This article is filled with many variables that are attempting to relate BMI with other social behaviors in children such as eating family meals. "isk factors" are discussed as well, which are inherently confounding in their own right. A risk factor is not a correlation and is merely an unproven coincidence that is yet to be scientifically proven. In this study many of these confounding variables are included in the discussion such as snack food eating and physical activity. These terms are much too subjective to produce any general understanding and do not provide a clear and recognizable path to gaining further knowledge about these subjects.
Even though the study is rife with confounding variables, an acceptable argument is made by discussing some of these relationships. The authors demonstrated a reasonable case for suggesting that some of these risk factors come into play, but that method of coming into play cannot…...
mlaReferences
Goldfield, G.S., Murray, M.A., Buchholz, a., Henderson, K., Obeid, N., Kukaswadia, a., & Flament, M.F. (2011). Family meals and body mass index among adolescents: effects of gender. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 36(4), 539-546. Retrieved September 1, 2012 from EBSCO.
Quality assessments can be made, the researcher is introduced to the latest research on the subject, and it enables him or her not to waste her time on repeat searches that will bring up irrelevant results.
Similar to a literature review but often more intense and broad, the meta-analysis differs from the literature review in that it highlights correlations and links between studies can critically assesses studies that it observes are invalid or that contribute inadequately to the subject.
Disadvantages, on the other hand, include the fact that bias and author's subjectivity selects studies therefore skewing results. Bias, for instance, may exist in terms of publication source, therefore omitting many other desirable sources from inclusion. Similarly, too, thesis or dissertations may be excluded even though they may be valuable to the theme. The researchers are faced with a quandary: including even one faulty study that can place the whole meta-analysis at…...
correlations, or discrepancies you have found.
Synthesizing the Literature Human trafficking: A synthesis of the literature
Researching human trafficking reveals several common themes. The first theme is that slavery continues to exist in modern society. The second theme is that slavery is a problem in modern America. The third theme is that slavery does not exist in real secrecy; Americans are exposed to slaves on a daily basis. The fourth theme is that slavery is a global problem, and that different countries respond to slavery in different ways. The fifth theme is that trafficking does not only exploit individuals, but also exploits their countries of origin. Taken together, one sees that modern-day human trafficking exhibits many of the social and moral problems as old-fashioned slavery.
Many people believe that slavery no longer exists because slavery has been criminalized in most nations. However, human enslavement exists in a variety of forms: domestic service,…...
mlaOne of the secrets of slavery is that it exists in the modern-day United States (Bales & Soodalter, 2007). The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 was the first federal law attempting to give law enforcement agents the tools they needed to deal with the phenomenon of modern slavery, but federal laws are still not adequate to deal with the issue (Destefano, 2007). The federal government focuses on sex trafficking and prostitution and does not spend sufficient resources investigating other modern forms of slavery (Destefano, 2007).
Another theme about slavery is that, while it may be extremely secretive, slaves interact with society as a whole. Healthcare providers are likely to encounter victims of human trafficking. In fact, 28% of trafficked women saw a health care provider while still in captivity (Dovydaitis, 2011). Therefore, having front-line workers, such as health professionals, aware of how to spot and report trafficking is critical.
