COVID-19 Coronavirus
Abstract
First appearing in China in late 2019, the novel Coronavirus COVID-19 has become the most significant global pandemic event in a century. As of October 28, 2020 the total number of cases worldwide was 44 million with 1.17 million deaths. The United States has had an extremely politicized response to the virus, and despite having less than five percent of the world’s population, the U.S. has had more than 20 percent of the world’s COVID-19 cases with 8.85 million cases and 227 thousand deaths. Currently, it seems unlikely that COVID-19 will be under control and people able to resume their normal lives until late 2021. In this essay, we discuss what Coronavirus is, what COVID-19 is, where it originated, the health impact of the disease, risk factors, efforts to contain the spread of the disease, the economic impact of the disease, and how COVID-19 may be impacting the 2020…...
mlaReferences
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC). “Herd Immunity. APIC.org. 3 September 2020. Accessed 17 October 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “People at Increased Risk.” CDC. 11 September 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fpeople-at-increased-risk.html . Accessed 17 October 2020.Cucinotta, D. and Vanelli, M. “WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic.” Acta Biomed, 91(1):157-160. 19 March 2020. doi 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397. https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/9397 . Accessed 17 October 2020. DeMarco, C. “COVID-19 and the Flu Vaccine: What You Need to Know.” MD Anderson Cancer Center. 20 August 2020. https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/should-you-get-the-flu-vaccine-during-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.h00-159384312.html . Accessed 17 October 2020. Kelly, C. “White House Listing Ending COVID-19 Pandemic as an Accomplishment Despite Cases Spiking to Record Levels.” CNN. 28 October 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/politics/white-house-ending-covid-19-pandemic-accomplishment-record-cases-spike/index.html . Accessed 28 October 2020. Meyer, R. “The Coronavirus Surge that Will Define the Next Four Years.” The Atlantic. 22 October 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/10/coronavirus-election-day-surge/616822/ . Accessed 28 October 2020. Rods, D. “When WWI, Pandemic, and Slump Ended, Americans Sprung into the Roaring Twenties.” History. 24 April 2020. https://www.history.com/news/pandemic-world-war-i-roaring-twenties . Accessed 17 October 2020. Viglione, G. “How Many People Has the Coronavirus Killed?” Nature. 1 September 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02497-w . Accessed 17 October 2020. https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/herd-immunity/.
COVID-19
Background
The novel coronavirus spreading the COVID 19 disease first appeared in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and quickly spread around the world. The infectious disease is a new form of a previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and has led to nationwide lockdowns from the East to the West. Coronavirus-19 Severe Acute Respitory Syndrome Coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)n is a Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Primarily lung problem. Autopsy results showed on 12 people that most common pre-existing conditions making them susceptible to dying were coronary heart disease and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease making them more vulnerable to the disease/death (Hansen, 2020).
Etiology
The etiology of COVID 19 is still unknown. It was initially suspected that animal to human transfer took place at a Wuhan wet market in China (BMJ, 2020). However, scientists have since come to suspect that coronavirus may have escaped from a biological weapons lab in Wuhan (Baier & Re, 2020).…...
mlaReferences
Baier, B. & Re,G. (2020). Retrieved from BMJ. (2020). COVID 19. Retrieved from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., ... & Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.Hansen, M. (2020). 12 Autopsy Cases Reveal TRUTH About How Patients Die From Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6h8TIxeg1g Herman, S. (2020). Trump Defends Use of Hydroxychloroquine. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/trump-defends-use-hydroxychloroquine National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2015). Improving diagnosis in health care. National Academies Press.https://www.foxnews.com/politics/coronavirus-wuhan-lab-china-compete-us-sources
Biomedical Ethics: Should There be a Mask Mandate?
