COVID-19 Coronavirus
Abstract

First appearing in China in late 2019, the novel Coronavirus COVID-19 has become the most significant global pandemic event in a century.  As of October 28, 2020 the total number of cases worldwide was 44 million with 1.17 million deaths.  The United States has had an extremely politicized response to the virus, and despite having less than five percent of the world’s population, the U.S. has had more than 20 percent of the world’s COVID-19 cases with 8.85 million cases and 227 thousand deaths.  Currently, it seems unlikely that COVID-19 will be under control and people able to resume their normal lives until late 2021.  In this essay, we discuss what Coronavirus is, what COVID-19 is, where it originated, the health impact of the disease, risk factors, efforts to contain the spread of the disease, the economic impact of the disease, and how COVID-19 may be impacting the 2020…...

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References

Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC).  “Herd Immunity.  APIC.org.  3 September 2020.  Accessed 17 October 2020. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  “People at Increased Risk.”  CDC.  11 September 2020.   https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fpeople-at-increased-risk.html . Accessed 17 October 2020.

Cucinotta, D. and Vanelli, M.  “WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic.”  Acta Biomed, 91(1):157-160. 19 March 2020.  doi 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397.   https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/9397 .  Accessed 17 October 2020.  

DeMarco, C.  “COVID-19 and the Flu Vaccine: What You Need to Know.”  MD Anderson Cancer Center.  20 August 2020.   https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/should-you-get-the-flu-vaccine-during-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.h00-159384312.html .  Accessed 17 October 2020. 

Kelly, C.  “White House Listing Ending COVID-19 Pandemic as an Accomplishment Despite Cases Spiking to Record Levels.”  CNN.  28 October 2020.   https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/politics/white-house-ending-covid-19-pandemic-accomplishment-record-cases-spike/index.html .  Accessed 28 October 2020. 

Meyer, R.  “The Coronavirus Surge that Will Define the Next Four Years.”  The Atlantic.  22 October 2020.  https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/10/coronavirus-election-day-surge/616822/ .  Accessed 28 October 2020. 

Rods, D.  “When WWI, Pandemic, and Slump Ended, Americans Sprung into the Roaring Twenties.”  History.  24 April 2020.   https://www.history.com/news/pandemic-world-war-i-roaring-twenties .  Accessed 17 October 2020. 

Viglione, G.  “How Many People Has the Coronavirus Killed?”  Nature.  1 September 2020.   https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02497-w .  Accessed 17 October 2020.  https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/herd-immunity/. 

COVID-19 Background
The novel coronavirus spreading the COVID 19 disease first appeared in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and quickly spread around the world. The infectious disease is a new form of a previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and has led to nationwide lockdowns from the East to the West. Coronavirus-19 Severe Acute Respitory Syndrome Coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)n is a Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Primarily lung problem. Autopsy results showed on 12 people that most common pre-existing conditions making them susceptible to dying were coronary heart disease and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease making them more vulnerable to the disease/death (Hansen, 2020).
Etiology
The etiology of COVID 19 is still unknown. It was initially suspected that animal to human transfer took place at a Wuhan wet market in China (BMJ, 2020). However, scientists have since come to suspect that coronavirus may have escaped from a biological weapons lab in Wuhan (Baier & Re, 2020).…...

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References

Baier, B. & Re,G. (2020). Retrieved from

BMJ. (2020). COVID 19. Retrieved from  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology 

Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., ... & Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.