Another recurring theme about slavery is the global nature of human trafficking. All countries are source points for human trafficking. Furthermore, globalization makes it difficult to track victims of trafficking (Jones, Engstrom, Hilliard, & Diaz, 2007). Some countries aggressively go after traffickers, while other countries are more tolerant of the practice. For example, China is believed to have a significant human trafficking problem, but its procedures for prosecuting traffickers lack transparency and there are far fewer prosecutions than suspected incidents of slavery (Lagon, 2008). However, many nations are attempting to really fight human trafficking. For example, Cambodia is considered a hub of human trafficking in Southeast Asia (Lindstrom, 2008). However, the country is attempting to combat the problem and help stop illegal trafficking (Lindstrom, 2008). Given that governmental apathy helps contribute to the problem of human trafficking, these efforts may prove very beneficial. However, some countries are taking a victim-first approach that should help combat trafficking. For example, in Scotland the Equality and Human Rights Commission's chair was seeking to talk to victims of trafficking to help understand it from the perspective of a person who
childhood obesity, which is proving to be a serious concern for policymakers and health administrators in the U.S. It is estimated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-going children has almost tripled over the last decade. This places the generation in question at an extremely high risk for type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other weight-related complications. My main interest lies in understanding the causes of overweight and obesity among children. I am particularly interested in determining whether there is an association between the level of familial income, and the risk of childhood obesity. The research question guiding my study is:
"How does the risk of developing childhood obesity relate to the level of familial income?"
The simple linear correlation coefficient will be used to provide answers to the research question. The linear correlation coefficient is used to show the direction and strength of an association that exists between…...
mlaReferences
Lane, D. M. (n.d.). Online Statistics Education: A multimedia Course of Study. Rice University. Retrieved October 23, 2015 from http://onlinestatbook.com/
Sukal, M. (2013). Research Methods: Applying Statistics in Research. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc.
The papillae are distributed throughout all areas of the tongue, and in adjacent structures of the palate and throat. Each taste bud contains 50 to 75 receptor cells that are always in different stages of a 7-10-day regenerative cycle" (Taste 2006:16). In addition, the tongue contains receptors that are more sensitive to sweet and salty stimuli, while those on the palate and throat are more responsive to sour and bitter tastes; furthermore, the receptors situated inside the taste buds are also connected to either the lingual, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerve, all of which transmit touch, temperature, and pain as well as taste stimuli (Taste 16). The end of the line for these connections is the medulla oblongata; gustatory fibers then ascend from the medulla oblongata to the thalamus and ultimately to the taste reception area in the cerebral cortex (Taste 17).
hat people actually "taste" after they take a bite…...
mlaWorks Cited
Borthwick, Fiona. (2000). "Olfaction and Taste: Invasive Odours and Disappearing Objects." The Australian Journal of Anthropology 11(2):127.
Galvin, Shelley L. And Harold A. Herzog. (1992). "The Ethical Judgment of Animal Research." Ethics & Behavior 2(4):285.
Glenberg, Arthur M. Learning from Data: An Introduction to Statistical Reasoning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.
Goldstein, Miriam D. And Michael J. Strube. (1995). "Understanding Correlations: Two Computer Exercises. Teaching of Psychology," 22(3):205.
Television and Child Literacy
Ever since it became a household fixture more than fifty years ago, parents and educators have asked the same question - is there such a thing as too much television? Can television interfere with a child's desire to learn to read? hen television first debuted, it was touted as the wonder of the age, a miracle of technology that would bring the world into everyone's living rooms. Television would be an invaluable educational tool, opening up vast new horizons of knowledge. This was the dream. The reality was quite different. hile television's "Golden Years," the 1950s and Early 1960s, did feature some wonderful documentaries together with a number of outstanding theatrical productions, on the whole TV quickly became, as Federal Communications Commission Chairman, Newton Minnow, put it in 1961, "A vast wasteland." (Mander) Yet, it is not only what television does or does not offer that presents…...
mlaWorks Cited
Alexander, Allison. "Children and Television." No Date. URL:
http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/childrenand/childrenand.htm .
Bryant, Jennings, ed. Television and the American Family. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1990.
Children and Television." American Association of Pediatrics." No Date. URL: http://edie.cprost.sfu.ca/gcnet/ISS4-21c.html
Staff Development and Student Performance
Staff Development: An Overview
State Standards for Staff Development
Progressive Trends in Staff Development
Recommended Guidelines for Successful Implementation
Georgia's Example
It stands to reason that proficient teachers are poised to make a positive contribution to the learning environment. The more educated, prepared and confident a teacher can be when entering the classroom, the more the students too can benefit. The National Commission on Teaching and America's Future issued a report in 1996 entitled: "hat Matters Most: Teaching for America's Future." The crux of the report was based on three simple ideas:
hat teachers know and do is the most important influence on what students learn."
