Corporate Social Responsibility Issues
Corporate responsibility in matters of social significance has taken a very public position over the past few years, due in large part to the major scandals and corruption related to Enron and other corporations. Two issues regarding corporate social responsibility will be highlighted in this paper, including corporate responsibility and e-commerce, and corporate responsibility vis-a-vis Internet Communications.

Corporate Responsibility Regarding Internet Communication

Is it ethical for an American corporation with a global reach to participate in censorship? That is the question that dogged the search and media giant Google recently. An article in the Journal of Internet Law (Cannici, 2009) points out that, as background to this problem, there has been, starting in 2006, controversy when U.S. technology firms acquiesce to the demands of foreign dictatorships. In fact there was outrage on an international level when Yahoo, an important and influential media company in the U.S., helped the Chinese…...

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Works Cited

Cannici, William J. (2009). The Global Online Freedom Act: Combating American Businesses

That Facilitate Internet Censorship in China. Journal of Internet Law, 12(11), 3-17.

Chen, Stephen. (2010). Corporate Responsibilities in Internet -- Enabled Social Networks.

Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 90, 523-536.

A human rights organization would vehemently disagree with the self-interested shareholder supporters of sweatshops and state that merely because workers are desperate and are willing to accept lower wages is no reason for Nike to take advantage of such desperation. Nike keeps wages low, rather than driving them up in the context of the local economy. For only a few pennies more, Nike could pay the workers a much fairer wage, and if American consumers were only willing to pay a bit more, the overall economic health of the developing world might be improved. Also, by using the developed world as a source of cheap labor, no local industry and entrepreneurship is stimulated -- local industries cannot compete against Nike, and Nike essentially uses the developing nation as a colonial outpost, rather than makes a contribution to the nation's economic progress by building its infrastructure like a local company might…...

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies- Apple
One of the more popular marketing strategies today that is still relatively new is the enhancing of societal influence for good. Corporations essentially address societal and environmental challenges in order to increase their performance. This strategy has a lot of names but is more commonly known as Corporate Responsibility (CR) or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (David & Sanchez-Hernandez, 2010).

y taking responsibility for its actions, a company is showing their goodwill towards a community and the people that live in it. Hopefully CSR provides an inspirational effect and boosts a positive effect around them. It is also a type of check for a company, a sort of self-regulation by which corporations make sure that they are in fact in compliance with the law, both moral and actual law (Michael, 2013). Apple Corporation is one of the largest and fastest growing businesses that have come under a…...

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Bibliography

Apple Inc. (2013). Apple Supplier Code of Conduct. Apple Supplier Code of Conduct.

Connor, M., & Kalmanovitz, F. (n.d.). Corporate Social Responsibility in the Consumer Electronics Industry: A Case Study of Apple Inc. George town.

David, G., & Sanchez-Hernandez, M.I. (2010). Using Internal Marketing to Engage Employees in Corporate Responsibility. Cranfield: Doughty Centre for Corporate Responsibility.

Elia, M.-B., Anna, R., & Tycen, B. (2006). Strategic Report for Apple Computer Inc. Pandora group.

hypothetical firm -- Pharmacare -- and address the issues of corporate responsibility and ethics. Background Information on Case

New Jersey-based company, Pharmacare (We CARE about YOUR health®) counts among the leading pharmaceutical firms across the globe. It is reputed for being an ethical, well-managed and caring corporation that manufactures superior-quality products aimed at saving the lives of millions and enhancing the QOL (quality of life) of millions of other people. Its offering constitutes discounted and free medicines to people with low income. Furthermore, the company has a charity sponsoring scholarships and health education programs. Pharmacare's Chief Executive is a Phrma (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America) board member (Background Information). A short while ago, the organization commenced a novel program "We CARE about YOUR world®" in which it vows to adopt green practices such as recycling and packaging changes to demonstrate its responsibility to safeguard the environment. This step has been taken…...

social corporate responsibility?
The source of conflict

CS with profitability

Opposing Friedman: The view of others

In the article "the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits" by Milton Friedman, he takes the position that various corporations can never be socially responsible. He believes that it's only the people in the company who have responsibilities. Friedman (1970) suggests that the concept of social responsibility should be taken by corporate executives of various businesses but not by businesses themselves. This is because it is the corporate executive's responsibility to conduct business and steer the business to profitability. The corporate executive's ethical values and those of the corporation owners should interact in a way that creates value in the corporation. They could be divergent but should be geared towards the profitability of the corporation. This paper is a critique of the article. The paper is based on a divergent view that is disagrees…...