Hansen, M. (2020). 12 Autopsy Cases Reveal TRUTH About How Patients Die From Coronavirus. Retrieved from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6h8TIxeg1g 

Herman, S. (2020). Trump Defends Use of Hydroxychloroquine. Retrieved from  https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/trump-defends-use-hydroxychloroquine 

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2015). Improving diagnosis in health care. National Academies Press.

https://www.foxnews.com/politics/coronavirus-wuhan-lab-china-compete-us-sources

Biomedical Ethics: Should There be a Mask Mandate? Introduction
In ethics there are three major ethical systems that serve as the main approaches for viewing the morality of actions. These are virtue ethics, duty ethics or deontology, and utilitarianism (Cahn & Markie, 2011). Virtue ethics is associated with the philosophies of Aristotle and Confucius and has a universal characteristic to it—meaning that virtue is defined universally and exists as an objective fact. Duty ethics posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they correspond to the duty that the person is meant to perform. Utilitarianism posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they promote the greatest common good of society (Holmes, 2007). In today’s world of COVID panic, the most common approach to the issue of a mask mandate is the utilitarian approach. People generally believe that the mask promotes the greatest common good. For others, the mask is a symbol…...

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References

Cahn, S. & Markie, P. (2011). Ethics: History, Theory and Contemporary Issues, 5th Edition. UK: Oxford University Press.

Durden, T. (2020). Top Pathologist Claims COVID-19 Is “The Greatest Hoax Ever Perpetrated On An Unsuspecting Public.” Retrieved from  

Holmes, A. (2007). Ethics: Approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, T. & Meyer, M. (2020). Justice and fairness. Retrieved from  https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/justice-and-fairness/ 

https://www.zerohedge.com/medical/top-pathologist-claims-covid-19-greatest-hoax-ever-perpetrated-unsuspecting-public 

The CoV was responsible for the spread of respiratory illness during 2002-03. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple incongruent association linkages between the phylogenies of rhinolophid bats and their CoVs which indicated that hosts shifts have happened in the new evolutionary history of this group. These shifts might be because of either virus biological traits or host behavioral traits. These revelations "have insinuations for the emergence of SAS and also for the potential forthcoming outbreak of SAS- CoVs or associated viruses." (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007) SAS CoVs was identified as the etiological agent. These incidents and the identification of SAS-CoVs in animals linked with the wildlife trade in southern China have resulted in revival of interest in CoVs of different types. This revival resulted in the finding of 2 new human CoVs and presence of CoVs like SAS in horseshoe bats. (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007)
Exhibit…...

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References

Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. (2007) "Virology: Corona Viruses,

Colds and SARS" Retrieved 8 December, 2007 at  http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/virol/coronaviruses.htm 

Cavanagh, Dave. (2005, Dec) "Corona Viruses in Poultry and other birds" Avian Pathology, vol. 34, www.informaworld.comno. 6, pp: 439-448.

Compton, S.R; Barthold, S. W; Smith, A.L. (1993, Feb) "The cellular and molecular pathogenesis of coronaviruses: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven" Lab Animal Science, vol. 43, no. 1, pp: 15-28.

Mock Research Proposal Coronavirus had redefined the way people now live, work, and socialize. For this reason, people had to strictly follow safety measures so that pandemic ends soon, which has forced them to stay at home and rethink how they should spend their lives with the sources of earning they used to have. The purpose of this report is to propose a method for reusing the office buildings that have been standing empty since the advent of the current pandemic due to increased working from home.
Recently, the pandemic has changed the way our lives operate. A survey of the precious flu spreads in the world conducted in 2016 suggested that virus spreads occur mostly in offices among well-developed strong adults (Richtel, 2020). It has already been predicted that when the pandemic is over, the workers would be allowed to work from home, making the office buildings only the meeting places…...

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References

Berg, N. (2020, July 17). Coronavirus had emptied out office buildings. Could they help solve the housing crisis? Fast Company. Retrieved from  

Bergold, J. & Thomas, S. (2012). Participatory research methods: A methodological approach in motion. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(1).   http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1201302 

Day, N. (2020, July 29). Unused buildings will make good housing in the world of Covid-19. The Conversation. Retrieved from  https://theconversation.com/unused-buildings-will-make-good-housing-in-the-world-of-covid-19-142897 

Fairfax County. (2017, December 6). Converting empty office buildings into new uses. Retrieved from https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news2/converting-empty-office-buildings-into-new-uses/

Harrison, H., Birjs, M., Franklin, R. & Mills, J. (2017). Case study research: Foundations and methodological orientations. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(1).  http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701195 .