Recruiting, preparing and retaining good teachers is the central strategy for improving our schools.
School reform cannot succeed unless it focuses on creating the conditions in which teachers can teach, and teach well.
These simplistic statements cannot be understated. The teacher is the conduit for student learning; teachers…...
mlaWorks Cited
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Accessed, July 21, 2003http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/197018/author.html.
B. Joyce and B. Showers (1982) "The Coaching of Teaching," Educational Leadership 40(1): 4-10
Corcoran, Thomas B. (1995) Helping Teachers Teach Well: Transforming Professional Development
Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1997) Findings from the Condition of Education: Women in mathematics and science (NCES 97-388), Washington, D.C.
They mainly sat at tables talking with othe men. The occasional inteaction they had with women was not flitatious o touching, like it was between men and women of the othe goup. Socially, these men wee not competitive and did not attact women. Howeve, these men wee easily appoachable; if women wee attacted to men who wee not competitive, aggessive, and self-assued, they would be easily appoachable. In this case it appeaed that women chose to associate with the fome goup athe than the latte. The implications of this obsevation ae that women set the standad fo what is attactive and desiable and men who wish to gane thei attention fulfill this ole. It is futhe questionable whethe men would continue to act in a loud, aggessive, competitive manne if they had little to gain -- and in fact a lot to lose in the way of female attention…...
mlareferences, and because they reward competitive and aggressive behaviors with attention and sex, there appears to be a positive correlation between the actions and beliefs of women and the objectification of women by men.
Further research into this subject would be valuable in assessing to what extent women have contributed. Some possible continuations for this research are assessments of individuals who have graduated from college, as well as married individuals. These studies would allow researchers to find out how many of the competitive and aggressive ideals and expectations continue into adulthood and marriage.
Correlation and egression
The ability to evaluate the essential general assumptions underlying statistical models and to distinguish the concepts and techniques of regression analysis is important for scholarly research. This is a more important element for a doctoral learner focused on quantitative research in order to generate appropriate and credible conclusions. Interpreting types of variables, design frameworks, and treatments in statistical regression analysis is also an essential skill for upcoming research projects. An evaluation of general assumptions that underscore a statistical model has significant impacts on the validity or outcomes of the research data.
Essential Assumptions in a Statistical Model
Since statistical models are basically used as tools for conducting a study, they are based on some general assumptions. While these assumptions vary depending on the kind of research being carried out, there are common assumptions across statistical models. The first assumption underlying a statistical model is the belief that the model is…...
mlaReferences
ArcGIS Resources. (n.d.). Regression Analysis Basics. Retrieved September 24, 2016, from http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/arcgisengine/java/GP_ToolRef/Spatial_Statistics_toolbox/regression_analysis_basics.htm
Osborne, J. & Walters, E. (2002, January 7). Four Assumptions of Multiple Regression that Researchers Should Always Test. Practical Assessment, Research 7 Evaluation, 8(2). Retrieved September 24, 2016, from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?n=2&v=8
Sykes, A.O. (n.d.). An Introduction to Regression Analysis. Retrieved from University of Chicago Law School website: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/files/20.Sykes_.Regression.pdf
students who took multiple online NP courses had higher statistical odds of failing the test the first time around than students who only enrolled in one course at a time. There was no correlation between race, ethnicity, gender or age with regard to failure and statistical ratios. The significant variable identified in this study was the number of courses taken by a student at one time. Any number of online NP courses greater than 1 increased odds of testing failure. This is in line with the findings of Bambara et al. (2009) and oblyer (2006) who identify increased course load level as a stress factor.
