, sum up what might be revealing about the juvenile justice system in its current incarnation. They say:
"It is social institutions in the broader community -- families, churches, schools, social welfare agencies, etc. -- which have the primary mandate to control and care for young people who commit delinquent acts. It is only when individuals or institutions in the community fail to diver (or decide not to divert) that the formal processes of the juvenile justice system are called into action (213)."

Perhaps consistent with the public's perception of juvenile delinquency, especially crimes by violent young offenders, it is going to be more important than ever for the peripheral agencies, and especially the family, to step up to the plate and address juvenile delinquency. The court system, although it has shown positive steps by raising the death penalty to 18 years of age, is nonetheless demonstrating a lack of empathy with…...

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Reference List

Canedy, Diana. 2002. Florida Boys Convicted in Father's Death, New York Times,

September 7, 2002. Found online at   retrieved April 18, 2010.http://www.vachss.com/help_text/a2/king_brothers.html ,

Cox, Steven M., Allen, Jennifer, M., Hanser, Robert D., and Conrad, John J. 2008.

Juvenile Justice: A Guide to Theory, Policy, and Practice. Sage Publications, Los Angeles. Book.

Thus, juveniles are put int a psitin where they will demand retributin nt frm thse wh put him in prisn, but frm sciety itself (Rss, 2006). Dr. Tim Griffin further articulates, "Relatinships created within the rehabilitatin prcess will ftentimes last a lifetime. The current rehabilitatin mdel emplys a cmbinatin f family encuragement and mentrship. These relatinships help juveniles build their self-esteem and shift the scpe f their life visin" (Griffin, 2007). A rehabilitative mdel imprves the ability f juveniles t escape their current life f crime and find mtivatin and inspiratin t lead a new life. Putting these same juveniles n "lck dwn" will nly have further negative cnsequences and prmte a greater cycle f vilence and crime.
Empirical evidence als supprts the use f the current judiciary mdel. Althugh numerus statistics have shwn the rise f repeat juvenile ffenders, these statistics have any implicit assumptins and data fallacies. Primarily,…...

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ot Available>. 2007-04-26

Griffin, Tim., Barthe, Emmanuel. And Weicko, Fil. "Predictors of Juvenile Case Processing Outcomes" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Royal York, Toronto <

ot Available>. 2007-04-26

Specialized courts are alternative courts that are narrowly focused in terms of the types of cases they hear. The judges that oversee these courts are considered to be experts in their fields. Cases that fall within their parameter are routed to them. As Zimmer (2009) notes, “by transferring the adjudication of particularly difficult or complex legal issues or factual disputes from the scope of general jurisdiction courts and concentrating their adjudication in a specialized court of limited jurisdiction, several desirable objectives are attained” (p. 1). These desirable objectives include: 1) the efficiency of the judicial system, 2) a more efficient legal system, 3) more uniformity in terms of application of the law, 4) expertise is provided, 5) case management is more improved, 6) eliminates forum shopping by litigants, 7) increases the overall flexibility of the court system, 8) provides an administrative agency review mechanism, and 9) provides consistency of administrative…...

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References

Federal Justice Center. (2005). Crime victims’ rights act of 2004 and the Federal courts. Retrieved from  

Fund for Modern Courts. (2018). Court restructuring and simplification. Retrieved from http://moderncourts.org/programs-advocacy/court-restructuring-and-simplification/

Mikeska, J. (2018). Court consolidation. Retrieved from http://www.ncsc.org/~/media/Files/PDF/Education%20and%20Careers/CEDP%20Papers/2000/Court%20Consolidation.ashx

Vera Institute of Justice. (2002). Effects of state victim rights legislation on local criminal justice systems. Retrieved from https://www.vera.org/publications/effects-of-state-victim-rights-legislation-on-local-criminal-justice-systems

Zimmer, M. (2009). Overview of specialized courts. International Journal for Court Administration (August 2009), 1-15. Retrieved from http://www.iaca.ws/files/LWB-SpecializedCourts.pdf

http://www.uscourts.gov /sites/default/files/cvra0001.pdf

Innocent individuals are wrongly convicted for the following 8 reasons. First, eyewitness testimony can be inaccurate: this happens when an individual is convinced that he or she saw the defendant partake in criminal activity -- yet they are mistaken in their identification for whatever reason (they may be exaggerating their role as a "witness" for vainglorious reasons, for instance).
Second, testimony can be perjured: this means that a witness simply lies on the stand in order to cause harm to the defendant. Third, the availability or unavailability of DNA testing can cause innocent persons to be convicted because of "crucial" evidence that is used or misused which would otherwise exonerate them. Fourth, DNA testing is inaccurate: this happens when, in the case that DNA evidence is used, it is actually inconclusive or corrupted in the process of obtainment, so that it can actually have the opposite intended effect -- rather than…...