Humberd, B. Salon, D. & Latham, S.F. (2020, July 24). The office is dead! Long live the office in a post-pandemic world. The Conversation. Retrieved from  https://theconversation.com/the-office-is-dead-long-live-the-office-in-a-post-pandemic-world-138499 

Jamshed, S. (2014). Qualitative research method- interviewing and observation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5(4), 87-88. DOI: 10.4103/0976-0105.141942

Kaur-Gill, S. & Dutta, M.J. (2017). Digital ethnography. In C.S. Davis & R.F. Potter. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods (pp. 1-10). New Jersey: Wiley.https://www.fastcompany.com/90528263/coronavirus-has-emptied-out-office-buildings-could-they-help-solve-americas-housing-crisis 

Connection Between Class Learning and an Article The development of a COVID-19 vaccine is considered critical in curbing the spread of this virus and dealing with the global pandemic. Companies like Moderna have embarked on efforts to develop an effective coronavirus vaccine. The development process involves conducting extensive research through clinical trials. These clinical trials involves using different concepts of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccines. Grady (2020) published an article on the effectiveness of Moderna’s coronavirus vaccine based on early data.
One of the connections between the article and lessons learnt in the classroom is the use of two groups of study participants i.e. an experimental group and a control group. In this regard, the study employed a between-participants design for the experimentation to determine the difference between conditions among people who contracted the virus. The experimental group of five people were vaccinated while the control group of…...

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Reference

Grady, D. (2020, November 16). Early Data Shows Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html

Novel CoronavirusThe research study \\\"A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study\\\" presents a comprehensive examination of the COVID-19 pandemic, outlining its emergence, spread, and the multifaceted public health response (Bashier et al., 2020). This paper summarizes the study\\\'s key elements and analyzes the population affected by the health issue, with a focus on social and behavioral determinants, known disparities, and the connection between the population and the public health issue.Population AnalysisThe study by Bashier et al. (2020) provides a detailed account of the initial outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, marking the beginning of what would become a global pandemic. The population of China, consisting of great size, high density, and internal mobility, was instrumental in the rapid spread of the virus. The outbreak\\\'s escalation also was influenced by several social and behavioral determinants, including urbanization, cultural practices, and public health infrastructure (Bashier et al., 2020). Urbanization…...

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ReferencesAccorsi, E. K., Britton, A., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Smith, Z. R., Shang, N., Derado, G., ... & Verani, J. R. (2022). Association between 3 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and symptomatic infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. Jama, 327(7), 639-651.Bashier, H., Khader, Y., Al-Souri, R., & Abu-Khader, I. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study. The Pan African Medical Journal, 36(11).Baumann, L. C., & Ylinen, A. (2020). Prevention: Primary, secondary, tertiary. In Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1738-1740). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Ratnayake, R., Peyraud, N., Ciglenecki, I., Gignoux, E., Lightowler, M., Azman, A. S., ... & Epicentre and MSF CATI Working Group. (2022). Effectiveness of case-area targeted interventions including vaccination on the control of epidemic cholera: protocol for a prospective observational study. BMJ open, 12(7), e061206.White, F. (2020). Application of disease etiology and natural history to prevention in primary health care: a discourse. Medical Principles and Practice, 29(6), 501-513.

Abstract This paper discusses the economic effect of COVID-19 on healthcare. It shows that COVID-19 had caused much damage in both the health and economic sectors. As of March 28, 2020, the disease had contributed to the loss of 10 million jobs, and this data was for just two weeks. The damage that had happened before the two weeks was not captured in this duration. During the second quarter, the United States economy will shrink by 10% to 25%. The economy's slow growth is already happening in the USA, with main economic activities being affected. Economy damage is occurring worldwide, with the health sector being the most hit. Financial markets that depend on other sectors, including health, are also losing huge profits daily. All these damages put together are expected to cause a loss of approximately $1 trillion in the world economy by the end of the year 2020. This recession's…...

