Technology in Crime Analysis
Technology used in crime analysis

In the contemporary society, there are various crimes that are experienced and in response there have been varied crime analysis techniques that have been employed to ensure the crimes are reduced to the minimum possible.

One of the most accurate and widely applicable technology used in crime reduction is DNA profiling. This involves taking any material like blood, sweat, saliva or even chunks of flesh from the crime scene and subjected to the DNA profiling process and if the VNT (variable number Tandem repeats), which are unique to each individual, are found to be matching to that which is in the database, it is a lead to the possibility of the person having committed the crime or being present at the scene (Shanna Freeman, 2012).

Collecting, storing and retrieving information

For effective crime profiling, there are various ways of data collection that are used by the…...

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References

IEEE, (2012). Control Methods in Data-Storage Systems. Retrieved December 13, 2012 from  http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6104200&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6104200 

Lynch, J. & Jarvis, J. (2008). Missing Data and Imputation in the Uniform Crime Reports

and the Effects on National Estimates. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 24, No 1, 69-85. Retrieved December 13, 2012 from  http://voices.yahoo.com/ucr-nibrs-vs.-ncvs-analyzing-criminal-data-5755964.html 

Rand, M. (2006). The national crime victimization survey: 34 years of measuring crime in the United States. Statistical Journal of the United Nations ECE 23. 289-301. Retrieved December 13, 2012 from

Introduction: Crime Analysis
The primary purpose of crime analysis is to determine trends or patterns. Identifying trends and patterns helps law enforcement administrators and public officials to direct resources appropriately in order to prevent and respond to crime. There are three types of crime analysis: tactical, strategic, and administrative. Each of these types of crime analysis involves gathering, collecting, and analyzing aggregate crime data. Administrative crime analysis helps municipalities plan their resources, and is especially important for making financial and human resources decisions, as well as evidence-based changes to public policy. Strategic crime analysis helps police departments make their own administrative decisions with the resources they have available, using crime data to distribute human and financial resources accordingly. Finally, tactical crime analyses are for making immediate decisions. While all of these types of crime analysis use data to drive evidence-based decision-making, the data collected will be different for each type of…...

Part 1: Crime Analysis ReportAggravated battery is a major problem globally. In the U.S, mainly in Indianapolis, Indiana, the cases of assault are significantly high. According to the records by the FBI, in 2016, Indianapolis registered 7,099 cases of aggravated assault, the highest among the cities (FBI, 2016). The cases are distributed between men and women, with both experiencing incidences of physical violence and rape. While these statistics represent other underlying factors that lead to the transformation of crimes from simple to aggravated ones, there are social and legal factors that influence how such crimes can be deterred. It means that the community has a role to play in curbing crime, creating an environment that discourages crime, and contributes to the laws that address the challenges. Despite the intent of aggravated battery being killing, robbing, and raping, the latter can be highly influenced by how the community responds to the…...

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References

Corsaro, N., & McGarrell, E. F. (2009). Testing a promising homicide reduction strategy: re-assessing the impact of the Indianapolis “pulling levers” intervention. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5(1), 63–82.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-008-9065-1 

FBI. (2016). 2016 Crime in the United States. FBI-Indiana.  https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/tables/table-6/table-6-state-cuts/indiana.xls .

Hipple, N. K., & Magee, L. A. (2017). The Difference Between Living and Dying: Victim Characteristics and Motive Among Nonfatal Shootings and Gun Homicides. Violence and Victims, 32(6), 977–997.  https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00150 

Magee, L. (2020). 77?Identifying victims of firearm assault in Indianapolis through police and clinical data. Oral Presentations.  https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-savir.19

M1D2

There is a high rate of violent crime in the United States. The graph shows that the crime is common the United States. Since the year 1973, violent crime has been on the decline. The Uniform Crime eports (UC), the National Incident-Based eporting System (NIBS), and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) provide data on the rate of crime in the country. The three agencies provide the FBI with relevant information about the rate of crime in the United States. The information provided helps the FBI in the fight against crime in the country. With this information, the FBI puts efforts to ensure that crime rates in the country lower.