The findings for the multiple clinical course taking were reversed. Students who took one multiple clinical course as opposed to those who took two or more were at greater odds of failure. Again, there was no correlation between race, age, ethnicity or gender. easons for…...
mlaReferences
Bambara, C. et al. (2009). Delicate engagement: lived experience of community college
students enrolled in high-risk online courses. Community College Review, 36(3): 219-238.
Deary, I., Watson, R., Hogston, R. (2003). A longitudinal cohort study of burnout and attrition in nursing students. JAN, 43(1): 71-81.
Henzinger, T. et al. (2004). Programming language design and implementation. ACM,
Then values of x are plotted with the corresponding values of y. If the relationship between the variables is positive then a line drawn through the points will slope upward. This upward slope signifies that as the values for x increase the values corresponding values for y also increase. The opposite will be true for a negative relationship. In this case the line will slope downward and the correlation would be negative.
In interpreting the correlation coefficient there is one other factor to consider and that is the p value. The statistical program will produce a probability statistic that suggests how likely the result that is observed is the product of chance. The researcher then examines the p value and compares it to the predetermined alpha level that was set for this particular test. If the p value is less than the alpha level the researcher must make a decision…...
mlaReferences
Cooper, D.R. & Schindler P.S. (2011) Business research methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Creswell J.W. (1994).Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches.
London: Sage
Publications.
Correlations
Three correlations
Correlations: From marijuana use to meat eating to fast food
One of the most commonly-cited statistics in the popular media is the strong correlation between marijuana use and later 'hard' drug use, although it is uncertain if marijuana is causally related, or merely correlated with this phenomenon. Another surprising correlation in the use of marijuana also perplexes researchers. There also appears to be a strong correlation between schizophrenia and heavy use of marijuana in adolescence. "Scientists in Australia followed nearly 4,000 young adults born between 1981 and 1984 at the 21-year mark, and found that the longer study participants had used marijuana, the higher the risk of psychosis-related outcomes. Those who had experienced hallucinations early were more likely to have smoked or used marijuana longer and more frequently" (Meier 2010).
The study's authors state that the causal relationship between the use of the drug and later schizophrenia requires more study. It…...
mlaReferences
Aubrey, Allison. (2012). Death by bacon? Study finds eating meat is risky. NPR. Retrieved:
Davis, Brennan & Christopher Carpenter. (2009). Proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools and adolescent obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3): 505 -- 510.
Retrieved: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661452/
Correlation & Regression
A fifth grade science teacher wants to know if there is a relationship between final exam scores and overall coursepoints after adjusting for a quiz score.
In order to determine whether there was a significant relationship between overall coursepoints and final exam scores, after controlling for quiz scores, a hierarchical regression was run. All assumptions were assessed using SPSS. There was independences of residuals, as assessed by a Durbin-Watson statistic of 1.08. An examination of various scatterplots indicated a general linear relationship between variables of interest, although perfect linearity was not observed.
Overall Scatterplot
Partial Regression Plot: Final Exam Score & Quiz Score
Figure 3. Partial Regression Plot: Final Exam Score & Course Points
The assumption of homoscedasticity was violated, as the scatterplot in Figure 1 demonstrates (i.e., the values were not evenly spread across the scatterplot). There was no evidence of multicollinearity as evidenced by no correlations between independent variables greater than…...
The more violent teens might also be more apt to wear black rather than white t-shirts, but that does not mean that the act of wearing a black t-shirt makes a teen more predisposed to act violently.
The authors of another study did attempt an experiment that would suggest causation rather than mere correlation. In an experiment involving 210 college students, students who played a violent video game were more likely to 'punish' the opponent by inflicting a noise blast upon the opponent of greater intensity and for "a longer period of time" than did students who played a nonviolent video game (illenz 2009). However, the idea that inflicting a loud noise upon an opponent after playing a loud, noisy video game is analogous to committing acts of physical violence in the real world also seems like a tenuous causal argument.
orks Cited
illenz, Pam. (2009). Violent video games can increase aggression.…...
mlaWorks Cited
Willenz, Pam. (2009). Violent video games can increase aggression. American Psychological
Association (APA). Media Release. Retrieved August 8, 2009 at http://www.apa.org/releases/videogames.html
Correlation of Alcoholism to Parenting Styles
Correlation of Parenting Styles to Alcohol Drinking Frequency in the Brooklyn Modern Orthodox Jewish Community.