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References

Aupperle, K., A. Carroll and J. Hatfield (1985), "An Empirical Examination of the Relationship

Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability," Academy of Management Journal, 28(2), pp. 446 -- 463.

Cochran, P.L. And Wood, R.A. (1984). "Corporate social responsibility and financial performance," Academy of Management Journal, vol.27, no.1 42-56.

Frooman, J. (1997). Socially irresponsible and illegal behavior and shareholder wealth. Business & Society. 36(3): 221-249

Stakeholder Approach to Corporate Responsibility
This essay examines the question of whether adopting a stakeholder approach is a sufficient means of assuring that corporations meet their moral responsibilities due society. The essay includes a survey of the literature on the subject.

Any discussion of the effectiveness of stakeholder theory must address who and what are considered stakeholders. R. Edward Freeman (1984) defines stakeholders as "any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization's objectives." Clarkson (1994) provides a narrower definition, based on the stakeholder's status as voluntary or involuntary risk-bearer: "Voluntary stakeholders bear some form of risk as a result of having invested some form of capital, human or financial, something of value, in a firm. Involuntary stakeholders are placed at risk as a result of a form's activities. But without the element of risk there is no stake." Clearly this position has implications for…...

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Works Cited

Clarkson, M. 1994. A Risk-Based Model of Stakeholder Theory. Proceedings of the Second Toronto Conference on Stakeholder Theory. Toronto: Center for Corporate Social Performance & Ethics, University of Toronto.

Crane, A. And Matten, D. 2007. Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and sustainability in the Age of Globalization. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 127-167.

Freeman, R.E. 1994. The Politics of Stakeholder Theory: Some Future Directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), pp. 409 -- 42. [online] Available at: [Accessed 28 August 2011].

Freeman, R.E. 2004. Stakeholder Theory and "The Corporate Objective Revisited." Organization Science, 15 (3), pp. 364-369. [online] Available at: [Accessed 28 August 2011].

By "lifting all boats" and extending the concept of being "our brother's keeper" we begin, as a society, to address basic human rights worldwide.
Question #2: hat role should governments play in regulating commerce to ensure that the rights of people and the environment are sustained? Economist Daniel Litvin has written an article in the journal Foreign Policy ("Raising Human Rights Standards in the Private Sector") worthy of close attention. In the piece he claims the UN's Compact - and the UN's "Human Rights Norms for Businesses" - fail to set "reasonable and well-defined limits" or a "code of conduct" on corporations' responsibilities in the global workplace.

And so, what does he believe governments should do - what role should they play? In the first place, Litvin believes that "many human rights controversies" that involve companies involved in globalization can be attributed to "the lack of a clear dividing line between…...

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Works Cited

Amnesty International. "Human Rights Principles for Companies" / "UN Global Compact: the Nine Principles" / "Clouds of Injustice: Bhopal Disaster." Retrieved 6 March 2007 at http://web.amnesty.org.

Engardio, Pete. "Global Compact, Little Impact." Business Week (issue) 3891 (2004): 86-87.

Litvin, Daniel. "Memo to the President: A Strategy for Business and Human Rights." Foreign

Policy (issue) 139 (2003): 68-72.

At some institutions, loans of this type were actually called "liar loans" by brokers, a reference to the obvious fudging of information they represented (Markels 2007).

A substantial portion (if not a large majority) of new home purchases during that time period involved a fraudulent practice of dishonestly inflating the income and financial health of prospective purchasers. In many instances, the real estate brokers and mortgage brokers precipitated this type of falsification of credit worthiness to facilitate high-commission-generating transactions. They stood to profit without any corresponding risk by virtue of the fact that any risk of default on the initial mortgage obligation would be shifted to other lenders and to investors in stocks connected to the value of mortgage securities on Wall Street (Lowenstein 2007). Even worse, during the process of loan negotiation, many homeowners were encouraged to inflate the appraised value of the property for the purposes of maximizing the…...

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Bibliography

Halbert, T., Ingulli, E. (2000) Law & Ethics in the Business Environment.