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References

Hedges, C. (2015). America's Slave Empire. Truthdig. Retrieved from  http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/americas_slave_empire_20150621 

Krieger, S.A. (2011). Why our justice system convicts innocent people, and the challenges faced by innocence projects trying to exonerate them. New Criminal Law Review, 14(3), 333-402.

Swan, B. (2015). Prison State America. RT. Retrieved from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9Qpa40m3DA

Cannibal Cop" -- hen does evil thought become a crime?
Gilbert Valle III was a 28-year-old former New York City police officer who was arrested after his wife reveled to authorities that he was obsessed with the idea of kidnapping women, torturing them, raping them then eating their flesh.

His wife had come upon his computer record of his visits to chat rooms (including "Dark Fetish Net") that deal in unspeakably evil activities. She saw that he had fantasized kidnapping women -- perhaps as many as 100 -- tying them up, raping them, torturing them, then butchering them and cooking them in the oven, after which he saw himself eating them.

He had what is called a "bondage fetish," among other fetishes, but all his planning, which consisted of Google searches for how to make chloroform, how to kidnap women and more, never actually materialized into real life actions. In other words,…...

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Works Cited

CNBC. (2017). Politics: US appeals court upholds suspension of Trump travel ban. Retrieved February 11, 2016, from  http://www.cnbc.com .

Gearty, R., and Gregorian, D. (2013). 'Cannibal Cop's' wife testifies on NYPD officer's sick bondage fetish. New York Daily News. Retrieved February 11, 2017, from  http://www.nydailynews.com .

Findlaw.com. (2015). Federal vs. State Courts -- Key Differences. Retrieved February 11, 2017,

from http://www.litigation.findlaw.com.

Witnesses, Cross Examination, Physical Evidence 1
The scriptures confirmed my views about how criminal procedure should operate according to each topic. Deuteronomy is clear about needing more than one witness, which aligns with common sense. To prevent a “he said, she said” type of argument in court, it is necessary that there be other supporting witnesses. However, as Loftus (1980) has shown, even eyewitness testimony can be unreliable for a number of psychological reasons; and witnesses can also engage in conspiracy, so relying solely on witness testimony should not be considered full-proof. Of course, Deuteronomy 19:21 also offers a way for courts to deal with false witnesses: “Your eye shall not pity: life shall be for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” Cross examination must occur so that judges can get to the truth of the matter and discern whether witnesses are being honest or are using deceit…...

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References

Liptak, A. (2009). Justices reject inmate right to DNA tests. Retrieved from

Loftus, E. F. (1980). Impact of expert psychological testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 9.

https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/us/19scotus.html

Court System
The basic structure of the United States legal system comes from the Constitution. Constitutions are living documents that lay down principles and rules, as well as overall functions of how law should be used within society. Constitutions tend to be macro in scope, in that they define responsibilities between the three organs of U.S. Government (Judicial, Legislature and Executive). Laws are individual (micro) edicts that are made to define specific issues under the Constitution. The Constitution is the basic framework, or the strategic direction of law; defining relationships and allowing for reasons that are fundamental to other laws (e.g. privacy, search, etc.). Laws are the manner in which the tactics of the legal system and/or philosophy are carried out and used within society. A Constitution defines the theoretical basis of law, while laws incorporate the process of law and allow the government and its officers to use the Constitution…...

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REFERENCES

Neubauer, D., et al., (2010). America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System. Belmont,

CA: Wadsworth/Cenage.

Plunkett, T. (2001). A Concise History of the Common Law. Clark, NJ: The Lawbook

Exchange.

In his joint aticle with Oleg Sminov, "Dift, Daft, o Dag: How the Supemes React to New Membes," Smith takes an even close look at the Supeme Cout and the histoy of its political (o intepetive) makeup. Specifically, these authos find that the Cout counte-balances changes to its ideological makeup though the addition of new membes by changes in the oveall intepetative stances of opposing justices -- the addition of moe libeal justices esults in consevative justices becoming moe consevative, and the addition of consevative justices leads to moe libeal thinking on the pat of libeal justices. This view sees the Supeme Cout and couts in geneal as an essentially political body, just like any othe political body at wok in the fedeal govenment o at othe levels of govenment within any given society, whethe past o pesent.

A Mediation of Theoies and Pactice

Though the thee theoies biefly descibed above appoach…...

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references. This increases the politicization of the court system as a whole and makes individual judges and courts less responsive to the individuals appearing in the courts than they otherwise would be.

Conclusion

A fully accepted explanation of the court system has yet to be achieved in the literature, and is certainly beyond the scope of this paper. The agreement that exists between the disparate arguments presented above, however, suggests that these authors are formulating a new trend in judicial theory that could soon replace the inadequate and simplified view taken by many of the courts. This understanding will doubtless continue to be refined for decades, if not centuries.