Violent crime in the United States is common. Many people that have committed this crime are in prison institutions across the state. This has led to the high prison population in the country. Since the year 1973, violent crime has reduced…...

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References

Paynich, R.H. (2011). Fundamentals of Crime Mapping Principles and Practice. Chicago: Jonnes and Bartlett.

Vito, G.M. (2010). Criminology- Theory Research and Policy. Chicago: Jonnes and Bartlett.

technology utilized for crime analysis. The methods will also be looked into in addition to the benefits the technology has for investigative authorities and for the community.
Types of Technology Necessary for Crime Analysis

Computer technology has enabled law enforcement officers to implement ticketing systems and record evidence more accurately by logging data directly onto computers, for instance, in the case of speed guns and police vehicle dash camera videos. The individuals given tickets have also been able to save a lot of time by paying for tickets online. In many cases, this saves time, not only for law enforcement officials, but also for the individuals who have been fined, if it is a violation that they have agreed that they have committed. This kind of technology makes it difficult for one to get away with parking, speeding or any other kinds of violations. In cases whereby individuals have been charged…...

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References

(2011, August 12). CSI Today. CSI Today: Technology and Crime Analysis. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from  http://csitoday.blogspot.com/2011/08/technology-and-crime-analysis.html 

(n.d.). IACA Home. What Crime Analysts Do. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from  http://www.iaca.net/dc_analyst_role.asp 

(2005). SAGE. Crime Analysis Technology. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from  http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/6245_Chapter_7_Boba_Final_PDF_4.pdf

An example of a spree killing could be July 22nd, 2011's incident in Norway when Anders Behring Breivik carried out a series of attacks. He first set off a bomb in central Oslo and several hours later went on a shooting rampage "at a youth camp at an island near the capital." ("Oslo Bombings and Utoya Attack") in all, nearly 80 people were killed in the two separate incidents, but since the time between the incidents was relatively short, this is considered a spree killing and not a serial killing. However, a serial killer usually takes their time and commits multiple killings over time with long periods in between individual murders. Gary Leon idgway, the Green iver Killer, is an example of a typical serial killer, and committed a number of murders over a period of time that lasted decades. (McMahon) There were even months and sometimes years between the…...

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References

McMahon, Patrick. 6 Nov. 2003. Sheriffs Hunt for Green River Killer was a Mission.

USA Today. Retrieved from  http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-06-green-usat_x.htm 

"Northern Illinois University Shooting: Dekalb Illinois." U.S., Fire Administration

Retrieved from    http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/norway/index.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=GJIvRGUmKMkC&pg=PA9&dq=northern+illinois+university+massacre&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZIU-T4faO-uE0QHC17nSBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA%20//%20v=onepage&q=northern%20illinois%20university%20massacre&f=false 

The term signature aspect is used to refer to unique behavior that is exhibited by the criminal that is peculiar to that particular criminal though may not be necessary in committing the crime. One of the most common signature aspects is the calling card, or tattooing of the dead bodies, use of excessive force, leaving notes behind and many more. These are not necessary in killing of victims but are a sign of claiming the crime (John E. Douglas, 2011).

The components of crime classification that I learnt about and are central in the crime classification are finding out the defining characteristics of the crimes and the crime scenes, this will be instrumental in telling the motive behind the crime and in the case of multiple motives, the most outstanding will guide the profiling. The other component is victimology which is the complete history of the victim which will help in…...