Introduction
In ethics there are three major ethical systems that serve as the main approaches for viewing the morality of actions. These are virtue ethics, duty ethics or deontology, and utilitarianism (Cahn & Markie, 2011). Virtue ethics is associated with the philosophies of Aristotle and Confucius and has a universal characteristic to it—meaning that virtue is defined universally and exists as an objective fact. Duty ethics posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they correspond to the duty that the person is meant to perform. Utilitarianism posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they promote the greatest common good of society (Holmes, 2007). In today’s world of COVID panic, the most common approach to the issue of a mask mandate is the utilitarian approach. People generally believe that the mask promotes the greatest common good. For others, the mask is a symbol…...
mlaReferences
Cahn, S. & Markie, P. (2011). Ethics: History, Theory and Contemporary Issues, 5th Edition. UK: Oxford University Press.Durden, T. (2020). Top Pathologist Claims COVID-19 Is “The Greatest Hoax Ever Perpetrated On An Unsuspecting Public.” Retrieved from Holmes, A. (2007). Ethics: Approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, T. & Meyer, M. (2020). Justice and fairness. Retrieved from https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/justice-and-fairness/ https://www.zerohedge.com/medical/top-pathologist-claims-covid-19-greatest-hoax-ever-perpetrated-unsuspecting-public
The CoV was responsible for the spread of respiratory illness during 2002-03. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple incongruent association linkages between the phylogenies of rhinolophid bats and their CoVs which indicated that hosts shifts have happened in the new evolutionary history of this group. These shifts might be because of either virus biological traits or host behavioral traits. These revelations "have insinuations for the emergence of SAS and also for the potential forthcoming outbreak of SAS- CoVs or associated viruses." (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007) SAS CoVs was identified as the etiological agent. These incidents and the identification of SAS-CoVs in animals linked with the wildlife trade in southern China have resulted in revival of interest in CoVs of different types. This revival resulted in the finding of 2 new human CoVs and presence of CoVs like SAS in horseshoe bats. (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007)
Exhibit…...
mlaReferences
Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. (2007) "Virology: Corona Viruses,
Colds and SARS" Retrieved 8 December, 2007 at http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/virol/coronaviruses.htm
Cavanagh, Dave. (2005, Dec) "Corona Viruses in Poultry and other birds" Avian Pathology, vol. 34, www.informaworld.comno. 6, pp: 439-448.
Compton, S.R; Barthold, S. W; Smith, A.L. (1993, Feb) "The cellular and molecular pathogenesis of coronaviruses: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven" Lab Animal Science, vol. 43, no. 1, pp: 15-28.
Mock Research Proposal
Coronavirus had redefined the way people now live, work, and socialize. For this reason, people had to strictly follow safety measures so that pandemic ends soon, which has forced them to stay at home and rethink how they should spend their lives with the sources of earning they used to have. The purpose of this report is to propose a method for reusing the office buildings that have been standing empty since the advent of the current pandemic due to increased working from home.
Recently, the pandemic has changed the way our lives operate. A survey of the precious flu spreads in the world conducted in 2016 suggested that virus spreads occur mostly in offices among well-developed strong adults (Richtel, 2020). It has already been predicted that when the pandemic is over, the workers would be allowed to work from home, making the office buildings only the meeting places…...
mlaReferences
Berg, N. (2020, July 17). Coronavirus had emptied out office buildings. Could they help solve the housing crisis? Fast Company. Retrieved from Bergold, J. & Thomas, S. (2012). Participatory research methods: A methodological approach in motion. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(1). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1201302 Day, N. (2020, July 29). Unused buildings will make good housing in the world of Covid-19. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/unused-buildings-will-make-good-housing-in-the-world-of-covid-19-142897 Fairfax County. (2017, December 6). Converting empty office buildings into new uses. Retrieved from https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news2/converting-empty-office-buildings-into-new-uses/Harrison, H., Birjs, M., Franklin, R. & Mills, J. (2017). Case study research: Foundations and methodological orientations. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(1). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701195 .Humberd, B. Salon, D. & Latham, S.F. (2020, July 24). The office is dead! Long live the office in a post-pandemic world. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/the-office-is-dead-long-live-the-office-in-a-post-pandemic-world-138499 Jamshed, S. (2014). Qualitative research method- interviewing and observation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5(4), 87-88. DOI: 10.4103/0976-0105.141942Kaur-Gill, S. & Dutta, M.J. (2017). Digital ethnography. In C.S. Davis & R.F. Potter. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods (pp. 1-10). New Jersey: Wiley.https://www.fastcompany.com/90528263/coronavirus-has-emptied-out-office-buildings-could-they-help-solve-americas-housing-crisis
Connection Between Class Learning and an Article
The development of a COVID-19 vaccine is considered critical in curbing the spread of this virus and dealing with the global pandemic. Companies like Moderna have embarked on efforts to develop an effective coronavirus vaccine. The development process involves conducting extensive research through clinical trials. These clinical trials involves using different concepts of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccines. Grady (2020) published an article on the effectiveness of Moderna’s coronavirus vaccine based on early data.