Cincinnati: West Legal Studies. Lowenstein, R. (2007) Subprime Time: How Did Home Ownership Become So Rickety? New York Times Magazine; Sept. 2/07. Retrieved July 8, 2008, from the New York Times online website, at  http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/02/magazine/02wwln-lede-t.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print 

Markels, a. (2007) Spring Fever: Just How Sick Is the Housing Market. U.S. News & World Report. Vol.142 No. 11 (33-36)

Markels, a.(2007) Yes, Housing Will get Worse. But How Bad?

Corporate citizenship and public relations: The importance and interactivity of social responsibility issues on corporate websites," is a study of the importance corporations give to social issues through an examination of various corporate websites. Because the Internet has become the public relations tool of choice for many corporations, the authors' study focused on the ability to present their interest in social responsibility through their websites as well as the ability of visitors to interact. The inclusion of the Global eporting Initiative as the basis of their study both helps to support their conclusions but also provides support against them. It is created by the top scientists in the world but they also happen to openly advocate for environmental concerns instead of corporate ones. But the inclusion of some of the top corporations on the Spanish Stock Market helps to support the legitimacy of the study.
Unit 3 Journal

My personal writing…...

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References

Capriotti, Paul and Angeles Moreno. (2006). "Corporate citizenship and public relations:

The importance and interactivity of social responsibility issues on corporate websites." Public Relations Review, 33. Pp.84-91. Retrieved from http://empresa.org/doc/temas_relevantes/RSE_en_webs_corporativos.pdf

PharmaCARE -- Case Review
The Stakeholders

There are numerous stakeholders and stakeholder groups that are presented in this case. The stakeholders can be thought of in two different primary groups to make the first set of distinctions, internal and external groups.

Internal Stakeholders

The management team

The employees

CompCARE and PharmaCARE Investors

External Stakeholders

Colberian Citizens and orkers

The Drugs Patients

Employees, Management, and Investors at ellco

Society in General

PharmaCARE's Unethical Treatment of the Colberia's

PharmaCARE's received support from the Colberia's in many forms, yet they compensated the Coberia's with nearly nothing and even worse caused ecological damage to their communities. The first way in which the Colberia's supported the PharmaCARE Corporation is through their sharing of intellectual property that had been passed down their ancestral linages for an untold number of years. The "healers" had accumulated generations of ancient tidbits that were undoubtedly accumulated through trial and error over a long course of time. Since the Colberian were primitive peoples, they…...

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Works Cited

Bouville, M. (2008). Whistle-Blowing and Morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 579-585.

Cohen, R. (2013, November 8). Gore Inadvertently Makes Case for Snowden as Whistleblower. Retrieved from Nonprofit Quarterly:  http://www.nonprofitquarterly.org/policysocial-context/23218-gore-says-snowden-s-revelations-make-him-a-whistleblower.html 

Elliston, F. (1982). Civil disobedience and whistleblowing: A comparative appraisal of two forms of dissent. Journal of Business Ethics, 23-28.

EPA. (N.d.). CERCLA Overview. Retrieved from EPA:  http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/cercla.htm

Patagonia Strategic Management & Corporate esponsibilityIntroductionPatagonia is a subsidiary of Lost Arrow, a privately held firm established in 1973 by climbers and surfers. Patagonia is a purveyor of outdoor clothing and gear and manages its research, design manufacturing, and sale of its products. The firm is driven by developing essential products for outdoor activities rather than profit-motivated production. Patagonia has a competitive advantage due to unique technological innovation in the outdoor gear and wears market, making the firm a leader in the outdoor retail industry (Kirkpatrick et al., 2002). Patagonia prides itself due to its devotion to social and environmental industrial practices. It continues to launch new products in line with the firms mission to Build the best product, cause no unnecessary harm, use business to inspire and implement solutions to the environmental crisis. According to MacKinnon (2015), conspicuous consumption and impulsive buying were not predicated on the typical form…...