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References

Anthony Lantosca, (2006) IAFEI: The truth about Deception Detection. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from  http://www.iafei.com/deception-detection/ 

Encyclopedia of mental Disorders, (2012). Hare Psychopathy Checklist. Retrieved February 11,

2012 from http://www.minddisorders.com/Flu-Inv/Hare-Psychopathy-Checklist.html

Hwakins, (2012). The Baseline Killer. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from  http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/baseline-killer/1.html

Crime Detection and Prevention
It is an unfortunate fact of modern society that crime and criminal activity are part of our world today. This is particularly the case in situations that make an easy target for criminals. ape and robbery, for example, tend to be encouraged in environments that appear to be easy targets. All-night convenience stores, for example, may appear to be easy targets because they have low security features and often have only one employee per shift. The specific crime under discussion in this case is therefore the night-time robbery of all-night convenience stores.

When considering the factors in the Problem Analysis Chart offered by Clarke and Eck (p. 29), the environment provides a significant incentive for criminal activity. A convenience store at a remote location, for example, might appear to be an "easy" target for robbery. The problem analysis triangle, or crime trianble, may therefore offer valuable insight ino…...

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References

Center for Problem Oriented Policing. (n.d.). Twenty Five Techniques of Situational Prevention. Retrieved from:  http://www.popcenter.org/library/25%20techniques%20grid.pdf 

Clarke, R.V. And Eck, J.E. (n.d.) Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps. Center for Problem Oriented Policing. Retrieved from:  http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/60steps.pdf 

Crime in America.net (2011, Feb 22). Top 10 Factors Contributing to Violent Crime. Retrieved from: http://www.crimeinamerica.net/2011/02/22/top-10-factors-contributing-to-violent-crime/

The view, for example, of criminal behavior from a labeling perspective tends to focus on the social and cultural background from which the criminal emerges; and Rational Choice theory stresses individual decision-making and culpability in crime. However, both theories are important in that they provide a basis from which to understand, intercept and prosecute criminal behavior.
3. Conclusion

In conclusion, the importance of crime analysis lies in the fact that information and intelligence about crime enables the law enforcement authorities to conduct a comprehensive crime combating program and develop suitable policies for crime prevention. Understanding the social and culture milieu or context from which crime develops can for instance be an essential tool in dealing with various types of crimes.

These theories and analyses also benefit from computer and Internet technology, where tendencies in crime can be more easily discerned by the patterns that remerge from the collation of data and information.…...

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Works Cited

Bruce C.W. Crime Analysis. 16 October 2007.  http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:Rv5FYusFZ4gJ:www.iaca.net/ExploringCA/exploringca_chapter1.pdf+importance+of+analysis+of+crime&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=ukFundamentalsof 

Keel, R. (2004) Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory.

Retrieved October 17, 2007. from the University of Missouri. Web site.  http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/ratchoc.html 

Overview of Labelling Theories. October 16, 2007. http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/crime/labeling.htm

Crime
On March 9th, 2013, two New York City police officers shot and killed a sixteen-year-old Kimani Gray, and claimed afterward that he had brandished a handgun at them after being told to show his hands (Goodman, 2013). More remarkable than the New York Police Department's killing of a young black male, however, was the outpouring of community grief and anger that followed the shooting. The following Monday, March 11th, saw what started as a nighttime vigil turn into a mob, parts of which ended up looting a ite Aid chain store and a local bodega, and by Wednesday night of that week, forty-six people had been arrested, a bricks had been thrown at both a police officer and a police van (Goodman, 2013). The explosion of disorder and discontentment took some in the media and policing community by surprise, but these evens could only be surprising to someone lacking a…...

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References

Alanezi, F. (2010). Juvenile delinquency in kuwait: Applying social disorganization theory.

Domes, 19(1), 68-81.

Borg, M.J., & Parker, K.F. (2001). Mobilizing law in urban areas: The social structure of homicide clearance rates. Law & Society Review, 35(2), 435-466.

