eliability & Validity

The key will be to find reliability and validity. eliability, of course, is the concept that if someone else does the same exact research in the same exact way, the research conclusions drawn will be close to if not entirely identical. Validity is similar in that the conclusions met have to be directly applied and ascertained based on the data that actually exists and not based on the exclusion of viable but clearly contradictory data and/or coming to conclusions that the data clearly does not support. For example, a study that makes a conclusion based on sheer numbers, rather than proportions and percentages of the relevant groups, is almost certainly flawed even if the conclusions drawn are certainly correct as that would be a clear validity problem. A reliability problem would be a study done in much the same nature but perhaps has different sources but comes to…...

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References

Carter, R, & Tippins, S 2012, 'American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: A

Historical Perspective', Insights to a Changing World Journal, 3, pp. 43-62,

Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 June 2013.

Catanach Jr., a, & Ketz, J 2012, 'ENRON Ten Years Later: Lessons to Remember.

Corporate Governance of Commonwealth Bank:
Australia's Commonwealth bank is a multinational bank with operations across the United States, United Kingdom, Asia, Fiji, and New Zealand. The bank provides various financial services including superannuation, broking services, investment, retail, business and institutional banking, and insurance. The financial institution is currently regarded as the country's second largest organization listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Together with National Australia Bank, ANZ, and Westpac, Commonwealth bank is among the biggest four banks in Australia. The bank's strategic and business goals that form its aspirations are rooted on four major aspects i.e. customers, people, shareholders, and the community. For its customers, the company seeks to provide service experience that they value and recommend. On the other hand, Commonwealth bank seeks to offer safe, challenging, fair, and rewarding tasks to all it employees and people. In addition to being an active participant that contributes to a stable financial…...

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References:

Commonwealth Bank (2002), Concise, Commonwealth Bank, viewed 9 November 2011,

Commonwealth Bank (n.d.), Corporate Governance, Shareholder Centre, viewed 9 November

2011,

Corporate Governance
Two different, yet related corporate governance definitions have been presented in this paper (Mallin, 2006: 3). Sometimes they cause confusions and controversy and ultimately affect the implementation of tightening of governance (Windsor, 2009).

The 1992 Cadbury eport, which presented the major proposals for tightening governance, described governance as the system through which firms are managed, regulated and supervised (Cadbury, 1992: 15). The fundamental agency idea emphasizes that corporate governance has to deal with those ways in which corporate financial suppliers guarantee themselves of attainment of a positive return on investment (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997: 737). Corporate Governance can be described more generally (Weil and Manges, 2002: 1). The OECD principles, which were revised in 2004 explain the governance as a set of stakeholder job relationships along with the structure for defining, achieving, and monitoring corporate goals as well as performance (Mallin, 2006: 3).

The mixture of these two definitions directly affects…...

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References

Boddewyn, J.J., 2007. The internationalization of the public-affairs function in u.s. multinational enterprises. Business & Society 46 (2), 136 -- 173.

Brick, I.E., Chidambaran, N.K., 2008. Board monitoring, ?rm risk, and external regulation. Journal of Regulatory Economics 33 (1), 87 -- 116.

Cadbury Committee, 1992. Report of the Committee on the ?nancial aspects of corporate governance. Gee and Co, London.

Cadbury, Sir Adrian, 2006. The rise of corporate governance. In: Epstein, M.J., Hanson, K.O. (Eds.), The Accountable Corporation, vol. 1. Praeger Perspectives,

Corporate Governance: A review of Literature
What is Corporate Governance?

Principles of Corporate Governance

Theoretical foundations of corporate governance

Agency theory

Stewardship theory

Stakeholder theory

Post-Enron theories

Corporate Governance: The changing trends

Recent developments on regulatory front and research

Corporate Governance: Relationship with market indicators

Venture Capital Model: Impact on Corporate Governance

Appendix I- Examples of Corporate Governing bodies

This paper is a review of pertinent literature on corporate governance. Corporate governance addresses the control issues created due to the separation of ownership and management of a corporation.It is generally considered as the means by which shareholders control the board of directors.Corporate governance maintains relationships between board of director, stakeholders and shareholders. Every relationship has high significance and multi-faceted aspects. OECD considers corporate governance as a framework dealing with the problems resulting from the separation of ownership and control of a corporation. Precisely stating, Du Plessis, et al. (2010) defines corporate governance as the system of regulating and overseeing corporate conduct and of…...