How does a court system cope with a “changing of the guard” when a new administration is elected and key executives and managers are replaced, and/or when policy changes direction as a new political party assumes power?
The best coping technique is instituting a system characterized by power separation. Accountability may be attained within the domain of administrative rulemaking by means of various institutional plans and practices. One may perceive bureaucratic accountability to be a classic agent-principal issue. Governmental cabinets, rather than parliaments, form the main bureaucratic controllers, being ideally positioned, owing to their central location in administration as well as legislative politics, to guarantee that implementation will be governed by the very political agenda that drives lawmaking. Ministerial workers are answerable, via a hierarchical command chain, to the Prime Minister, other ministers, the cabinet, and a coalition or the majority party. Thus, whilst drafting regulations, the very politicians responsible for…...

Court System
In recent times, no court case has attracted as much attention as that of George Zimmerman. In this text, I summarize the most significant facts of the said case and explore the key laws that were violated. Further, amongst other things, I will also summarize the outcome of the case and my opinion on the outcome.

The State of Florida vs. George Zimmerman

The Case in Brief: A Summary of Important Facts

Charged with second-degree murder in one of the most publicized court cases in recent times, George Zimmerman was on 13 July declared a free man after the jury deemed it fit to render a not guilty verdict. The charge in this case stemmed from the shooting to death of an individual by the name Trayvon Martin. Pursuant to the said shooting, the state charged that Zimmerman stalked and shot at Martin who was unarmed at the time of his…...

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References

Botelho, G. & Yan, H. (2013). George Zimmerman Found Not Guilty of Murder in Trayvon Martin's Death. Retrieved from  http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/13/justice/zimmerman-trial/ 

Clark, D.S. & Ansay, T. (Eds.). (2002). Introduction to the Law of the United States (2nd ed.). The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Gaines, L.K. & Miller, R.L. (2009). Criminal Justice in Action (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Scheb, J.M. (2011). Criminal Law (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Obtaining a warrant to take blood sample of a person suspected of drunk driving but has refused to take breath test takes longer time and undermines the essence of time in this process. The Chief Justice John G. oberts Jr. together with other judges; however, expressed discomfort with what they termed government sanctioned bodily intrusions using sharp needles (Liptak, 2013).
Missouri prosecutors' petition was occasioned by a case where one Tyler G. McNeely was pulled over for speeding on a highway. Tyler, according to the Supreme Court, had the telltale signs of intoxication (Liptak, 2013). He had bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and had the smell of alcohol in his breath. Besides, his performance in field sobriety test was poor. Tyler was adamant about taking breath test. He did not consent to taking blood test either. A blood test was nevertheless taken and the results showed that the blood alcohol level…...

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References List

Cohen, a. (2012, Oct. 11). Would you Trust These State Justices to Review Your Cases. The Atlantic.   tate-justices-to-review-your-case/262480/http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/would-you-trust-these-s 

Liptak, a. (2013, Jan. 9). Justices Look at Legality of Drunken-Driving Test. New York Times.

 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/us/supreme-court-weighs-drunken-driving-blood-tests.html?_r=0

S. COUT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS (http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/fine.htm)."
The highest tier of this federal system is the United States Supreme Court. This court has nine Supreme Court Justices who are appointed for the term of their life unless they choose to step down. A majority is not needed to win a Supreme Court hearing request. If four of the nine think the case brought before them is worth hearing then the case will be heard.

STATE COUTS

Below is a list of the typical types of cases that may be heard by a state court. http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/resources/fedstate_lessonplan.htm

Cases involving the state constitution -- Cases involving the interpretation of a state constitution.

State criminal offenses -- Crimes defined and/or punished by the state constitution or applicable state statute. Most crimes are state criminal offenses. They include offenses such as murder, theft, breaking and entering, and destruction of property.

Tort and personal injury law -- Civil wrongs for which a remedy may…...

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REFERENCES

HOW the U.S. COURT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/fine.htm

Courts in the United States  http://www.lectlaw.com/files/jud01.htm 

Respecting State Courts: The Inevitability of Judicial Federalism (Contributions in Legal Studies) by Michael E. Solimine and James L. Walker (Hardcover - Dec 30, 1999)

Gender Bias in the U.S. Court System
Statistics regarding male and female criminality

Types of cases involving women and men

Sentencing guidelines for judges imposed to diminish disparities

Feminists say women should get less jail time

Number of women vs. men arrested

omen committing misdemeanors get little or no jail time

Death penalty cases

10% of murder cases are perpetrated by women

Leniency of juries on women defendants

Easier for women to be treated leniently by juries

Sex crimes involving men and women adults vs. teens and children

omen are always given less punishment than men in this area

Reaction of judges towards female defendants

Male judges

Female judges

Body

a. Chivalry Theory of women perpetrators

Body

Focal Concerns theory of women perpetrators

Conclusion

In both the Constitution and Declarations of Independence, two of the most important documents in American history, it is promised by the very foundations of the government that all people will be treated the same way throughout the nation and in all circumstances, no matter what. The…...

