Crime Causation
I uploaded material text choose theory unit 3, unit 4. Reference: Seigel L.J. (2011). Criminology: The core (4th ed.). elmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Examine major theories crime causation. Use materials text / resources support crime occurs theories.

Sociologists and psychologists alike have over the years attempted to create theories that explain why people commit crime in the U.S. As well as the rest of the world. There have been several questions that have lingered in the minds of the scholars one of which has been on what the major theories reveal about the patterns of crime and how they contribute to tactics of combating crime. Crime is extremely complex and trying to explain it in a single theory is next to impossible. This is because crime ranges from the savage violent acts and the white collar crimes that are highly sophisticated. On the other hand, crime can be conducted…...

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Britt, C.L., & Gottfredson, M.R. (2003). Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

Goodwin, C.J. (2005). A History of Modern Psychology 2nd Edition. Hoboken, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Siegel, L.J. (2012). Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning.

personal theory of crime causation at the start of the course.
would attribute crime largely, although not totally to social conditioning / acculturation. would also distinguish between serious and petty crime with serious crime more likely to issue from acculturation.

My reasons for saying so are due to the fact that our cultures prompt us to perceive the world and ethics in certain ways. There are some religious fundamentalist societies, for instance, that condone situations that other societies would condemn. A person growing up in an slamic society may consider sainthood to be achieved by killing an enemy or by treating women in a certain way. Contemporary Western society would consider this a crime. Extreme Orthodox Judaism also practices violence as do Religious Zionists; their upbringing condones this. Shii'ism and the Jamaat--slami are two of the foremost slamic fundamentalism groups in South Asia who focus on nationalistic aims using…...

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I am aware that my theory of deviance as social construction is similar to that of Foucault. I also know that there is one theory of crime (gang crime) that attributes crime to the micro environment. I know that I will learn new perspectives -- and that there are many -- within the coming weeks.

Source

Almond, G.A., Appleby, R.S., & Sivan, A. (2003). Strong religion: The rise of fundamentalisms around the world. Chicago: The Univ. Of Chicago Press.

Sociological Theories
Compare and contrast your two selected theories.

The two sociological theories that will be examined are social disorganization and the social learning theory. The social disorganization theory is focused on how crime rates are directly tied to the environment where someone is living. While the social learning theory believes that people discover the world around them through modeling and observing the actions of others. (Akers, 2009)

The differences between the two are the social disorganization theory believes that the environment someone grows up in will have a direct effect on if they turn to criminal related activities. This is because of various attitudes about illegal behavior will create a sense of moral clarity or confusion about becoming involved. Whereas, the social disorganization theory believes that individuals are shaped by watching and learning about how others react to the world around them. This is when they will mirror this behavior in order…...

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References

Akers, R. (2009). Social Learning and Social Structure. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Causes Crime? There are many different theories out there as to what actually is the singular cause of crime. Some say crime is caused by poverty or by society. Others claim the cause is jealousy or adversity. Some blame crime on the breakdown of the family unit or racial discrimination. Theories include: alcohol abuse, drug abuse, economic factors, mental disease, and poverty, to name a few.
Bruce Bartlett of the National Center for Policy nalysis states, "One of the basics of liberal dogma is that poverty is the root cause of crime and terrorism. In the liberal worldview, people do not kill and steal because they are evil, but because they are deprived of material things." Still, many arguing that poverty is the leading cause of crime. If this were true, there would have be more crime in poorer nations. History also contradicts this theory. The crime rate in the…...

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Another part of the problem is that - as a society - we do not punish crime severely enough. If the punishments were more severe, people might think twice before choosing to commit a crime. Here again, it is their CHOICE.

Bartlett, Bruce. "Poverty Isn't the Cause of Terrorism,"   Posted October 31, 2001. Retrieved November 7, 2002.http://www.ncpa.org/edo/bb/2001/bb103101.html .

The Natural Law Party, A Reason to Vote.   Retrieved November 7, 2002.http://www.natural-law.org/platform/crime.html .