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ReferencesAbdulgadir, A., & Abdulgadir, I. (2007). Strategic Proposals for Sustainable Supply Chains in the Fast Fashion Industry (Degree). Kth Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management.Alkuwari, R. (2021). Patagonia Case Analysis from a Strategic Management & Corporate Responsibility Perspective. Strategic Management & Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from M.-C. (2017). From Yosemite to a Global Market: How Patagonia, Inc. has Created an Environmentally Sustainable and Socially Equitable Model of Supply-Chain Management. Pomona Senior Theses. Retrieved from  https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=pomona_theses Caniato, F., Caridi, M., Crippa, L., & Moretto, A. (2012). Environmental sustainability in fashion supply chains: Exploratory case-based research. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(2), 659-670.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.06.001 Choi, T.N., 2007. Pre-season stocking and pricing decisions for fashion retailers with multiple information updating. Inter-national Journal of Production Economics 106 (2007),146–170Corporate & Social Responsibility History - Patagonia. Patagonia.com. (2022). Retrieved May 17, 2022, from  https://www.patagonia.com/our-footprint/corporate-social-responsibility-history.html .De Brito, M., Carbone, V., & Blanquart, C. (2008). Towards a sustainable fashion retail supply chain in Europe: Organisation and performance. International Journal Of Production Economics, 114(2), 534-553.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2007.06.012 Dobre, E., Stanila, G., & Brad, L. (2015). The Influence of Environmental and Social Performance on Financial Performance: Evidence from Romania’s Listed Entities. Sustainability, 7(3), 2513-2553.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su7032513 Dossa, Z. (2018). Patagonia’s sustainability strategy: Don’t buy our products. Retrieved from IMD: https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/case-studies/case-studies/patagonia-s-sustainability-strategy-dont-buy-our-productsDuygulu, E., Ozeren, E., I??ldar, P., & Appolloni, A. (2016). The sustainable strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises: The relationship between mission statements and performance. Sustainability, 8(7), 698.Ellen McAurthur Foundation. (2013). Towards the circular economy. Ellen McAurthur Foundation. Retrieved from  https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf  EElven, M. v. (2019). Fashion brands have only met 21 percent of their circularity targets for 2020. Fashion United. Retrieved from  https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/fashion-brands-have-only-met-21-percent-of-their-circularity-targets-for-2020/2019070944160 Grundy, T. (2006). Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter’s five forces model. Strategic Change, 15(5), pp. 213-229.Husted, B. W., & Allen, D. B. (2011). Corporate social strategy: Stakeholder engagement and competitive advantage. Cambridge University Press.Kamm, F. N., & Jonker. (2016). HUBS: Enabling multiple value creation through collaboration. Accountancy En Bedrijfskunde, 35(4), 33–45Kelley. (2015). Patagonia – Turning Social Responsibility into Company Business. hbs.edu. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from  https://digital.hbs.edu/platform-rctom/submission/patagonia-turning-social-responsibility-into-company-business/ .Kirkpatrick, S. A., Wofford, J. C., & Baum, J. R. (2002). Measuring motive imagery contained in the vision statement. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(2), 139-150.Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Haanaes, K., Reeves, M., & Goh, E. (2013). The innovation bottom line. In MIT Sloan Management Review.Lofthouse, V., & Prendeville, S. (2018). Human-centered design of products and services for the circular economy–a review. The Design Journal, 21(4), 451–476.Ly, B. (2021). Competitive advantage and internationalization of a circular economy model in apparel multinationals. Cogent Business &Amp; Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1944012MacKinnon, J. (2015). Patagonia’s Anti-Growth Strategy. The New Yorker. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from  https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/patagonias-anti-growth-strategy .Mautz, S., (2019). Patagonia has only 4 percent employee turnover because they value this 1 thing so much. Inc.com. Available at: https://www.inc.com/scott-mautz/how-can-patagonia-have-only-4-percent-worker-turnover-hint-they-pay-activist-employees-bail.html [Accessed November 21, 2021].Overfelt, M. (2020, August 14). As the north face battles Patagonia in outdoors market, it bets tackling climate change will pay off. CNBC. Retrieved from  https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/14/as-north-face-battles-patagonia-it-bets-climate-change-will-pay-off.html .Peloza, J. (2009). The Challenge of Measuring Financial Impacts From Investments in Corporate Social Performance. Journal Of Management, 35(6), 1518-1541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309335188Pongtratic, M. (2007). Greening the Supply Chain: A Case Analysis of Patagonia (Graduate). University of California, San Diego.Sarkis, J., 2003. A strategic decision framework for green supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production 11 (4),397–409Shen, B. (2014). Sustainable Fashion Supply Chain: Lessons from H&M. Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shangai, ChinaShen, B., Li, Q., Dong, C., & Perry, P. (2017). Sustainability Issues in Textile and Apparel Supply Chains. Sustainability, 9(9), 1592.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091592 Stein, S. (2019). How Could Changing Consumer Trends Affect Fast-Fashion Leaders H&M And Zara? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/sanford stein/2019/02/10/how-could-changingconsumer-trends-affect-fast-fashion-leaders-hm-and-zara/#1a9b62126f48Turker, D. and Altuntas, C. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports. European Management Journal.United Nations. (2015). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on September 25, 2015. United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=EWoodside, A. and Fine, M. B. (2019). Sustainable fashion themes in luxury brand storytelling: The sustainability fashion research grid. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing.Wren, B. (2022). Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion Industry: A comparative study of current efforts and best practices to address the climate crisis. Cleaner Logistics And Supply Chain, 4, 100032.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2022.100032 Yardley, J. (2013). Report on Deadly Factory Collapse in Bangladesh Finds Widespread Blame. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/world/asia/report-on-bangladesh-building-collapse-finds-widespread-blame.htmZamora, E. (2016). Value Chain Analysis: A Brief Review. Asian Journal Of Innovation And Policy, 5(2), 116-128.  https://doi.org/10.7545/ajip.2016.5.2.116 Zhou, Q. (2019). Analysis of Patagonia’s Strategies of Competing Through Sustainability [Ebook]. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from  https://qzhoumba.files.wordpress.com/2020/04/mgmt_5800_report.pdf .http://355683944_Patagonia_Case_Analysis_from_a_Strategic_Management_Corporate_Responsibility_Perspective.Bosco,