Brisman, A. (2011). Advancing critical criminology through anthropology. Western Criminology

S. Why or why not? Be specific in your response.
Not necessarily. The NIBS is not designed to provide national coverage (Hirschel, 2009; USDOJ, 2005). In practice, the NIBS does provide a reliable method for estimating the incidence of those types of crimes that are defined similarly in the NIBS and in other data collection methods and in reporting jurisdictions covered by the NIBS. Conversely, the NIBS is a less reliable method to the extent specific crimes are defined differently and to the extent the data collection omits jurisdictions not covered by the NIBS. Typical examples would include the underreporting of robberies and car thefts in the NIBS by virtue of the absence of large urban areas from NIBS reporting jurisdictions (Schmalleger, 2009).

5. Identify the obstacles to law enforcement agencies to full implementation of NIBS data collection protocol.

According to a comprehensive review conducted jointly by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)…...

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References

Hirschel, D. "Expanding Police Ability to Report Crime" The National Incident-Based

Reporting System." U.S. Department of Justice -- Office of Justice Programs -- National Institute of Justice Doc # NCJ 225459 (July 2009).

Safir, H. (2003). Security: An Inside Look at the Tactics of the NYPD. New York: St.

Martin's Press.

Crime vs. Sin
A criminal justice agency, specifically the police department relies very heavily on its organization to fulfill its duties to society, which is to protect from crime and to serve justice (Kenney & McNamara, 1999). The justice which is to be served depends on the severity of the offense or crime. Crime is quite a complex subject which can be divided into two different categories: natural crime and legal crime. Only legal crime can be processed/punished by the Criminal Justice System. These are acts which are the direct violation of the law which varies from state to state and country to country (Finnis, 2007). This is known as Mala prohibita, or something which is known as a legal crime which is punishable by the law (Vila & Morris, 1999). Natural crime is something which is not written; it is determined by the society you live in and most of…...

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References

Bronsteen, J., Buccafusco, C., & Masur, J.. (2010). Retribution and the Experience of Punishment. California Law Review, 98(5), 1463. Retrieved February 7, 2011, from Criminal Justice Periodicals.

Conlon, B., Harris, S., Nagel, J., Hillman, M., & Hanson, R. (2008). Education: Don't Leave Prison Without It. Corrections Today, 70 (1); 48-49, 51-52.

Davis, M.S. (2006). Crimes Mala in Se: An Equity-Based Definition: Criminal Justice Policy Review, 17 (3) 270-289. Sage Publications, 2006.

Finnis, J. (2007). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Natural Law Theories. Retrieved February 4, 2010, form web site:  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-theories/

In other words, there is a preoccupation with repeat offenders and the first time offenders seem to get less severe penalties. As crime levels continue to rise although the media tends to report the opposite, citizens seem more dedicated to getting even first time offenders off of the streets.
eferences

Carlsmith, Kevin J., Darley, John M., & obinson, Paul H. (2002). Why Do We Punish? Deterrence and Just Deserts as Motives for Punishment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 83 No. 2, 284-299.

Curry, Theodore ., Lee, Gang, & odriquez, S. Fernando (2004). Does Victim Gender Increase Sentencing Severity? Further Explorations of Gender Dynamics and Sentencing Outcomes. Crime & Delinquency, Vol. 50 No. 3, 319-343.

Saks, Michael J. (1989). Legal Policy Analysis and Evaluation. American Psychological Association, Vol. 44 No. 8, 1110-1117.

Sanders, Trevor, & oberts, Julian V. (2000). Public Attitudes Toward Conditional Sentencing: esults of a National Survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioral…...

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References

Carlsmith, Kevin J., Darley, John M., & Robinson, Paul H. (2002). Why Do We Punish? Deterrence and Just Deserts as Motives for Punishment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 83 No. 2, 284-299.

Curry, Theodore R., Lee, Gang, & Rodriquez, S. Fernando (2004). Does Victim Gender Increase Sentencing Severity? Further Explorations of Gender Dynamics and Sentencing Outcomes. Crime & Delinquency, Vol. 50 No. 3, 319-343.

Saks, Michael J. (1989). Legal Policy Analysis and Evaluation. American Psychological Association, Vol. 44 No. 8, 1110-1117.