Psychoanalytical Theory The psychoanalytical theory suggests that unconscious processes of the mind that developed in one’s childhood days control personality and influence ones behavior. According to the theory, the three main parts of personality, i.e. the id, the ego and the super ego work in concordance. When they conflict, the result is maladjusted behavior in children, which may lead to delinquency. According to the psychodynamic theory, adult offenders who are violent are aggravated out of frustration. Their behavior is a result of being drawn to events of their past that happened in their childhood. Owing to a negligent attitude that is often occasioned by lack of love and proper care and guidance, such people have a weak ego or simply lack it. There is a close link between the theory explanations and juvenile delinquency. It points out that dysfunctional conduct is leads criminal acts (Criminal Justice Research, 2010).
In court room surroundings,…...

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REFERENCES

Criminal Justice Research. (2010). Psychological Theories of Crime. Retrieved August 20, 2017, from Criminal Justice:  

Criminal Justice Research. (2010). Rational Choice Theory. Retrieved August 20, 2017, from Criminal Justice:  http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/criminology/theories/rational-choice-theory/ 

Criminal Justice Research. (2010). Social Learning Theory. Retrieved August 20, 2017, from Criminal Justice:  http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/criminology/theories/social-learning-theory/3/ 

Criminal Justice Research. (2010). Strain Theories. Retrieved August 20, 2017, from Criminal Justice:  http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/criminology/theories/strain-theories/2/ 

McMurtry, R., & Curling, A. (2008). Review of the Roots of Youth Violence. Retrieved August 20, 2017, from Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services:  http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/professionals/oyap/roots/volume5/chapter04_social_disorganization.aspx http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/criminology/theories/psychological-theories-of-crime/ 

crime has been taking place. Although the forms of crime have evolved, so too has the strategies used to prevent crime. This essay will compare and contrast three of most common Crime Prevention strategies, which are, environmental design, social intervention and situational intervention. Crime prevention generally refers to preventing crime and anti-social behavior before it occurs. Crime Prevention Victoria, defines crime prevention as "any public or privately based initiative or policy aimed at reducing or eliminating criminal behavior, violence and fear of crime or violence in the community" (Armstrong, 2002). This essay aims to demonstrate not only the strengths and weaknesses of these three strategies but also to identify the individual crime causation theory that each strategy is based around. These being
ne of the main crime prevention strategies used around the world is environmental design. This strategy is based on the relationship that is created between people and the…...

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One of the extreme levels of environmental design strategies being used today is through gated communities. Gated communities are small groups of residents who are enclosed and separated from the rest of society. A good example of gated communities can be seen in South Africa, which is known for its extremely high crime rates, it also has the highest amount of gated communities (Landman,2008). Gated communities in South Africa incorporate all physical elements by either high walls, gates, electric gates, alarm systems, boom gates, check ins and even access cards (Landman,2008). Gated communities are created with the basic principles of the environmental design strategy (Landman,2008). These communities are defensible spaces, target hardened and have advanced access control. Throughout the U.S., two and a half million citizens live in gated communities (Blakely & Snyder 1998).

Environmental design theory also has a strong connection to routine activity theory. Routine activity theory states that for a crime to be committed, three things need to be present, an offender, a target and no one watching the target (Chainey,2005). Environmental theory aims at removing two of these mentioned items, by closing off areas to the public possible offenders are removed and by using such things as natural vision or CCTV there is always the possibility of someone watching. According to routine activity theory without any one of these items the crime can not take place (Chainey,2005).

However people argue that changes made to the built environment to reduce crime often simply cause offenders to move their criminal behaviors to other locations. For this reason design theory can be seen to do little against causes of crime (CSRI,2003). By increasing protection, people argue that they are just funneling criminals to more unprotected areas or forcing criminals to commit more dangerous crimes (CSIR,2003). Environmental design can therefore not always be totally preventive and needs to be constantly reviewed and adapted to fight against the ever learning criminal mind. It is also important for crime preventions strategies to be adapted to specific areas as what works in one situation might not be appropriate in another. Numerous factors influence crime and all of these will affect the way in which it needs to be

Crime
On March 9th, 2013, two New York City police officers shot and killed a sixteen-year-old Kimani Gray, and claimed afterward that he had brandished a handgun at them after being told to show his hands (Goodman, 2013). More remarkable than the New York Police Department's killing of a young black male, however, was the outpouring of community grief and anger that followed the shooting. The following Monday, March 11th, saw what started as a nighttime vigil turn into a mob, parts of which ended up looting a ite Aid chain store and a local bodega, and by Wednesday night of that week, forty-six people had been arrested, a bricks had been thrown at both a police officer and a police van (Goodman, 2013). The explosion of disorder and discontentment took some in the media and policing community by surprise, but these evens could only be surprising to someone lacking a…...