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Bibliography

Bainbridge, Stephen. The new corporate governance in theory and practice. Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.

Bebchuk, Lucian, Alma Cohen, and Allen Ferrell. "What matters in corporate governance?" Review of Financial Studies 22, no. 2 (2009): 783-827.

Becht, Marco, Patrick Bolton, and Ailsa Roell. "Corporate governance and control." Handbook of the Economics of Finance 1 (2003): 1-109.

Black, Bernard S., Hasung Jang, and Woochan Kim. "Does corporate governance predict firms' market values? Evidence from Korea." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 22, no. 2 (2006): 366-413.

Corporate Governance in Harris Scarfe:
Harris Scarfe Department Stores is a company that was founded in 1849 in Adelaide, South Australia and housed various major South Australian department stores. The history of the organization is traced to a period when the founding partners John C. Lanyon and George Peter Harris arrived in this region to institute an ironmongery and hardware business. In the initial years, the company carried out its business activities i.e. retailing business in its premises in Adelaide. However, the firm also manufactured several leather products such as luggage and saddlery. In the early 2000s, Harris Scarfe was among some of the companies that collapsed and shocked the Australian society. The collapse was attributed to corporate scandals and accounting irregularities that made the company to be on the brink of facing administration.

Collapse of Harris Scarfe:

In 2001, the suppliers and customers of the company as well as a huge portion…...

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References:

Barker, A (2001), Harris Scarfe Under Investigation Over Cover-up Allegations, The World

Today, viewed 5 September 2012,

Barrett, P (2001), Corporate Governance -- More than Good Management, Australian National

Corporate Governance
Identify the corporate governance problems leading up to the corporate scandals of the early 21st century. Which of these problems might McBride fall prey to if Hugh does not accept your proposed solution?

Corporate governance has provided its fair share of publicity over the past decade. Most of which was a result of foul practices on the part of management, while some was due to a genuine interest in investor well being. Many issues of corporate governance have led to many of the scandals that have been publicized in recent years. Below is list of many of these practices and how they subsequently affect business on a global scale. This list is by no means exhaustive but I do believe it provides significant information as to why some of the scandals of recent years have occurred.

Management as owners vs. Management as representatives- This statement may seem one in the same…...

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References

1) Kaplan, Stephen. "Capital Ideas - The Evolution of U.S. Corporate Governance." The University of Chicago Booth School of Business - Business School, Full-time, Part-time, Executive MBA Programs. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. .

2) Shaw, Kenneth. "New Accounting Rules for Defined Benefit Pension Plans." NYSSCPA.ORG | The Web Site of the New York State Society of CPAs. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. .

3) Stoever, Henry. "Current and Emerging Issues - Resources - NACD." NACD - National Association of Corporate Directors. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. .

4) Blodget, Henry. "Here's Why Bank Of America's Stock Is Collapsing Again - Business Insider." Featured Articles From The Business Insider. 23 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. .

Corporate Governance Sustainability
During the last several years, the issue of corporate governance has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because the financial crisis exposed the weaknesses of the current system by: failing to protect the interests of stakeholders. In response to these challenges, various reports have been reexamined. One of the most notable is the King eport of 2002. It identified several different criteria that can be used to prevent excessive risk taking. To fully understand how these ideas can be implemented in a corporate environment requires examining the recommendations provided with an actual firm (i.e. Galaxo Smith Kline PLC). Once this takes place, is when the positive and negative elements of these practices will be obvious.

The King eport of 2002

The King eport found that one of the most effective strategies for improving governance is to embrace practices that are reducing risk. The best way to achieve these…...

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References

Corporate Governance, 2002. KPMG.

Corporate Responsibility Report, 2011, GSK. Available from: [17 May 2012].

Governance and Ethics
Corporate Governance & Ethics

Dr. Doight is the highly respected executive at Universal Human Care Hospital. He and Universal both stand to lose a great deal if it leaks out that patients have been dying due to lack of internal controls and simple negligence. Not only have patients been dying, but it has been going on for at least two years and while Dr. Doight has been fully aware that problems exist. The implications are far-reaching and substantial.

Stakeholders

A corporate stakeholder is anyone who can affect, or is affected by, the performance and health of a business (Fiedler & Kirchgeorg, 2007). There is a litany of internal and external stakeholders that stand to be impacted greatly depending on how this negligence matter turns out. One group of stakeholders is the employee base at the hospital. While some of them are actively contributing to the problem at hand, most of them…...