Sanders, Trevor, & Roberts, Julian V. (2000). Public Attitudes Toward Conditional Sentencing: Results of a National Survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, Vol. 32 No. 4, 199-207.

Just from looking at the way these crime statistics compare to those of other similar-sized cities, it would be reasonable to assume that eaverton is slightly more affluent than average. The rate and type of crime is skewed more towards the profit-driven types of crime and less to those that are generally associated with "fits of passion," gang behavior, and drug use (especially murder and robbery).
The fact that eaverton keeps it crime rates so low with only one hundred and twenty officers (and twenty-nine civilians) is also a testament to the area's probable affluence. A comparison of this number to the number of officers in other cities makes it clear why crime is kept so low -- they have one of the highest number of officers per capita of any city in Oregon. For this reason, it seems reasonable to surmise that an adequate number of law enforcement officers…...

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Beaverton compares well in other areas of violent and irreversible crime, too. The eighteen forcible rapes and thirty robberies that occurred in 2006 show that, though not perfect, Beaverton's a relatively safe city in which to live, especially when compared wit other cities of comparable size. The town of Bend for instance, with a population almost twenty thousand people smaller than that of Beaverton, has higher rates in all of the violent crimes discussed so far: murder, rape, and robbery. Beaverton seems poised and able to effectively combat such violent crimes in a way that leaves other cities far behind.

Their record is less stellar in the area of non-violent crimes, however. It appears to be about average when it comes to instances of property crime and arson, and has higher rates of burglary and larceny and theft, too. Just from looking at the way these crime statistics compare to those of other similar-sized cities, it would be reasonable to assume that Beaverton is slightly more affluent than average. The rate and type of crime is skewed more towards the profit-driven types of crime and less to those that are generally associated with "fits of passion," gang behavior, and drug use (especially murder and robbery).

The fact that Beaverton keeps it crime rates so low with only one hundred and twenty officers (and twenty-nine civilians) is also a testament to the area's probable affluence. A comparison of this number to the number of officers in other cities makes it clear why crime is kept so low -- they have one of the highest number of officers per capita of any city in Oregon. For this reason, it seems reasonable to surmise that an adequate number of law enforcement officers exists in Beaverton. Though more could be added to the patrol in an attempt to curb the burglaries and thefts that seem so prevalent in the area, the added effectiveness would probably be very little, and would almost certainly not be worth the added cost to the city. Crime is an unfortunate by-product of a society; it will always exist to one degree or another. Extra law enforcement officers are not necessary and might actually be a burden in the community of Beaverton, Oregon.

Crime
In the beginning the main focus of the drug addiction theory was on the habituated pleasure reinforcement as well as the potential of the drug for the reward. Drug affects the dopamine receptors that are present in the brain and the individual is flooded with the desirable emotions by using dopamine, these desirable emotions are considered to be the reward for using the substance (Pinel, 2009). When the relationship of dopamine to the reward was recognized it was thought to be the major cause of addiction but when further researches were carried out, they showed that there were some other factors involved in the addiction as well.

When initially the psychotropic substance like cocaine or amphetamine is used, some changes take place in the brain and these changes then influence a cycle of addiction. Although different drugs have different probability of addiction but the individual characteristics like cognition, mental health, social…...

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References

Alberta Health Services -- Addiction and Mental Health. (2009). Challenging assumptions: The association between substance use and criminal behaviour. Edmonton, AB: Author.

Gottfredson, D.C., Kearley, B.W. And Bushway, S.D. (2008). Substance Use, Drug Treatment, and Crime: An Examination of Intra-Individual Variation in a Drug Court Population. Journal of Drug Issues 0022-0426/08/02 601-630.

GSS Codebook. (2010). General Social Survey 2010 Cross-Section and Panel Combined. Accessed from:  http://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Codebooks/GSS10PAN_CB.asp 

Idaho State Police. (2010). The Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Crime in Idaho: Estimating the Need for Treatment Alternatives. Idaho State Police, Statistical Analysis Center.