One of the connections between the article and lessons learnt in the classroom is the use of two groups of study participants i.e. an experimental group and a control group. In this regard, the study employed a between-participants design for the experimentation to determine the difference between conditions among people who contracted the virus. The experimental group of five people were vaccinated while the control group of…...
mlaReference
Grady, D. (2020, November 16). Early Data Shows Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html
Novel CoronavirusThe research study \\\"A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study\\\" presents a comprehensive examination of the COVID-19 pandemic, outlining its emergence, spread, and the multifaceted public health response (Bashier et al., 2020). This paper summarizes the study\\\'s key elements and analyzes the population affected by the health issue, with a focus on social and behavioral determinants, known disparities, and the connection between the population and the public health issue.Population AnalysisThe study by Bashier et al. (2020) provides a detailed account of the initial outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, marking the beginning of what would become a global pandemic. The population of China, consisting of great size, high density, and internal mobility, was instrumental in the rapid spread of the virus. The outbreak\\\'s escalation also was influenced by several social and behavioral determinants, including urbanization, cultural practices, and public health infrastructure (Bashier et al., 2020). Urbanization…...
mlaReferencesAccorsi, E. K., Britton, A., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Smith, Z. R., Shang, N., Derado, G., ... & Verani, J. R. (2022). Association between 3 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and symptomatic infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. Jama, 327(7), 639-651.Bashier, H., Khader, Y., Al-Souri, R., & Abu-Khader, I. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study. The Pan African Medical Journal, 36(11).Baumann, L. C., & Ylinen, A. (2020). Prevention: Primary, secondary, tertiary. In Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1738-1740). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Ratnayake, R., Peyraud, N., Ciglenecki, I., Gignoux, E., Lightowler, M., Azman, A. S., ... & Epicentre and MSF CATI Working Group. (2022). Effectiveness of case-area targeted interventions including vaccination on the control of epidemic cholera: protocol for a prospective observational study. BMJ open, 12(7), e061206.White, F. (2020). Application of disease etiology and natural history to prevention in primary health care: a discourse. Medical Principles and Practice, 29(6), 501-513.
Abstract This paper discusses the economic effect of COVID-19 on healthcare. It shows that COVID-19 had caused much damage in both the health and economic sectors. As of March 28, 2020, the disease had contributed to the loss of 10 million jobs, and this data was for just two weeks. The damage that had happened before the two weeks was not captured in this duration. During the second quarter, the United States economy will shrink by 10% to 25%. The economy's slow growth is already happening in the USA, with main economic activities being affected. Economy damage is occurring worldwide, with the health sector being the most hit. Financial markets that depend on other sectors, including health, are also losing huge profits daily. All these damages put together are expected to cause a loss of approximately $1 trillion in the world economy by the end of the year 2020. This recession's…...