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References

Audi, R. (2007). Can utilitarinism be ditributive?. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(4), 593-611.

Fiedler, L., & Kirchgeorg, M. (2007). The role concept in corporate branding and stakeholder management reconsidered. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 177-188.

Ronzoni, M. (2010). Teleology, deontology, and the priority of the right. Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, 13(4), 453-472.

(2011). The value of a corporate, workplace and social reputation to potential executive employees. Academy of Management Annual Meetin Proceedings, 1-5. Retrieved from EBSCOHost

(Millstein, 2005)
Since United States and Australia are countries which are already considered to be globally competitive that has attained its almost perfect status in the world market, developing countries are basically taking into account every step that they make for which they might soon adapt to attain the same position in the global context. Therefore, studying both countries' corporate governance is necessary in order for other developing countries to learn from their experiences.

Similarities and Differences of U.S. And Australia's Corporate Governance and Responsibility

Global trends in the corporate governance made the countries more or less similar when it comes to their responsibilities concerning the issue. Not only in the implementations did these countries have become similar, but even with the different issues involving controversies and failures connected to corporate governance as well.

These failures have further stimulated the debate about corporate governance, leading to regulatory action and other reforms. One of…...

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Works Cited

ASX Corporate Governance Council." http://www.shareholder.com/shared/dynamicdoc/ASX/364/ASXRecommendations.pdf.

Oct. 27, 2006.

Corporate Governance Framework."   27, 2006.http://www.treasury.gov.au/documents/178/RTF/ch4.rtf.Oct .

Detomasi, D. 2002. "International institutions and the case for corporate governance: toward a distributive governance framework?" Global Governance. Oct. 27, 2006.

Corporate Governance
Explain how external auditing helps ensure good corporate leadership

Corporate leadership is simply the processes and policies via which a firm manages its traditions, finances and institutions. Corporate leadership is important as it enhances workplace honesty and impartiality in firms and organizations. It achieves this via thorough output monitoring and enforcement of accountability in all sectors. One of the most important specialists which strengthen the resolve of corporate leaders in following good governance habits is an external auditor.

An external auditor's main function is to ensure the firm's shareholders do not suffer any unnecessary losses. As an external auditor has no affiliation with the company, this objective is easily met. Determining the health of a firm's finances and the accuracy of previous financial statements are also functions of an external auditor. An audit gives the shareholders rest of mind over the firm's true condition and sometimes, they ask for the auditor's…...

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References

Williamson K., & Hobbs A., (2013) assessing the effectiveness of the external audit process. Ernst & young.

ICAEW.com (2011). Code of ethics A. general application of this code. Retrieved from   of-ethics-ahttp://www.icaew.com/en/membership/regulations-standards-and-guidance/ethics/code -

Morrissey J., (2000). Corporate responsibility and the audit committee. Louisiana retrieved from  https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/spch357.htm 

Ference S. B., (2014). Failure to detect theft and fraud: it's not just an audit issue. Journal of Accountancy. Retrieved from  http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2014/feb/20139031.html

How Nigerians Can Influence the Change We Desire Introduction
There is a general belief that poor corporate governance has been the vulnerable point of numerous companies in both developing and developed countries. This is especially the case with Nigeria, where in spite of being vastly blessed with resources such as oil and a huge labor force, continued to be adversely impacted by corruption. Good governance is a significant step in facilitating market confidence and boosting stable, long-standing global investment flows into the nation. Bearing in mind the business companies are progressively more significant drivers of creating wealth and development, not just in the local economy but also internationally, it is key for Nigerian companies to function within the benchmarks that keep them concentrated on their objectives and make them culpable to stakeholders for the actions and decisions they make.
Definition of Corporate Governance and its Role
The significant necessity for corporate governance emanates owing…...

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References

Ayandele, I. A., Isichei, E. E. (2013). Corporate Governance Practices and Challenges in Africa. European Journal of Business and Management.

Conyon, M. J. (1997). Corporate governance and executive compensation. International journal of industrial organization, 15(4), 493-509.

Ejuvbekpokpo, A., & Esuike, B. U. (2013). Corporate governance issues and its implementation: The Nigerian experience. Journal of Research in International Business Management, 3(2), 53-57.

Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. The journal of law and Economics, 26(2), 301-325.

Fernando, A. C. (2010). Business Ethics and Corporate Governance. New York: Hoboken.

