Criminal Acts and Choice
Choice theory plays and important aspect when accessing reasons contributing to criminal activities. The importance of the theory assist in coming up with strategies for reducing criminal activities. The importance of an understanding to the theory comes out from the contribution that the theory stands to give. It is vital to learn how the theory bears upon the chance that someone will take up or even attempt to control a criminal activity and endeavor to curb crime from taking place. Primary choice theory will help to discourage criminal activities.

The core ideas held in choice theory according to Siegel (2006)

are: people are free to choose with the motive of their ideas being driven by greed, vanity, jealousy, revenge, lust, need, anger and vanity all these are but expressions of choice that comes out of once free will; these choice control is possible by fear of punishment; swift and…...

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References

Cornish, D., & Clarke, R. (1987). Understanding crime displacement. Criminology 25, 933-947.

Frank, R.H. (1990). Rethinking Rational Choice. In R. In Friedland, and Robertson, A.F., eds. (Ed.), Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society (pp. 53-87). New york: aldine de gruyter.

Glasser, W. (1998). Choice theory: a new psychology of personal freedom: HarperPerennial.

Siegel, L. (2006). Criminology. Belmont, CA: wadsworth.

Criminal Violations Committed by Police/Correction Officers:
The work of law enforcement and correctional officers revolves a slippery slope or the likelihood of slow worsening social-moral inhibitions and perceived view of permissibility for deviant conduct. Generally, law enforcement or police officers are mandated with the task of maintaining law and order in the society through dealing with crime and criminals. On the other hand, correctional officers help in incarceration and rehabilitation of convicted criminals as they serve the respective sentences for their offenses. As a result, law enforcement and correctional officers are expected to carry their work with extreme professionalism and without any deviant conduct. While the general public has huge expectations from these professional, they tend to forget the slippery nature of their work. Actually, the criminal justice work involves dealing with situations that are usually below the usual comfort levels. The nature of the work has contributed to the emergence…...

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References:

Barnhart, T.E. (2010, February 15). Deviance and Corruption. Retrieved November 30, 2013,

from  http://www.corrections.com/news/article/23579-deviance-and-corruption 

Bayley, D. & Perito, R. (n.d.). Police Corruption -- What Past Scandals Teach about Current

Challenges . Retrieved November 30, 2013, from  http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR%20294.pdf

Criminal Sanctions in America
The Predominat Goal of Criminal Sanctions in America is Incapacitation

The predominant goal of criminal sanctions in America is incapacitation

In every society there are acceptable social norms which everyone is expected to adhere to and whenever an individual violates any of the norms a penalty is usually imposed, this is referred to as a sanction. These violations can be criminal or civil in nature and so are the corresponding sanctions. When the violation is criminal in nature then there is imposed a criminal sanction which maybe in the form of fine, imprisonment, or both. The rationale of criminal sanctions falls in four categories; incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and just deserts, each of these has influenced the criminal punishment differently in the history of American justice system (onald, 2000). Incapacitation uses detention in prison or by execution as a way of trying to reduce the capacity of the offender to…...

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REFERENCES

Ronald, J.P. (2000). Founding the Criminal Law: Punishment and Political Thought in the Origins of America, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

Anderson, J.M. et al. (1999) "Measuring Interjudge Sentencing Disparity: Before and after the Federal Sentencing Guidelines." Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 42, No. 1,pp. 271-307.

Frankel, M.E. (1973). "Lawlessness in Sentencing," University of Cincinnati Law Review, Vol.

41, No. 1 (1972), pp. 1 -- 53.

For example, in Canada, the government often does not allow offenders to work in fields that have some overlap with the crimes they've committed.
Truly, in Canada, the impacts of a criminal record are staggering: it can thwart one from obtaining a professional license; it can prevent one from working in certain arena; it can stop one from being insured; and it can make travel extremely difficult (educaloi.qc.ca). For example, in Canada, if you have a criminal record of any kind, you will be unable to work for the police. At the same time, an employer cannot refuse to hire you or fire you if you have criminal record which doesn't negatively (or potentially impact) the duties of the given job. For instance, if it's a job painting houses and you have a criminal record for armed assault, there's presumably nothing about the criminal charges which would indicate that you…...