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References

Blumenthal, D., Fowler, E., Abrams, M., & Collins, S. (2020). Covid-19-Implications for the health care system. N Engl J Med, 383, 1483-1488. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsb2021088.

Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., & Bhuiyan, S. (2020). A literature review of the economics of COVID-19. Discussion Paper Series. Institute of Labor Economics.

Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, H., Raissi, M., Rebucci, A. (2020). Economic consequences of Covid-19: A counterfactual multi-country analysis. VOXEU. Retrieved from  

Cutler, D. (2020). How will COVID-19 Affect the health care economy? JAMA, 323(22), 2237-2238. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2020.7308

Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008 

Gopalan, H., & Misra, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and challenges for socio-economic issues, healthcare, and National Health Programs in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 14(5), 757-759. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041

Hashmi, P., Pidani, A., Momin, S., Khamiso, R., Aftab, N., & Noordin, S. (2020). Socio-economic impact of Covid-19 pandemic on outpatient healthcare services of musculoskeletal and sports medicine services in LMIC. Journal of Hospital and Healthcare Administration.

Kabir, M., Afzal, M., Khan, A., & Ahmed, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 35. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101661https://voxeu.org/article/economic-consequences-covid-19-multi-country-analysis 

The Financial Markets and the CoronavirusIntroductionThe Coronavirus is a pandemic that has swept the globe, causing widespread panic and financial instability. The virus originated in China and quickly spread to other countries, resulting in a significant death toll. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients and governments have implemented strict measures to contain the virus. The pandemic has also caused severe damage to the global economy, with stock markets plunging and businesses shutting down. Markets recovered and soared to new highs, however, as central banks around the world intervened with trillions in new liquidity. Now, interest rates are rising to combat soaring inflation, and the situation is still very much evolving. It remains to be seen how the world and financial markets will recover from this crisis.Impact on the Economy & Stock MarketThe Coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the economy and stock market. The S&P 500 index, which…...

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ReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from   J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from  https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Milstein, E. & Wessel, D. (2021). What did the Fed do in response to the COVID-19 crisis? Retrieved from  https://www.brookings.edu/research/fed-response-to-covid19/ Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from  https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from  https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPChttps://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,

The Financial Markets and the CoronavirusIntroductionThe Coronavirus is a pandemic that has swept the globe, causing widespread panic and financial instability. The virus originated in China and quickly spread to other countries, resulting in a significant death toll. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients and governments have implemented strict measures to contain the virus. The pandemic has also caused severe damage to the global economy, with stock markets plunging and businesses shutting down. Markets recovered and soared to new highs, however, as central banks around the world intervened with trillions in new liquidity. Now, interest rates are rising to combat soaring inflation, and the situation is still very much evolving. It remains to be seen how the world and financial markets will recover from this crisis.Impact on the Economy & Stock MarketThe Coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the economy and stock market. The S&P 500 index, which…...

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ReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from   J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from  https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from  https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from  https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPChttps://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,

HEALTHCAE Healthcare: Analysis of Medicare-Medicaid and Presidential Candidates Positions on HealthMedicare and Medicaid are two types of health coverage granted to people above 65 years or who have a low socioeconomic status (Cotton et al., 2016; Allen et al., 2021). They are run by the same government but are separate in certain terms. This paper aims to analyze how both the Presidential campaigns and their candidates stand by their positions of these two health insurance plans and how Covid 19 has impacted the politicization of both of them.Part 1: GridTable 1: A separate description of basic coverage under Medicaid and Medicare (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2018)MedicareMedicaidIntended to provide services for people aging 65 years or above, disabled individuals or suffering from end-stage renal illnesses (ESD)Intended to provide services to individuals belonging to low socioeconomic segment, pregnant women and childrenPart A: Hospital insuranceProvides services for inpatient hospitals, nursing facilities…...