Goweh, S. P. (2014). Corporate Governance Practices in Ghana and Kenya: Lessons for other African countries. Retrieved from:

Islam, M. Z., Islam, M. N., Bhattacharjee, S., & Islam, A. Z. (2010). Agency problem and the role of audit committee: Implications for corporate sector in Bangladesh. International journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3), 177.

Mohamad, S., & Muhamad Sori, Z. (2011). Corporate Governance from a Global Perspective. SSRN Electrical Journal.https://nickledanddimed.wordpress.com/2014/12/29/corporate-governance-practices-in-ghana-and-kenya-lessons-for-other-african-countries-category-business/

Governance Codes: Germany, Denmark, France and Italy Although all four nations are members of the European Union and share notable similarities in their capitalist economic structures, Germany, Denmark, France and Italy also have historically exhibited some distinct differences in their corporate governance. For example, much like in the United States, in Germany and Italy the CEO and Chairman of the Board of directors is often the same figure, to ensure coherency of policies; in Denmark and France, these are usually fulfilled by different functionaries to ensure greater independent oversight and presumably more ethical independence of the board when advancing the interests of shareholders (Vintila & Raluca, 2015). German firms also have historically had a two-tier corporate board governing them, versus France and Italy, where corporations have a choice of one or two-tier levels of corporate governance (“Comparative Corporate Governance,” n.d.). But according to Baker (2006), although there has been considerable diversity…...

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References

Baker, J. (2006). Insiders, outsiders, and change in European corporate governance. Council for European Studies Retrieved from:

Comparative corporate governance. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www2.ubishops.ca/faculty/cvalsan/corporategovernance/textmorecomparativecg.p df

Vintila, G. & Raluca, G. (2015). Comparative analysis regarding the principles contained in the corporate governance code. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 7, 89- 97. Retrieved from: http://www.jopafl.com/uploads/issue7/A_COMPARATIVE_APPROACH_TO_CORPO RATE_GOVERNANCE_SYSTEMS_IN_TERMS_OF_CORPORATE_GOVERNANC E_CODES_OF_EMERGING_MARKETS.pdf

http://councilforeuropeanstudies.org/files/Papers/Barker.pdf

Board GovernanceIntroductionIn order for an organization to achieve good outcomes, its board should be characterized by good governance. Good governance often includes characteristics such as accountability, diversity of representation in the board room, the ability to develop a consensus view, transparency, application of the rule of law, and understanding that the board bears responsibility to both shareholders and stakeholders. Essentially, boards are complex, but they exist for a simple reasonto ensure an effective organization (Bowen, 2008). This paper will explain why boards are need, what their functions are according to Bowen (2008), what boards should consider in effective governance, what their basic duties are and why they are important, how CEO and board roles relate to effective leadership of the board, the importance of Sarbanes-Oxley, and the important aspects of board machinery.Why Boards?Boards are helpful when they are comprised of individuals who provide expertise and guidance for organizations that lack…...

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References

Bowen, W. G. (2008). The Board Book: An Insider\\\\\\'s Guide for Directors and Trustees. VitalSource Bookshelf, W. W. Norton.

Bukhvalov, A., & Bukhvalova, B. (2011). The principal role of the board of directors: the duty to say “no”. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 11(5), 629-640.

Downes, M., Russ, G. S., & Ryan, P. A. (2007). Michael Eisner and His Reign At Disney. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,13(3), 71-81.

Introduction Most companies in Mexico are family businesses just like is the case in most of the developing world. Legally, companies in Mexico must have either a collegiate or a unitary board structure. The countries General Law of Commercial Companies states that a limited company must have either a board of managers or an official sole manager, and that a stock corporation must have either a board of directors of an official sole director (Morales-Barrón). The same law states that a publicly-traded firm has to have a CEO (chief executive officer) and a board of directors. The board functions primarily through committees of directors dealing with various corporate and audit functions. The head of the board is almost always a chairperson, and the board members are appointed by shareholders in special shareholder meetings. Boards often appoint a treasurer and a secretary. This work looks at the structure and role of directors…...

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Works cited

Banco Mundial, Deloitte. \\"The Role of Institutional Investors in Promoting Good Corporate Governance Practices in Latin America: The Case of Mexico.\\" Ciudad de México, México (2006).

Calvillo, Gonzalez. \\"Corporate Governance in Mexico.\\" Lexology (2019).

Creel, Carlos, and Alfonso Garcia-Mingo. \\"Corporate governance under Mexican law.\\" International Financial Law Review (2001): 43.