mlaReferences
Blumenthal, D., Fowler, E., Abrams, M., & Collins, S. (2020). Covid-19-Implications for the health care system. N Engl J Med, 383, 1483-1488. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsb2021088.Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., & Bhuiyan, S. (2020). A literature review of the economics of COVID-19. Discussion Paper Series. Institute of Labor Economics.Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, H., Raissi, M., Rebucci, A. (2020). Economic consequences of Covid-19: A counterfactual multi-country analysis. VOXEU. Retrieved from Cutler, D. (2020). How will COVID-19 Affect the health care economy? JAMA, 323(22), 2237-2238. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2020.7308Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008 Gopalan, H., & Misra, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and challenges for socio-economic issues, healthcare, and National Health Programs in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 14(5), 757-759. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041Hashmi, P., Pidani, A., Momin, S., Khamiso, R., Aftab, N., & Noordin, S. (2020). Socio-economic impact of Covid-19 pandemic on outpatient healthcare services of musculoskeletal and sports medicine services in LMIC. Journal of Hospital and Healthcare Administration.Kabir, M., Afzal, M., Khan, A., & Ahmed, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 35. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101661https://voxeu.org/article/economic-consequences-covid-19-multi-country-analysis
unning Head: Covid- PandemicCovid-19 Pandemic 2Table of ContentsCovid-19 pandemic 2Definition of Covid-19 Pandemic 3Causes and transmission of covid-19 3Patients Conditions with a high risk of severe Covid-19 Illness. 4Signs and symptoms of Covid-19 5Diagnosis of Covid-19. 7Management of Covid-19 8Conclusion 10eferences 11Covid-19 PandemicCovid-19 is one of the ravaging pandemics that has come during our time. In most cases, I have been told and read a history of various pandemics across the world and how they affected livelihoods; otherwise, I have never got real experience as in the case with covid-19. (Cennimo et al. 2020) Therefore, it would be satisfying to talk about covid-19 even though it has caused many wounds to other close family members and me. (Muniyappa & Gubbi, 2020) When the pandemic struck, I did not expect it to change much in our lifestyles; however, after a few months, I was amazed at the level of deaths experienced…...
mlaReferencesCennimo, D. J., & Bergman, S. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment & management. Medscape Updated.Muniyappa, R., & Gubbi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 318(5), E736-E741.Omer, S. B., Malani, P., & Del Rio, C. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic in the US: a clinical update. Jama, 323(18), 1767-1768.Rome, B. N., & Avorn, J. (2020). Drug evaluation during the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(24), 2282-2284.Watkins, J. (2020). Preventing a covid-19 pandemic.
The Financial Markets and the CoronavirusIntroductionThe Coronavirus is a pandemic that has swept the globe, causing widespread panic and financial instability. The virus originated in China and quickly spread to other countries, resulting in a significant death toll. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients and governments have implemented strict measures to contain the virus. The pandemic has also caused severe damage to the global economy, with stock markets plunging and businesses shutting down. Markets recovered and soared to new highs, however, as central banks around the world intervened with trillions in new liquidity. Now, interest rates are rising to combat soaring inflation, and the situation is still very much evolving. It remains to be seen how the world and financial markets will recover from this crisis.Impact on the Economy & Stock MarketThe Coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the economy and stock market. The S&P 500 index, which…...
mlaReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Milstein, E. & Wessel, D. (2021). What did the Fed do in response to the COVID-19 crisis? Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/fed-response-to-covid19/ Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPChttps://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,
The Financial Markets and the CoronavirusIntroductionThe Coronavirus is a pandemic that has swept the globe, causing widespread panic and financial instability. The virus originated in China and quickly spread to other countries, resulting in a significant death toll. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients and governments have implemented strict measures to contain the virus. The pandemic has also caused severe damage to the global economy, with stock markets plunging and businesses shutting down. Markets recovered and soared to new highs, however, as central banks around the world intervened with trillions in new liquidity. Now, interest rates are rising to combat soaring inflation, and the situation is still very much evolving. It remains to be seen how the world and financial markets will recover from this crisis.Impact on the Economy & Stock MarketThe Coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the economy and stock market. The S&P 500 index, which…...
mlaReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPChttps://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,
Identifying Opportunities to educe Income Disparities in South Africa Today and In the FutureDespite the end of apartheid in the early 1990s, South Africa remains racially and economically segregated. The country is beset by persistent social inequality, poverty, unemployment, a heavy burden of disease and the inequitable quality of healthcare service provision. -- Katusha de Villiers (2021)In 2019, the World Bank recognized South Africa as the most unequal country in the world, meaning that South Africas economy does not equally benefit all of its citizens. Khanyi Mlaba (2020)Chapter One: IntroductionThe epigraphs above underscore the current plight of South Africa nearly 3 decades after apartheid was formally abolished and a democratically elected government assumed power. Like many sub-Saharan nations, South Africa has experienced its share of challenges over the past 2 centuries in overcoming the lingering effects of colonialism and then a draconian apartheid regime that severely polarized the South…...
mlaReferencesArie, S, Bright, A and Dominque, V (2020). “Post-apartheid local sustainable development through tourism: an analysis of policy perceptions among \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'responsible\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' tourism stakeholders around Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 414-432.Black, A (2016). Towards Employment-Intensive Growth in South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: UCT Press.“Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) program” (2020). Business in South Africa. [online] available: L, Rolleston, C and Gustafsson, M (2021). “Eliminating global learning poverty: The importance of equalities and equity.” International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 82, pp. 5-11.Daley, B (2021a, April 29, 2021 28). “How corruption in South Africa is deeply rooted in the country’s past and why that matters.” The Conversation. 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[online] available: https://www.newframe.com/the-hierarchy-of-inequality/ .Friedman, S (2019, Spring). “The More Things Change ... South Africa\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Democracy and the Burden of the Past.” Social Research, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 279-303.“Gini index.” (2021). Investopedia. [online] available: https://www.investopedia.com/ terms/g/gini-index.asp#:~:text=The%20Gini%20index%2C%20or%20Gini,wealth% 20distribution%20among%20a%20population.“Global Cases.” (2021). Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. 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Coping Through the Use of Informal Institutions during COVID-19 in South Africa, Nigeria, and SwazilandChapter 1: IntroductionThe global outbreak of COVID-19 raises many concerns regarding how individuals and communities who live in African countries, with fragile health systems, cope with the pandemic. During past pandemics, individuals and communities in Africa have relied on customary practices and traditions, also commonly referred to as informal institutions (Moore, 2020). Informal institutions have continued to function in rural and poverty-stricken areas of Africa in response to a lack of adequate support from formal governing bodies and are primarily used at the community level (Azevedo, 2017). Thus, there is a plethora of literature on community participation in informal institutions within African communities; however, no known research has explored the experiences of individuals who use informal institutions to cope during a pandemic. This chapter begins with background information relevant to the topic, followed by a description…...
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The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/04/06/kenya-coronavirus-lockdowns Interview QuestionsThe purpose of this interpretative phenomenological analysis is to understand the coping behaviors of individuals living in rural South Africa, Nigeria, and Swaziland and who engage with informal institutions to cope during the COVID-19 pandemic.RQ1: How do individuals living in rural Africa use informal institutions to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic?First InterviewThe purpose of the first interview will be to develop a rapport with the participants and capture in-depth, context-specific information to aid in the development of participant profiles. Interview Questions Purpose of Question Variations of questions based on country: South Africa, Nigeria, Swaziland Tell me about who you live with and what your living situation is like. It provides context about the family\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s size and whether they live in a large compound and if they have children. Describe your role in the family. It provides context about whether or not they are a caregiver or if they are there because they support the family financially. What do you do for a living? Provides context about their responsibilities in the family and community. · Tell me about your community. · When was it established? · When did you join your community? · What were the circumstances surrounding your joining of the community? It provides context about the circumstances surrounding the community\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s establishment and why they joined that community and what the community might be