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References

Alanezi, F. (2010). Juvenile delinquency in kuwait: Applying social disorganization theory.

Domes, 19(1), 68-81.

Borg, M.J., & Parker, K.F. (2001). Mobilizing law in urban areas: The social structure of homicide clearance rates. Law & Society Review, 35(2), 435-466.

Brisman, A. (2011). Advancing critical criminology through anthropology. Western Criminology

Every culture may identify some behavior as deviant, but a given behavior will not be defined as deviant in all cultures:
Deviance" refers to conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating that they bring special sanctions to bear against the persons who exhibit it. Deviance is not a property inherent in any particular kind of behavior; it is a property conferred upon that behavior by the people who come into direct or indirect contact with it (Erikson, 1966, p. 6).

Erikson suggests that the deviance identified by a community says something about the boundaries that community sets for itself. He notes that both the conformist and the deviant are created by the same forces in the community, for the two complement one another. Indeed, Erikson says that deviance and conformity are much alike, so much so that they appear in a community at exactly…...

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References

Erikson, K.T. (1966). Wayward Puritans. New York: Macmillan.

Kelly, DH (1979). Deviant behavior. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Kirkpatrick, D.D. (2005, May 12). House bill toughens penalties for gangs. The New York Times.

Schoeman, M.I. (2002). A classification system and interdisciplinary action plan for the prevention and management of recidivism. University of Pretoria.

Crime
Actus Reus may be the most essential element involved in deciding what exactly makes up a crime. Most commonly defined as a voluntary act or an omission of an act, actus reus is one of the most objective elements in determining whether a crime has been committed since its result ( typically some form of injury to another or a group of people) is what largely comprises criminal activity. To fully understand the scope of actus reus, deliberate attention must be given to what exactly constitutes an act, or a criminal omission of an act.

In order for an actus reus to be linked to a crime it must be voluntary, meaning the accused must be aware of what is being done. An act can be any type of voluntary human behavior, and generally takes the form of some sort of physical movement which a person is conscious of. With…...

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Bibliography

1. Emanuel, S. (1997). Criminal Law [Google Books version]. Retrieved from  http://books.google.com/books?id=PTH_8p6kriIC&pg=RA1-PA55&lpg=RA1-PA55&dq=harmful+result+causation&source=bl&ots=ZFDKqB0Ooj&sig=Wa3lyg1tncsD86Df08kLpctHhns&hl=en#v=onepage&q=harmful%20result%20causation&f=false 

2. Elements of a Crime. (n.d.). In Sask Schools (4th ed.). Retrieved from  http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/law30/criminal/lesson6/6a.html

Causes of Crime
Natural Causes of Crime

The factors and precursors that are associated in whole or in part with the causes of crime are prolific and many. Many of those causes fall under one of three major categories, those being biological, sociological and psychological. Indeed, many crimes are caused in whole or in part by inherent biological attributes, external factors or a combination thereof. Crimes can be committed of a person knowing better and not caring enough to not do or stop the behavior or they can be committed from a person that is at least temporarily unable to process and realize what they are doing due to being on alcohol, an illicit street drug or prescription medication. This report will cover all of those and provide examples of each, either general or specific. While some people perhaps lean a little too heavily on crimes causing them to commit misdeeds, there…...

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References

Carroll, A. (2008). Drug-associated psychoses and criminal responsibility. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 26(5), 633-653.

Collins, R. (2013). Micro and macro sociological causes of violent atrocities. Sociologia,

Problemas E. Praticas, (71), 9-22. doi:10.7458/SPP2013712327

Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2011). The psychology of lone-wolf terrorism. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(2), 115-126.