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ReferencesAbutaleb, Y., Parker, A., Dawsey, J. & Rucker, P. (2020, December 19). The inside story of how Trump’s denial, mismanagement, and magical thinking led to the pandemic’s dark winter. The Washington Post. H., Gordon, S.H., Lee, D., Bhanja, A. & Sommers, B.D. (2021). Comparison of utilization, costs, and quality of Medicaid vs. subsidized private health insurance for low-income adults. Jama Network, 4(1).  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32669 Brown, E.A., White, B.M., Jones, W.J., Gebregziabher, M. & Simpson, K.N. (2021). Measuring the impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on access to primary care using an interrupted time-series approach. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00730-0 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2018, July). Medicare and Medicaid basics.  https://www.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/Medicare-Learning-Network-MLN/MLNProducts/Downloads/ProgramBasics.pdf Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (n.a.). Student health plans.  https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Health-Insurance-Market-Reforms/Student-Health-Plans Cole, M.B., Shafer, P.R. & Gordon, S.H. (2021). What the new Biden administration may mean for Medicaid. Jama Network, 2(1).  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.1497 Cotton, P., Newhouse, J. P., Volpp, K. G., Fendrick, A. M., Oesterle, S. L., Oungpasuk, P., Aggarwal, R., Wilensky, G., & Sebelius, K. (2016). Medicare advantage: Issues, insights, and implications for the future. Population Health Management, 19(S3), S1–S8. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2016.29013.pcDuru, O.K., Vargas, R.B., Kermah, D., Pan, D. & Norris, K.C. (2007). Health insurance status and hypertension monitoring and control in the United States. American Journal of Hypertension, 20(4), 348-353.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.11.007 Ellerbeck, A. (2021, April 19). The health 202: Trump tried to shrink Medicaid. Here’s how Biden will try to expand it. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/04/19/health-202-trump-tried-shrink-medicaid-here-how-biden-will-try-expand-it/Geiger, A.W. & Davis, L. (2019, July 12). A growing number of American teenagers- particularly girls- are facing depression. Pew Research Center.  https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/12/a-growing-number-of-american-teenagers-particularly-girls-are-facing-depression/ Griffith, K., Evans, L. & Bor, J. (2017). The Affordable Care Act reduced socioeconomic disparities in healthcare access. Health Affairs, 36(8). https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083Hart, P. S., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). Politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science Communication, 42(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020950735Illinois Association of Medicaid Health Plans. (2020, June 11). IAMHP blood pressure monitoring kit notice. https://iamhp.net/resources/Documents/IAMHP%20Blood%20Pressure%20Cuff%20Provider%20Notice.pdfKino, S. & Kwachi, I. (2018). The impact of ACA Medicaid expansion on socioeconomic inequality in healthcare services utilization. PLOS One, 13(12).  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209935 Levitt, L. (2020). Trump vs. Biden on healthcare. Jama Network, 324(14), 1384-1385.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19172 Medicare Interactive.Org. (n.a.-a). How Medicaid works with Medicare.  https://www.medicareinteractive.org/get-answers/cost-saving-programs-for-people-with-medicare/medicare-and-medicaid/how-medicaid-works-with-medicare Medicare Interactive.Org. (n.a.-b). Medicaid and Medicare part D overview.  https://www.medicareinteractive.org/get-answers/cost-saving-programs-for-people-with-medicare/medicare-and-medicaid/medicaid-and-medicare-part-d-overview Rapfogel, N., Gee, E. & Calsyn, M. (2020, March 23). 10 ways the ACA has improved healthcare in the past decade. Center for American Progress.  https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2020/03/23/482012/10-ways-aca-improved-health-care-past-decade/ Schneider, A. & Ingram, H. (1993). Social construction of target populations: Implications for politics and policy. American Political Science Review, 87(2), 334-347. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/politics/trump-covid-pandemic-dark-winter/Allen,

Technology and the Development of Modern Medicine The 20th century saw a seismic change in the perception of the human body, and the relationship of patients to physicians and other aspects of modern medicine. With the recent coronavirus pandemic, of course, the focus upon technology and medical developments has become a matter of global importance. Vaccines and innovative drugs were not solely innovations of the past century, but they extent to which they were proven safe and effective is relatively new. The relationship between providers and patients has likewise changed, as well as expectations about treatment.
Vaccination and Immunization Technology
Infectious disease was once an accepted part of modern life. However, the first smallpox vaccines were developed as early as the late 18th century. Safety of vaccines could not always be guaranteed, however. Inactivation of bacteria via heat or chemical treatment to confer immunity status was developed by the very end of the…...