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References

Educaloi.qc.ca, n.d. The Impact of a Criminal Record. [Online]

Available at:

 http://www.educaloi.qc.ca/en/loi/offenders_and_accused_persons/19/ 

Jourard, R., 2012. Effect of a criminal record. [Online]

Criminal Analysis
International Association Crime Analysts

Criminal Analysis (International Association Crime Analysts)

International Association Crime

Criminal analysis is one of the ways used in law enforcement to eliminate and minimize all incidents of crime in the society. This analysis has been used in the past to track various criminal and to keep them off the streets. Criminal analysis is primarily divided into three distinct categories. Each category explores the same subject matter but in a different dimension. These categories are tactical, strategic, administrative analysis. International Association Crime Analysts is one of the investigative agencies that use these analyses to counter crime in the community.

Tactical analysis

Tactical analysis: this type of analysis refers to the investigation and studying of criminal patterns. It includes researching of crime series including information related to the offenders behind the events. This analysis reveals a certain trend likely to lead to the strong hold and tact used by the offenders. This…...

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Reference

Bruce, C.W., Hick S.R. And Cooper, J.P. (2004). Exploring crime analysis: Readings on essential skills. Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing.

Hurley. P. (March 2006). Monthly Crime Brief. Albany Police Department. Retrieved on July 5, 2012. Web

Criminal Theory, Procedure, And Constitutional Protections
What is Criminal Law?

Criminal law is the branch of the legal system that pertains to enforcing penal rules, laws, regulation, and codes that define conduct that is deemed by society to warrant punishment and that outlines the appropriate punishment for that conduct (Friedman, 2005).

What Are Ashworth's Five Principles of Criminal Law?

Legality, esponsibility, Minimal Criminalization, Proportionality, Fair Labeling (Schmalleger, 2009).

What is the Presumption of Innocence?

The presumption of innocence comes from one of the foundational principles valued by the Framers of the U.S. Constitution. That doctrine is built from their belief that it is preferable to err on the side of failing to punish criminals rather than the side of accidentally convicting and punishing an innocent person (Edwards, Wattenberg, Lineberry, 2007). It means that the starting point of any criminal proceeding or trial is that the defendant is innocent; it is up to the prosecution to successfully…...

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References

Edwards, G., Wattenberg, M., and Lineberry, R. (2007). Government in America: People,

Politics, and Policy. New York: Longman.

Friedman, L.M. (2005). A History of American Law. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

Criminal justice administration mainly focuses on crime prevention and punishing any illegal activities. Criminal justice administration is wide and it entails law enforcement and the judicial administration. Some of the jobs that relate to criminal justice administration include; security coordination, juvenile delinquency administration, law enforcement and being a courtroom official. Additional crime is also part of criminal justice administration. This field entails terrorism prevention, immigration policies and social policies. Other duties that criminal justice entails include; police officer, community relations advocate and correctional officer. For an officer working with the criminal justice administration, his work involves law enforcement (Bharti, 2008).
Key issues in Criminal Justice Administration today

The criminal justice administration today faces various issues and problems thus needing serious reforms. In most cases, many nonviolent offenders go to jail because many prosecutors and district attorneys succumb to political pressure hence become tough on crime. The prisons are always populated and there…...

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References

Bharti, D. (2008). The Constitution and criminal justice administration. New Delhi:

A.P.H.

Publ. Corp.

Dammer, H.R., & Albanese, J.S. (2011). Comparative criminal justice systems. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

In the experimental community, the researchers instituted a media campaign to increase seat-belt usage, followed by increased police enforcement of the seat-belt law. It was found that the percentage of drivers using seat belts increased in the experimental community but remained stable or declined slightly in the comparison community (Piquero and Piquero, 2002).
An example of the before-and-after design would be the analysis of the impact of the Massachusetts Bartley-Fox gun law. This law carried a one-year minimum prison sentence for the unlicensed carrying of firearms. Their early evaluation showed a decrease in gun-related assaults, robberies, and homicides, but was offset by increases in non-gun assaults and robberies using other weapons (Piquero and Piquero, 2002).

Cross-sectional designs involve studies of one group at one point in time. Consequently, they offer a quick look at or snapshot of the phenomena that is being studied. Classically, they refer to a representative sample of…...

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References

Criminology and Criminal Justice Research: Methods - Quantitative Research Methods. (2010).

Retrieved September 4, 2010, from Web site:

 http://law.jrank.org/pages/923/Criminology-Criminal-Justice-Research-Methods-Quantitative-research-methods.html 

Deontological Ethics. (2007). Retrieved September 5, 2010, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Web site:  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/

When examining both sides of the spectrum, the evidence for the "criminal mind" existing vs. The "criminal mind" not existing, it seems that the evidence supporting the concept of a criminal mind may hold more ground. Individuals come to their state of being in so many different ways that it the idea that their mind is influenced by those different characteristics does not seem that far off from center. Following individuals from a young age and evaluating their temperament and finding that those different factors are the same ones that death row inmates have in common is significant evidence in and of itself. The influence of the environment has on an individual is significant as seen in it makes people happier, more susceptible to be depressed, motivated, among other traits (Fulker, & Cherny, 1995). To this end, the social influences that are had on someone can absolutely make a criminal…...