struggling with. What resources are available in your community? It provides context about types of supports that might be available in the community. How do you cope when the resources you need are not available in the community? It provides context about how individuals obtain the resources they need. Tell me about your first memory of when you had to seek resources outside of the community? Provides a context of the resourcefulness of what is available within the community What was the reason for seeking the resources sought out of the community? Provides an overview of the sufficiency and availability of the resources within the community What has been the experience within the community when the first case of COVID-19 was announced in the country? Provides an understanding of the effect of COVID-19 at the community level, e.g., anxiety, panic, etc. How have the preventive measures put in place, e.g., lockdown, affected you in the community? This provides a context of the effects of the lockdown at a more practical level, especially on resources and strain on families How would you say the community is faring up to date? This provides a real-time picture of how the pandemic has affected the community and how it is thus far How was the infrastructure and structures within the community before COVID-19? Provides a picture and status of the community’s systems before COVID-19 to determine preparedness How have the structures and infrastructure within the community faired thus far with the effects of the pandemic? To create a picture of how the pandemic and the preventive measures have affected the community systems Do you have any memory of an event similar to COVID-19, whether conflict, natural disaster, etc.? Provides a picture of any prior experiences that might help in responding to the current crisis If answer yes;How did the effect of COVID-19 compare to that similar event? Provides a comparative background from which to gauge the response to the current COVID-19 challenges What measures have the community leaders put in place to strengthen the response to COVID-19 by the community? An indication of the community’s leadership status, the ability to adapt, and even the power to institute corrective measures indicates the community\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s status. Do you think the community is strong enough and well prepared to handle a crisis like COVID-19? Provides the interviewee’s opinion on the status of the community Are you satisfied with the measures being put in place to strengthen the community better? Provides an interviewee’s judgmental-based opinion on the improvements to make the community more resilient Second InterviewThe purpose of the second interview will be to collect data specific to the study’s research questions.RQ1: How do individuals living in rural Africa use informal institutions to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic? Interview Questions Purpose of Question Theoretical Framework Component Variations of questions based on country: South Africa, Nigeria, Swaziland Tell me about a recent time when someone in the community helped you or a family member cope with COVID.Prompt: What did you have to do to get this help? It indicates whether it is acceptable to the individual to seek support within the community. Cultural/ Cognitive perspective Tell me about a recent time when you had to seek resources outside the community. Prompt: What did you have to do to get this help? It indicates whether it is acceptable to the individual to seek support outside the community. Cultural perspective Tell me about any governmental support you have received during the COVID pandemic. Prompt: If they did not access, why did they choose to engage? Indicates their perspective on whether they feel the government is capable of giving them the support they need. Normative perspective Give me a recent example of a time when accepting help from the government was beneficial or detrimental. Indicates their perspective of whether there are fears or suspicion about government support due to formal laws and regulations. Regulatory perspective How does it make you feel when you have to ask for help outside the community?Inside the community? Subjective perspective Think back to a time when you sought help from within the community…. Indicates how prior experiences shape their response to COVID. Path dependency Think back to a time when you sought help from outside the community…. Indicates how prior experiences shape their response to COVID. Path dependency What help was sought, and why was it sought from outside the community? Indicates the resource inadequacies within the community Path dependency Are there other people, family members, or neighbors you know who also sought help outside the country? Indicates the vulnerability level within the community Path dependency Were there any improvements in the community to address the inadequacy? Indicates the preparedness of the community and the desire to make the community self-sufficient Path dependency Do you think the community has adequate resources to support all during a crisis? Provides the interviewee’s opinion Subjective perspective In your family, how has COVID-19 and the effects of the lockdown affected you? Indicates the toll that the pandemic has had on the community Subjective perspective What measures and adjustments have you put in place at the family level to cope with COVID-19? Provides an outlook of the severity of COVID to the family and how the pandemic has affected them Normative perspective