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Works Cited:

Brockway, J. (2011). Gender bias and the death penalty. Death Penalty Focus. Retrieved from  http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=568 

Crew, K. (1991). Sex differences in criminal sentencing: chivalry or patriarchy? Justice

Quarterly. (8:1). 59-83.

Doerner, J. (2012). Explaining the gender gap in sentencing outcomes: an investigation of differential treatment in U.S. federal courts. Bowling Green State University.

dual-court system and explain the three-Tier nature of the U.S. federal judiciary.
Dual Court System

Dual-court system represents a legal structure supporting 2 coexistent court systems, at local and national levels. Two among the world's oldest and most highly recognized dual-court systems can be found in Australia and the U.S. In both nations, state courts enforce local laws, while federal courts concurrently enforce national law. An extent of overlap exists, between the breadth and scope of nation and state laws; however, typically, the two court systems are completely independent of one another (What is a Dual Court System? (with pictures), n.d). The U.S. and Australian constitutions outline the standard federal law applicable to the nation overall. Federal courts largely aim at upholding and implementing constitutional mandates. Individual state governments are authorized to create their respective local laws applicable to state residents. While federal laws are invariably a minimum requirement, states can,…...

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References

(n.d.). Study.com -- Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. The 3 Levels of the Federal Court System: Structure and Organization - Video & Lesson Transcript -- Study.com. Retrieved March 24, 2016, from  http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-3-levels-of-the-federal-court-system-structure-and-organization.html 

(n.d.). WiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions. What is a Dual Court System? (with pictures). Retrieved March 24, 2016, from  http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-dual-court-system.htm

Court Systems
The structure and platform on which the legal system is based upon is very important in understanding the total landscape of how justice is carried out within the confines of the government. The purpose of this essay is to explore the inner workings of both the federal and state court systems and highlight their similarities and differences. Also, this essay will investigate the roles of court administrators in the different types of functions that a court serves. A investigation into the state of Colorado and its court structure will also be presented to help give a practical example of the court system. Finally, the essay will address quasi-judicial bodies and their impact on the courts and legal system.

The Basis for Authority

The United States Courts Government Website (n.d.), details a comprehensive overview of the basis of America's court system. The United States Constitution is understood to be the ultimate law…...

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References

Cornell University Legal Information Institute (ND). "Quasi-judicial." Viewed 15 Oct 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/quasi-judicial 

Linhares, G. (2012). Role of the State Court Administrator. National Center for State Courts, Trends in Courts, 2012. Retrieved from  http://www.ncsc.org/sitecore/content/microsites/future-trends-2012/home/leadership-and-the-courts/4-2-evolution-of-the-state-court.aspx 

The State Of Colorado. "Colorado State Court System." Viewed 15 Oct 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.courts.state.co.us/Courts/Index.cfm 

The United States Court (ND). "The Difference Between Federal and State Courts. Viewed 15 Oct 2013. Retrieved from   erencebetweenFederalAndStateCourts.aspxhttp://www.uscourts.gov /FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/Jurisdiction/Diff

I. Introduction
A. Explanation of court room technology
B. Importance of technology in court proceedings
C. Purpose of the essay

II. History of court room technology
A. Evolution of technology in the court room
B. Impact of technology on court proceedings
C. Examples of early court room technology

III. Current technology used in court rooms
A. Video conferencing
B. Digital evidence presentation
C. Electronic filing systems
D. Court room management software

IV. Advantages of court room technology
A. Increased efficiency in court proceedings
B. Improved access to justice
C. Better organization of evidence and case files
D. Cost savings for the court system

V.....

In conclusion, Ethiopia can improve consumer judicial protection by implementing several key measures. Firstly, creating a dedicated consumer protection agency that is independent from government influence and adequately funded to carry out its mandate. This agency should have the authority to investigate and take legal action against businesses that engage in deceptive or unfair practices. Secondly, the country can establish a system for alternative dispute resolution, such as mediation or arbitration, to provide consumers with a faster and more cost-effective way to resolve their complaints. This would help alleviate the burden on the court system and ensure that consumers have....

Conclusion The Ethiopian legal framework for consumer judicial protection falls short in several key areas, leaving consumers vulnerable to exploitation and harm. In this essay, we have explored the need for comprehensive and effective consumer protection measures in Ethiopia and identified areas where the current framework fails to meet consumer needs. To enhance consumer judicial protection, Ethiopia should establish a specialized consumer court system that provides accessible, efficient, and affordable dispute resolution mechanisms. This would reduce the burden on the regular court system and ensure that consumer cases are handled by judges with expertise in consumer law. Additionally, Ethiopia should adopt a harmonized....