Corporate Social esponsibility and Environmental Ethics
Abstract/Introduction -- No one can argue that the international business community is becoming more and more complex as a result of globalism. In turn, this complexity is driven by an increasing understanding of sustainability, going "green," and bringing ethical and moral philosophy into the business community. British Telecom, for instance, noted in 2007 that it had reduced its carbon footprint by 60% since 1996, setting itself a target of 80% reductions by 2016 (Hawser, 2007). Francois Barrault, CEO, BT Global Services, said that by supporting sustainability his company hoped not only to reduce its carbon footprint but also to attract younger people who prefer to work for environmentally and socially responsible companies. He didn't always think that way, though. Barrault said that when he first met former U.S. vice president and environmental activist Al Gore, who showed him pictures of icecaps melting, he thought Gore…...

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REFERENCES

Career Services. The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved from:

 http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/careers .

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Supply Chain.. APEC

Human Resources Development Working Group. Retrieved from: http://hrd.apec.org/index.php/Corporate_Social_Responsibility_in_the_Global_Supply_Chain.

Additionally, it has been observed that whenever companies implement strategies of CS, they do this not out of individual choice and desire, but as a result of imposed legislations. "All of these decisions are made under the mandatory legal rules embodied in employment and labor law, workplace safety law, environmental law, consumer protection law, and pension law. Such rules, because they often apply to all businesses, are not susceptible to easy evasion through choice of form. As a result, those charged with governing a corporation find their decision tree considerably trimmed and their discretion decidedly diminished by mandatory legal rules enacted in the name of protecting stakeholders" (Winkler, 2005). In other words, the modern day evolutions of corporate social responsibility "caution against a rush to declare the ultimate triumph of shareholder primacy" (Winkler, 2005).

As a direct result of this changing legislation, more companies have commenced corporate social responsibility programs. In…...

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References:

Akerstrom, a., 2009, Corporate governance and social responsibility: Johnson & Johnson, GRIN Verlag, ISBN 364045605X

Boyd, C., 2003, Human resource management and occupational health and safety, Routledge, ISBN 0415265908

Conley, J.M., Williams, C.A., 2005, Engage, embed and embellish: theory vs. practice in the corporate social responsibility movement, Journal of Corporation Law, Vol. 31, No. 1

Greenwald, R., 2005, Wal-Mart: the high costs of low price (documentary available on DVD)

Both proposals were consequently amended and eventually accepted by the SEC.
The audit committee makes sure that the books aren't being cooked and that shareholders are properly informed of the financial status of the firm. Characteristically, the audit committee advocates the CPA firm that will audit the company's books, appraises the activities of the company's independent accountants and internal auditors, and reviews the company's internal control systems and its accounting and financial reporting requirements and practices. The compensation committee usually does the following: (1) recommends the selection of the CEO, (2) reviews and approves the appointment of officers who report directly to the CEO, (3) reviews and approves the compensation of the CEO and the managers reporting to the CEO, and (4) administers the stock compensation and other incentive plans. The suggested committee establishes experience for potential directors (Lunnie, 2007; pg. 90). It also puts collectively a list of candidates…...