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Bibliography

Bartol, Curt R., & Bartol, Anne M. . (Ed.). Criminal behavior: custom edition for UMUC.

Fulker, David W., & Cherny, Stacey S. (1995). Genetic and environmental influences on cognition during childhood. Population Research and Policy Review, 14(3), Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40230064

Goodenough, O.R. (2004). Responsibility and punishment: whose mind? A response. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 359(1451), Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4142165

Moskowitz, Clara. (2011, March 04). Brain scans reveal the criminal mind. Retrieved from  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41896386/ns/health-mental_health/t/brain-scans-reveal-criminal-mind/

Criminal personality profiling has emerged as an important forensic science tool because of the growing need for professionals in the behavioral science sector to help law enforcement personnel in dealing with various crime scenes. The paper discusses this technique in light of its definition and recent advances as a science rather than an art. The discussion demonstrates how various attributes of a crime scene and investigations have led to its development and use in modern criminal justice system. The discussion also includes a brief analysis of the three major stages in the process of criminal personality profiling. These stages are generation of hypotheses to be used as leads for arresting and prosecuting unknown offenders, providing suggestions for interviews, and evaluation of physical evidence.
The modern criminal justice system is characterized by a growing demand for professionals in the behavioral science field to help experts in law enforcement and criminal justice to…...

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References:

Davis, J.A. (1999). Criminal Personality Profiling and Crime Scene Assessment -- A

Contemporary Investigative Tool to Assist Law Enforcement Public Safety. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15(3), 291-301.

McCann, J.T. (1992). Criminal Personality Profiling in the Investigation of Violent Crime:

Recent Advances and Future Directions. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10, 475-481.

Ch. 3 from Art of StrategyAs Dixit and Nalebuff (2008) show, the prisoners dilemma is a classic example of game theory, in which two players must choose between cooperation and competition. The traditional formulation of the prisoners dilemma goes as follows: two criminals are arrested and interrogated separately. If both criminals cooperate and confess, they will each receive a light sentence. However, if one criminal confesses while the other remains silent, the confessor will go free while the silent criminal will receive a heavy sentence. If both criminals remain silent, they will each receive a moderate sentence. As you can see, there is a strong incentive for both criminals to confess, even though it is not in their best interest to do so.What makes the chapter interesting is that it shows how prisoners dilemma can be applied to many real-world situations. For example, it can be used to explain why…...

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References

Dixit, A. & Nalebuff, B. (2008). The art of strategy. W.W. Norton.

rown, in her biographic article for World of Forensic Science, states,
She views investigative criminal profiling as a dynamic process that does not conclude until a suspect is arrested and convicted. She deems it a support process for the criminal investigative team, made up of a combination of four skills: investigation, forensic analysis, psychological assessment, and the application of cultural anthropology. rown considers this type of profiling to be a real-time, speculative process requiring ongoing checking to avoid missing any significant data, and should never be done in isolation, but rather as one piece of the entire criminal investigative process (rown, ¶4).

rown works 'pro bono' on several cold case file crimes, trying to be closure for the family.

The profilers use a variety of known characteristics to start the profile. The years of research done by early profilers such as Douglas has enabled the profilers to obtain clearer pictures of the…...

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Bibliography

Brown, Pat. World of Forensic Science. Thomson Gale. 2005. HighBeam Research. 22 Jun.

2010 .

Cooper, Greg. The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program. The Forensic Examiner.

American College of Forensic Examiners. 2007. HighBeam Research. 22 Jun. 2010

A plea-bargain is frequently attained at this time in order to circumvent a trial. In the event that a plea-bargain is reached, the case does not move forward to a trial but failure to offer enough evidence to establish a plea bargain will mean that the case goes on to trial (Criminal Justice System Handbook, 2009).
The trail

Trials consist of a sequence of proceedings where the prosecutor presents evidence which will be used to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In felony cases, the defendant is given chances to admit their innocence but there are also times where they are presented that they may dispute the validity of evidence that has been presented by the prosecutor. Felony cases normally entail the services of a jury who listen to the case proceedings together with the judge and then after careful assessment of the evidence that is presented; they make…...