Do the parenting styles in the Modern Orthodox Jewish community differentially correlate with self-reported alcohol use of Jewish College Freshmen males within the Orthodox Brooklyn Borough Park community (18-26)?
In general, the four parenting styles have a significant correlation on the behavior and attitudes of youngsters in college (Beck et al., 2004). Further investigation is required to demonstrate how these parenting styles correlate with the population in the Borough Park Jewish community. It has been demonstrated that college freshmen from different universities can be indulged in alcoholic habits given different parenting styles (O'Brien, McCoy, Rhodes, Wagoner, & Wolfson, 2008).
Research
The freshmen are increasingly using internet thus they preferred to be surveyed online too, rather than being handed questionnaires on paper (O'Brien, McCoy, Rhodes, Wagoner, & Wolfson, 2008). The university's graduate programs were analyzed…...
mlaYang et al. (2010) suggested that parents can play an effective role in controlling the behavior of freshmen to avoid alcohol use. Hence, there should be friendly and effective communication between parents and children in the growing ages of youth, since the children can seek advice from the parents in the process (Yang et al., 2010). Bowlby & Ainsworth (1982), discussed that the attachment and relationship between parents and children improved when they communicated more often and thus a good parenting style can make it easier for the children to overcome problem barriers later (Bowlby & Ainsworth, 1982). The child personality visibly gets affected by any of the parenting styles (i.e. Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, and Uninvolved) (Bowlby & Ainsworth, 1982). The level of influence however may vary.
Unreasonably high interference during the years of college or very low involvements is not productive factors in avoiding frequency of alcohol use (Bahr & Hoffman, 2012; Changalwa et al., 2012; Peckham & Lopez, 2007). The freshmen that have stressed (strained) relationships with parents are found to easily fall prey to alcohol use as well as abuse (Bahr & Hoffman, 2012; Changalwa et al., 2012; Peckham & Lopez, 2007). Since to them, relationships are not very important, they are less worried about their personal health too (Bahr & Hoffman, 2012; Changalwa et al., 2012; Peckham & Lopez, 2007).
In severe cases, where the children are the victims of psychological stress at home based on a
According to some authors, divorce is a problem when it comes to delinquency. Others do not see a strong correlation. For example, "The variables that predict male delinquency were found to be different from those that predict female delinquency. Characteristics of the parents' marriage play an important role for boys, while misbehavior of girls is more strongly predicted by variables measuring parent-child interaction and parental control." comes from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1982.tb01014.x/abstract and appears to say that only boys are affected by factors in their parents' marriage when it comes to delinquency. However, this article: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J087v39n01_07#.UnhDkOLufLY states that divorce is a cause of....
Social class is an incredibly complex concept. Many people assume that it is primarily defined by socioeconomic status. However, while wealth or the lack thereof may play some role in determining social class, it is not the only determinant. Other factors in addition to class can help determine social stratification. In the United States, this concept can often be looked at new money versus old money. If these delineations are preset, is social mobility even possible?
To really understand this issue, it is important to look at the concept of social class and stratification. Social class....
The social sciences refer to any academic discipline that deals with human behavior. The fields that generally fall under this rubric include economics, anthropology, psychology, sociology, political science, historiography, as well as certain types of culture-specific studies. Mixed method research refers to a research methodology that mixes traditional quantitative and qualitative research designs and discussing both types of evidence or data while considering the takeaways or conclusions of the research.
Some topics for mixed method research in social sciences are:
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School Uniforms Essay Titles / Topics
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