The authors do not state that public perceptions of severity should be discounted, but merely that these should not be over-emphasized, as was the case in previous literature.
Another existing mode of measuring crime severity is that of economic models. Economic measures of costs may seem more objective, but given that they also involve speculative losses (such as lost productivity), they are not universally agreed upon. One widely-used model to estimate crime severity is the Bradley-Terry continuum which posits that stealing something less than $5 is less severe than stealing "something worth $5 -- $50, which itself is less severe than trying to steal something worth more than $50. Additionally, stealing or trying to steal a car is ranked more severe than the other theft items. Selling marijuana is also ranked less severe than selling harder drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or LSD" (amchand et al. 2009: 143). The authors…...

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References

Perry, B. (2003). Where do we go from here? Researching hate crimes. Internet Journal of Criminology. Retrieved:  http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Where%20Do%20We%20Go%20From%20Here.%20Researching%20Hate%20Crime.pdf 

Merl, J. (2013). Victims of 1999 hate-crime shooting endorse Mike Feuer. LA Times. Retrieved:

 http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/18/local/la-me-ln-feuer-guns-20130418

Certainly, the reason that some individuals become criminals has to do with biological predisposition, particularly in the case of many crimes of violence. On the other hand, circumstances, greed, desperation, and opportunity also play an undeniable role in many crimes. Social class and exposure to deviant subcultures also contributes to criminal behavior (Henslin, 2002; Macionis, 2003), but even so, those risk factors do not affect everyone the same; therefore, those approaches also fail to explain crime in many cases (Henslin, 2002; Macionis, 2003).
In some ways, the recent occurrences involving ernard Madoff and several other high profile white collar criminals do not seem to fit any of the traditional criminological theories other than rational choice and possibly psychological disorder. These perpetrators were already the recipients of the considerable benefits of social class and opportunity and were already wealthy even by contemporary American definitions of wealth before resorting to crime to…...

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Bibliography

Henslin, J.M. (2002). Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Macionis, J.J. (2003). Sociology 9th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Schmalleger, F. (2007). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall

Broken Windows" discussed the causes of fear and crime among urban neighborhoods. Beginning with a case of police walking the beat in crime-ridden neighborhoods, the authors evolved their article to an understanding of how the presence of a patrolman on the street can make residents feel safer. By studying the effect of patrolmen, the authors began to understand the cause of crime and the effect it can have on neighborhood residents. The authors asserted that crime, and more importantly the community's perception of it, began with general disorder and evolved eventually into complete fear of the neighborhood.
While studying crime and disorder, researchers have made an interesting discovery, the "Broken Window" effect. As the authors described "if a window in a building is broken and is left unrepaired, all the rest of the windows will soon be broken." (Kelling, 1982) When applied to crime and disorder this theory states that…...

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References

Kelling, George, and James Wilson. (1982). "Broken Windows." The Atlantic. Retrieved from  http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/

.....biological well-being and the features of the environment and how these affect a person's behavior and criminal tendencies is made clear by biological theories. Research has proved that the common traits and actions seen in criminals like delusion, brutality, loneliness and spontaneity are a function of several biological features such as physical problems, blood glucose levels and eating habits, external head damage, mental function and makeup, heredity, body systems and impaired mental function. The supporters of this theory believe that the biological insight into conventional actions of criminal minds give more effective tools, mechanisms, beliefs and examples which can work smoothly with the normal anticrime systems in keeping up their work quality.
The basic belief of the study targeted at biological makeup and criminality is that there is a connection between delusion, brutality, loneliness and spontaneity and crime. Several studies apply their own developed methods and parameters, a trend which complicates…...

Human Event to Qualify as a Crime
According to criminal scholar Jerome Hall, there are seven basic requirements that transform a regular human event into a crime. These requirements are critical, because a person can do something that creates a significant harm to another person, but that event will not qualify as a crime unless it also has the other elements of a crime. These elements are: (1) act requirement; (2) legality requirement; (3) harm requirement; (4) causation requirement; (5) mens rea requirement; (6) concurrence requirement; and (7) the punishment requirement. Unless a prosecutor can prove all seven elements exist, they will be unable to convict someone of a crime.

The first element of a crime is the act requirement. People may not be convicted of status offenses. Instead, criminal offenses must be based on either an action or a failure to act. For example, while states may prosecute people for…...

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References

Cole, G. And Smith, C. (2010). The American system of criminal justice. Belmont, CA:

Cengage Learning.

Hall, J. (2008). General principles of criminal law. Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, LTD.