"hen Congress returned in 1934 to complete the federal disclosure tapestry, it created express private causes of action for misleading reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as part of the newly enacted continuous disclosure requirements, (3) provided private recoveries for market manipulation, (4) and authorized suits on behalf of reporting companies for short-swing profits garnered by certain insiders (Cox, Thomas, and Kiku, 2003)."

The creation of the SEC as a government body for oversight arose out a recognition by the courts that private action was not enough to protect investors and consumers from the materially misleading representations of corporate America (Cox, Thomas, and Kiku, 2003). Since its creation, however, the numerous laws and regulations that have come to frame the world of corporate governance have exceeded the limits of manageable governance. By the time the SEC has identified a problem, pursued investigation of the corporate representations of public…...

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WORKS CITED

Anderson, Jonas V. 2008. Regulating Corporations the American Way: Why Exhaustive Rules and Just Deserts Are the Mainstay of U.S. Corporate Governance. Duke Law Journal 57, no. 4: 1081+. Database online. Available from Questia,   Internet. Accessed 16 June 2009.http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5027008674 .

Angelidis, John P., and Nabil A. Ibrahim. 1993. Social Demand and Corporate Supply: A Corporate Social Responsibility Model. Review of Business 15, no. 1: 7+. Database online. Available from Questia,   Internet. Accessed 16 June 2009.http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001675246 .

Bavly, Dan A. 1999. Corporate Governance and Accountability: What Role for the Regulator, Director, and Auditor?. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Book online. Available from Questia,   Internet. Accessed 16 June 2009.http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=114694551 .

Besser, Terry L. 2002. The Conscience of Capitalism: Business Social Responsibility to Communities. Westport, CT: Praeger. Book online. Available from Questia,   Internet. Accessed 16 June 2009.http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106996136 .

1. The Historical Roots and Evolution of Child Labor: An Exploration of Causes and Consequences

Trace the origins and development of child labor practices throughout history
Examine the social, economic, and political factors that have perpetuated child labor
Analyze the impact of industrialization, globalization, and social movements on the prevalence of child labor

2. The Ethical Implications and Human Rights Violations of Child Labor: Confronting Exploitation and Injustice

Discuss the ethical dilemmas posed by child labor and its violation of fundamental human rights
Examine the psychological, physical, and developmental hazards faced by child laborers
Evaluate the role of international conventions and....

Historical Perspectives on Alcohol Consumption

The Evolution of Social Drinking Customs: From Ancient Rituals to Modern Culture
Alcohol Prohibition: A Comparative Analysis of Global Experiments
The Role of Alcohol in Colonialism and Empire Building
The Temperance Movement and its Impact on American Society
The History of Alcohol Taxation and Regulation

Health and Society

Alcoholism and Addiction: A Biopsychosocial Perspective
The Effects of Alcohol on Physical and Mental Health
Alcohol-Related Violence and Crime: Causes and Consequences
Alcohol and Public Health Policy: Balancing Individual Rights and Social Responsibility
The Social Stigma of Alcohol Use: Its Impact on Individuals and Communities

Cultural and Literary Depictions....

1. Discuss the ethical implications of using animals for cosmetic testing, as portrayed in the short film "Save Ralph." How does the film challenge viewers to reconsider their attitudes towards animal testing?

2. Explore the role of empathy in shaping our attitudes towards animal rights and welfare, as illustrated in the character of Ralph in "Save Ralph."

3. Analyze the effectiveness of visual storytelling in raising awareness about animal testing and advocating for cruelty-free alternatives, using "Save Ralph" as a case study.

4. Compare and contrast the approach of "Save Ralph" with other advocacy campaigns or documentaries that address similar issues in the....

1. The Impact of Pollution on Human Health: Exploring the Looming Crisis

2. Unveiling the Silent Killer: Understanding the Devastating Effects of Air Pollution

3. Our Oceans in Peril: Examining the Detrimental Effects of Water Pollution

4. Pollution Prevention: Assessing Environmental Policies and Strategies

5. The Role of Industries in Environmental Pollution: Analyzing Corporate Responsibility

6. From Waste to Energy: Promoting Sustainable Solutions for Pollution Reduction

7. The Invisible Threat: Investigating Indoor Air Pollution and its Consequences

8. The Cost of Pollution: Evaluating Economic Implications and Environmental Degradation

9. Green Spaces in Urban Areas: The Role of Parks and Gardens in Combating Pollution

10. Public Awareness and Education: Empowering....