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References

Criminal Justice. (n.d.). Retrieved from   y_legal_guide/chapter_14.authcheckdam.pdfhttp://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/publiced/practical/books/famil 

Criminal Justice System Handbook. (2009). Retrieved from  http://www.nycourts.gov/litigants/crimjusticesyshandbk.shtml 

Criminal Justice Process. (n.d.). Retrieved from  http://www.courtwatchflorida.org/uploads/Training_-_Criminal_Justice_Process.pdf 

Steps in the Criminal Justice Process. (n.d.). Retreived from http://sao.co.sarasota.fl.us/legal.htm

Criminal Justice
The Criminal Type

What do you think of when someone talks to you about the 'criminal type'? Is there a specific 'type' of person that can be construed 'criminal?' According to Jessica Mitford, "Americans are preoccupied with crimes of the poor and as such the 'criminal type' has surfaced in American consciousness as a social creation." This paper is going to examine the concept of 'criminal types' and argues that anybody has the potential to be a criminal under certain definitions. We will also examine the concept of 'American ias' towards certain racial and socio-economic groups within the American justice system.

The word 'criminal' according to the Oxford Modern English Dictionary (1996) is "a person who has committed a crime." A crime, in the same dictionary is defined as, "a serious offence punishable by law" (Oxford, 1996). So it would be safe to assume from these definitions that a criminal is…...

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Bibliography

King, Martin Luther. "Letter from Birmingham Jail, Speculations, Readings in Culture, Identity and Values (2nd Edition), Edited by Charles I. Schuster. William V.Van Pelt. Pp 220-235

Mitford, Jessica. "The Criminal Type." Speculations, Readings in Culture, Identity and Values (2nd Edition), Edited by Charles I. Schuster. William V.Van Pelt. Pp. 210-219.

Juveniles in Prison Fact Sheet

accessed 10 March 2004http://www.correctionassociation.org/juvenile_fact.html.

The criminal association principle suggests that being socialized to regard crime as acceptable or to admire criminals plays a role in the choices made in that regard. The fact that Pistone and Napolitano were actually raised in very similar circumstances where each had the same type of exposure to organized crime families illustrates that rational choice is more important than criminal association because Pistone made the conscious choice to become a federal agent rather than one of the criminals who controlled his childhood neighborhood (Macionis, 2003; chmalleger, 2008).
The segment of the criminal justice system portrayed by Episode 71 is criminal investigations and the operations of the criminal justice system. Fisher was allowed to plea bargain the charges of attempted murder despite the fact that she deliberately shot the wife of her lover in the head in the attempt to murder her. The episode suggests that her age was a…...

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Sources Cited

Macionis J. (2003). Sociology. Princeton, NJ: Pearson.

Schmalleger F. (2008). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

Century. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.

To argue against animal abuse, you want your thesis to clearly state that you're against it and why. Your opinion should be a part of the thesis statement, but you want to be careful to actually present arguable, logical points, as well. You could say you're against animal abuse for a number of reasons. For example, some common ones are that animals feel both physical and emotional pain (abuse is cruel), that animals can't defend themselves and people should care for them because of their innocent nature, and that animal abuse can lead to further deviant and criminal behavior -....

Leasing to someone can be risky. Make sure you charge enough rent, and that you get a good security deposit. Check local laws in your area to find out how much of a deposit you can collect. In some places it's no more than 1.5 times the rent. Other places allow for a larger amount. Check the person's credit, background, and references. Look for problems paying bills, broken lease agreements, and any past criminal history. Also talk to your insurance company. If you're renting/leasing your home, you can't just keep your standard homeowner's policy. You won't be covered if you have....

Choosing how to start your essay on deviance depends on the type of essay you are writing and the type of coursework you are trying to complete.  Deviance is a broad topic that is covered in many of the soft sciences, including (but not limited to) sociology, psychology, and criminology.  It is also discussed in the humanities, particularly philosophy and history.  Therefore, we would probably begin the essay with two things: a definition of deviance and an explanation of how that definition fits into the context of the essay we are writing. 

Generally, deviance is a sociological concept....

The topic of violence is a broad one because violence is persuasive in our society, there are competing theories about the causes of violence, and violence begins to impact people at a very young age.  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there are eight types of violence children may be exposed to or experience: bullying, child maltreatment, community violence, domestic and intimate partner violence, school violence, sexual abuse and sexual violence, sex trafficking, and teen dating violence. These different types of violence not only impact children, but also adults in the community,....