles that govern the natural and social worlds. Researchers using a positivist approach in health and social care research may focus on collecting quantitative data and analyzing it statistically to identify patterns and relationships between variables. This approach tends to prioritize measurable outcomes and causal....

Critical Theory and Positivism in Health and Social Care Research

Introduction:

Critical theory and positivism are two contrasting epistemological approaches that significantly shape how health and social care issues are understood and researched. Each approach has its distinct assumptions, methods, and implications for knowledge production in this field.

Critical Theory:

Assumptions:
Reality is socially constructed and not objectively observable.
Power relations and societal structures influence knowledge production and social outcomes.
Research should aim to expose systemic inequalities and challenge dominant ideologies.

Methods:
Qualitative methods, such as ethnography, discourse analysis, and grounded theory.
Participatory approaches that involve marginalized populations in the research process.
Focus....