Management of COVID-19 requires health professionals, security personnel, and financial resource; how do you rank each within your community? Refines the resource-inadequacy to the specific social construct, i.e., health, security, administrative, or financial Path dependency Do you think the community was prepared to tackle COVID-19? The opinion of the interviewee on the level of preparedness within the community to handle crises Subjective perspective Interview protocolPart 1: Initial PreparationsBecause this research involves humans as the source of the required data, an IRB is required. Thus, after the IRB is acquired, the first step will be to visit the community for orientation purposes. This will be contacting the visiting the local administration, preferably the chief or the Community chief/headman. Next, the researcher will visit the prospective interviewees for initial contact, be done with the help and in the community chief\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s presence.As the researcher and the one with the duty of data collection, I will introduce myself, full names, profession, and then explain the research\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s aim and purpose to the prospective study participants and their rights during the interview. Those who offer to participate in the study will then be required to sign consent forms, remaining with the researcher. The participants will be made aware of their right to leave at any time during the study if they so wish.As the interviewer, I will make arrangements with the participants on the location and time for the interviews. On the day of the interview, I will proceed with part 2 below.Part 2: Interview introductionAt the outset, I want to thank all of you for agreeing to participate in this study on “The use of Informal Institutions to cope with COVID-19.” You have been selected as you have been identified, first, as members of this community and second because you are considered to have a great deal of experience and information on not just COVID-19 but also other crises that your community has faced. Each interview will last for about 30 to 45 minutes.With me is a list of interview questions designed to help you reflect on your experiences and feeling with the CCOVID-19 pandemic and the mitigation measures that were put in place for your country. You can choose to decline to answer any question that might make you uncomfortable. As earlier indicated, you are also free to withdraw from the study at any time you so wish. In this study, your privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance, and as the Principal Researcher, I will take the requisite measure to ensure confidentiality. There are no foreseeable risks linked with your participation in this study.To ensure I get your responses to the interview questions correct, I will be audio recording this interview to capture what you say. Also, you will notice me taking notes during the interview. This is meant to facilitate my data analysis when the time comes. A professional transcription company or I will transcribe the audiotape I make during the data analysis phase. If I opt for the transcription company, they will be required to sign a confidentiality agreement to ensure your confidentiality.Unless there are any questions, I will now lie to begin the session. Is that all right with you? (Turn the audio recorder on)(Interview to be done using the interview questionnaire)Part 3: Concluding phaseNow that we are done with the question, I want to thank you for participating in this interview. In case I need to capture any additional information, I will contact you with the follow-up questions. I hope that okay with you. I will also be offering you with a transcript of this interview as soon as it is available and my initial notes and interpretation of the interview. I will then request that you provide me with your feedback on any revisions you might think are necessary, and this will be within a specific timeframe to be communicated. Can you please confirm your contact information that you would like me to reach you through?Do you have any questions that you might want me to respond to? (Respond to any question, if any). Well, that is the end; thank you again for participating in this study(Turn audio recorder off).http://www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp58.pdf
Market Analysis Emirates Anilines 37Market Analysis Emirates AirlinesTABLE OF CONTENTS1 PAT I 41.1 Macro-environment Analysis 41.1.1 PESTLE Analysis 41.2 Micro-environment Analysis 91.2.1 Five Forces Analysis 91.3 Internal environment Analysis 121.3.1 SWOT Analysis 122 PAT II 162.1 Market Segmentation 162.1.1 Demographic Segmentation 162.1.2 Psychographic Segmentation 162.1.3 Behavioral Segmentation 172.1.4 Geographic Segmentation 172.2 Targeting 182.3 Market Positioning 182.3.1 Perceptual Map 192.3.2 4Cs of Positioning 223 PAT III 243.1 Strategies for Growth and 243.1.1 BCG Matrix 243.2 Marketing Objectives 284 PAT IV 304.1 The Marketing Mix 304.1.1 Product 304.1.2 Price 314.1.3 Place 314.1.4 Promotion 324.1.5 People 334.1.6 Process 344.1.7 Physical Evidence 345 PAT V 365.1 Budget 365.2 Implementation 365.3 Control 385.3.1 Critical Success Factors 385.3.2 Key Performance Indicators 396 eferences 42iiunning Head: MAKET ANALYSIS EMIATES ANILINESPAT IMacro-environment AnalysisPESTLE AnalysisThe PESTLE framework shows that there are political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors to consider in the macro-environment.Political FactorsThe political…...