Husted, Bryan W., and Carlos Serrano. \\"Corporate governance in Mexico.\\" Journal of Business Ethics 37.3 (2002): 337-348.

Machuga, Susan, and Karen Teitel. \\"Board of director characteristics and earnings quality surrounding implementation of a corporate governance code in Mexico.\\" Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation 18.1 (2009): 1-13.

McGee, Robert W. \\"An Overview of Corporate Governance Practices in Mexico.\\" Corporate Governance in Developing Economies. Springer, Boston, MA, 2009. 251-254.

Morales-Barrón, Humberto, Oscar A Quiroz-Chavez, Magda Karina Reza Villarreal, and Sánchez-Devanny Eseverri. “Corporate governance and directors\\' duties in Mexico: overview.” Thomson Reuters (2020).

Ramos, Gonzalo Castaneda. \\"Corporate governance in Mexico.\\" Latin America Corporate Governance Roundtable in São Paulo Stock Exchange, April (2000): 26-8.

Introduction The two board system of directors theoretically presents a way for greater accountability and oversight in corporate governance. The system was developed in Germany with the idea being to have a supervisory board over the management board, the members of the former elected by shareholders. In functional terms, however, the supervisory board can be involved in long-term decisions that impact the corporation—so it is not entirely accurate to define this board as being focused on accountability and oversight (Proctor, 2002). This paper will discuss the structure and role of the two board system of directors, how the board has evolved and what the greatest challenges are facing it.
The Two Board System
The structure of the Board of Directors of the two-board system as used in Germany came about as result of that nation’s preference for a more inclusive form of governance that combined oversight with representation (Owen, 2003). The two-tiered board…...

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References

Ahmed, S. (2020). BlackRock profit beats estimates as assets top $7 trillion. Retrieved from  

Bouwman, C. H. (2011). Corporate governance propagation through overlapping directors. The Review of Financial Studies, 24(7), 2358-2394.

Bukhvalov, A., & Bukhvalova, B. (2011). The principal role of the board of directors: the duty to say “no”. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 11(5), 629-640.

Cornell, B., & Damodaran, A. (2014). Tesla: Anatomy of a Run-up. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 41(1), 139-151.

Ewmi, P. F. (2005). Three models of Corporate Governance from developed capital markets. Lectures on Corporate Governance, December, 1-14.

Light, L. (2019). More than Half of All Stock Buybacks are Now Financed by Debt. Here’s Why That’s a Problem. Retrieved from  https://fortune.com/2019/08/20/stock-buybacks-debt-financed/ 

Owen, C. J. (2003). Board Games: Germany's Monopoly on the Two-Tier System of Corporate Governance and Why the Post-Enron United States Would Benefit from Its Adoption. Penn St. Int'l L. Rev., 22, 167.

Proctor, M. (2002). Corporate Governance. Cavendish Publishing.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackrock-results/blackrock-profit-beats-estimates-as-assets-top-7-trillion-idUSKBN1ZE1E4 

1. The role of internal capital markets in corporate finance and investment decisions
2. How internal capital markets can affect the financial performance and risk management of a firm
3. The impact of internal capital markets on corporate governance and decision-making processes
4. The advantages and disadvantages of using internal capital markets within a firm
5. Case studies of companies that have successfully utilized internal capital markets to achieve strategic objectives
6. The relationship between internal and external capital markets and how they interact within a firm
7. The role of information asymmetry in internal capital markets and its implications for decision-making
8. The impact of globalization....

1. The Role of Internal Capital Markets in Enhancing Organizational Efficiency:

- Explore how internal capital markets facilitate efficient allocation of financial resources within a corporation.
- Discuss the mechanisms through which internal capital markets promote investment decisions based on economic rationale rather than political or personal considerations.
- Analyze the impact of internal capital markets on reducing bureaucratic inefficiencies and improving overall organizational performance.

2. Comparison of Internal Capital Markets with External Capital Markets:

- Identify the key differences between internal and external capital markets in terms of access to funds, cost of capital, and risk exposure.
- Evaluate the....

Principles of Business Essay Topics

Ethics and Social Responsibility

The Importance of Ethical Decision-Making in Business
Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility: Balancing Profits and Planetary Health
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The Role of Innovation in Driving Business Growth
The Entrepreneurial Mindset: Characteristics and Erfolgsfaktoren
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Effective Leadership Styles: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-faire
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