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Earl, Leslie. “How Sulfa Drugs Work.” National Institute of Health. March 12, 2012. Web. December 20, 2020. drugs-work

Gaynes, Robert. “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use.” Emerging Infectious Diseases vol. 23, 5 (2017): 849–853. Web. December 20, 2020.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050/ 

Palca, Joe. “The Race For A Polio Vaccine Differed From The Quest To Prevent Coronavirus.” NPR. May 22, 2020. Web. December 20, 2020.  https://www.npr.org/sections/health - shots/2020/05/22/860789014/the-race-for-a-polio-vaccine-differed-from-the-quest-to- prevent-coronavirus

Plotkin, Stanley. “History of vaccination.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 111, 34 (2014): 12283-7. December 20, 2020. Web.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151719/pdf/pnas.201400472.pdf 

Quianzon, Celeste C, and Issam Cheikh. “History of Insulin.” Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, vol. 2, 2 10.3402/jchimp.v2i2.18701. July 16, 2012. Web. December 2020.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714061/ 

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sulfa-

Are Vaccines Safe or is There a Link to Autism Introduction
The rapidity with which the novel coronavirus believed to cause COVID-19 overtook the world caused alarm among leaders and media leading to an urgent demand for an emergency vaccine. Because vaccines typically take years if not decades to develop, manufacture and test, the rollout of a COVID vaccine seemed dubious at best. But as Arnold (2020) points out, scientists had no choice—they had to implement atypical methods to speed up the process: it would be the first time in history that a new disease was identified and a vaccine for it was developed at the same time that the initial outbreak persisted. Scientists quickly began rolling out a variety of vaccines that worked differently in the body—but not without cutting corners here and there (Arnold, 2020). The fact of the matter is that creating and testing vaccines safely takes time and…...

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Works Cited

American Academy of Pediatrics (2020). Immunizations. Retrieved from  

Arnold, C. (2020). Race for a vaccine. New Scientist, 245(3274), 44-47. Doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30600-x

Barath, H. (2020). Vaccine transport. Scientific American, 322(6), 13.

Bowman, D. H. (2004). Federal analysis concludes vaccines, autism not linked. Education Week, 23(38), 11.

CDC. (2017). CDC Study Finds Flu Vaccine Saves Children’s Lives. Retrieved from  https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0403-flu-vaccine.html 

Mnookin, S. (2011). Panic virus. The true story behind the vaccine autism controversy.

Rahul, N. W. (2020). Vaccine: A solution or a challenge? A public opinion about vaccine in 2020. Journal of Advanced Research, 11, 10-16.

https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/immunizations/pages/immunizations-home.aspx 

Part One: Research Proposal Problem and Purpose Statement
Despite an abundance of natural resources, a modern infrastructure, and increasingly aggressive efforts by the national government and support from multiple nongovernmental organizations since apartheid ended in 1994, more than half (about 55% or 30.3 million people) of the South Africa population still lives in poverty today and another 13.8 million South Africans do not have enough to eat each day (Poverty & equity brief 2021). Moreover, current economic development indicators show that the per capita annualized consumption growth rate of the bottom 40 percent of the South African population actually suffered a 1.34% decline during the 4-year period from 2010 through 2014 (the latest statistic available from The World Bank). In sum, the situation for the poorest people in South Africa is worsening and there are few new opportunities available on the short-term horizon that can help them achieve their full employment potential…...