mlaReferencesAlshubaily, A. (2017). Exploring the key success factors for young airlines. A focus on emirates airlines and its regional competitors\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' strategy for success. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2(1), 30-37.Blythe, J. (2006). Principles & practice of marketing. New York: Cengage Learning EMEA.Blythe, J. (2009). Key concepts in marketing. London: Sage.Brennan, R., Baines, P., Garneau, P., & Vos, L. (2007). Contemporary strategic marketing. Macmillan International Higher Education.Chaffey, D., & Smith, P. R. (2017). Digital marketing excellence: Planning, optimizing, and integrating online marketing. 5th ed., London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.Cheverton, P. (2005). Key marketing skills: strategies, tools, and techniques for marketing success. New York: Kogan Page Publishers.Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W. M., & Ferrell, O. C. (2005). Marketing: Concepts and strategies. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Emirates. (2020). About us: Inflight advertising. Retrieved from: O. C., & Hartline, M. (2012). Marketing strategy, text, and cases. New York: Nelson Education.Kamran, Q. (2017). E-Marketing & E-Commerce. International School of Management. Kotler, P. (2010). Principles of Marketing, 13th edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice-Hall/Pearson Education.Orcullo, N. (2007). Fundamentals of Strategic Management. New York: Rex Bookstore, Inc.Redpath, N., O\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'Connell, J. F., & Warnock-Smith, D. (2017). The strategic impact of airline group diversification: The cases of Emirates and Lufthansa. Journal of Air Transport Management, 64, 121-138.Schermerhorn, J. R. (2010). Exploring Management. New York: John Willey & Sons.https://www.emirates.com/english/about-us/inflight-advertising/Ferrell,
unning head: The COVID- Slowdown and the Global Financial Meltdown of 2008 1The COVID-19 Slowdown and the Global Financial Meltdown of 2008 14The COVID-19 Slowdown and the Global Financial Meltdown of 2008Coronavirus virus, commonly known as COVID-19, has caused the world\\\'s greatest fear since the 2008 global financial crisis. With its rapid transmission rate, the World Health Organization announced that it had surpassed the epidemic situation to a pandemic. The virus symptoms include flu-like symptoms such as coughing, fever that affect the respiratory system, but they are more lethal than other respiratory diseases (Lusting &Mariscal, 2020). After COVID-19 was detected, it has been reported in all countries globally, affecting millions of people and causing hundreds of thousands of deaths in countries such as South Korea, China, India, Italy, the US, and more than 100 countries. The global nature of the measures placed to affect the productivity of the sectors and…...
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When most people think about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economics, they think of it as being purely destructive. While there can be no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has created economic uncertainty in many sectors, leading to a loss of production and high unemployment rates in many areas, it cannot be ignored that the pandemic has also led to new opportunities for certain businesses. Understanding those opportunities may be critical to the overall recovery of the global economy, as those industries that have experienced gains determine how to leverage them in a way that....
A synthesis essay is a type of essay that uses a variety of different sources to support a central claim. The central claim must be well-supported within the synthesis essay, even if it is not the most likely claim or generally assumed to be true outside of the essay. Writing a synthesis essay has two main parts: synthesizing sources and supporting your main claim.
It is possible to write a synthesis essay about a hypothetical claim, but it will be more difficult to find the literature to support your claim. That is because you will not....
One of the difficulties about writing a summary of any of the vaccines for the novel Coronavirus that is known as COVID-19 is that much of the information remains unknown. In addition, because the vaccines created by Pfizer and Moderna are both mRNA vaccines, which are not a familiar type of vaccine, they create some additional questions. How long will the vaccines be effective? Are they safe? Will they work to prevent infection by the newer strands of COVID-19? Do they change your DNA as some people on the internet are suggesting? ....
For several years, healthcare has been an important topic, not just in the world at large, but also in academia. Healthcare has been one of the fastest growing sectors of our economy, has offered a boom in terms of employment, and is a hot button political issue since access to healthcare remains very class-based in the modern United States. The COVID-19 pandemic and what it has meant about access to health care and the quality of healthcare that is being provided has only made it that much more important to focus on
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