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References

“Global Cases.” (2021). Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. [online] available:  

Kavya, B and Santhakumar, S (January 2020). “Economic Development, Financial Development, and Income Inequality Nexus.” Borsa Istanbul Review [in press].

Neuman, W (2008). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. New York: Pearson.

“South Africa economy” (2021) CIA World Factbook. [online] available: http://teacherlink.ed. usu.edu/tlresources/reference/factbook/geos/sf.html.

“South Africa Poverty and equity brief.” (2021). The World Bank. [online] available:  https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf .

https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html .

PANDEMIC CONTAINMENTPandemics and Best Practices for ContainmentIntroductionSince the earliest moments of civilization, humanity has been plagued by disease. However, it would be prudent to note that although man has been afflicted by various diseases, very few disease outbreaks have achieved the pandemic status. Some of the worst pandemics known to man have been inclusive of, but they are not limited to; Black Death (1346-1353), Plague of Justinian (541-442), Smallpox (1500), Antonine Plague (165 AD), Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918), the Asian Flu (1956-1958), Hong Kong Flu Pandemic (1968), etc. Over the last three years, the world has been battling the Novel Coronavirus. So far, COVID-19 has claimed the lives of more than 5 million people across the world. Given that various jurisdictions continue to struggle with the disease, there is need to highlight some of the best practices for pandemic containment.DiscussionFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that a…...

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ReferencesBarry, J.M. (2005). The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. Penguin. Chinazzi, M., Davis, J.T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S. …Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 368(6489), 395-400. CDC (2022). Benefits of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine.   D. (2019). What Is a Pandemic? JAMA, 321(9), 55-61. Kucharski, A. (2020). Containing a pandemic, step by step. Science Direct, 246(3287), 36-39. Nam, N.H., Tien, P.T., Truong, L.V., El-Ramly, T.A., Anh, P.G., Hien, N.T. …Huy, N.T. (2018). Early centralized isolation strategy for all confirmed cases of COVID-19 remains a core intervention to disrupt the pandemic spreading significantly. PLoS ONE, 16(7), 114-119. O’Connell, J. & O’Keeffe, D.T. (2021). Contact Tracing for Covid-19 — A Digital Inoculation against Future Pandemics. N Engl J Med, 38, 484-487. Whaley, C.M., Cantor, J. & Pera, M. (2021). Assessing the Association between Social Gatherings and COVID-19 Risk Using Birthdays. JAMA Intern Med., 181(8), 1090-1099. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html Grennan,

When most people think about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economics, they think of it as being purely destructive.  While there can be no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has created economic uncertainty in many sectors, leading to a loss of production and high unemployment rates in many areas, it cannot be ignored that the pandemic has also led to new opportunities for certain businesses.  Understanding those opportunities may be critical to the overall recovery of the global economy, as those industries that have experienced gains determine how to leverage them in a way that....

A synthesis essay is a type of essay that uses a variety of different sources to support a central claim.  The central claim must be well-supported within the synthesis essay, even if it is not the most likely claim or generally assumed to be true outside of the essay.  Writing a synthesis essay has two main parts: synthesizing sources and supporting your main claim.

It is possible to write a synthesis essay about a hypothetical claim, but it will be more difficult to find the literature to support your claim. That is because you will not....

One of the difficulties about writing a summary of any of the vaccines for the novel Coronavirus that is known as COVID-19 is that much of the information remains unknown.  In addition, because the vaccines created by Pfizer and Moderna are both mRNA vaccines, which are not a familiar type of vaccine, they create some additional questions.  How long will the vaccines be effective?  Are they safe?  Will they work to prevent infection by the newer strands of COVID-19?  Do they change your DNA as some people on the internet are suggesting? ....

For several years, healthcare has been an important topic, not just in the world at large, but also in academia.  Healthcare has been one of the fastest growing sectors of our economy, has offered a boom in terms of employment, and is a hot button political issue since access to healthcare remains very class-based in the modern United States.  The COVID-19 pandemic and what it has meant about access to health care and the quality of healthcare that is being provided has only made it that much more important to focus on