COVID-19 Coronavirus
Abstract

First appearing in China in late 2019, the novel Coronavirus COVID-19 has become the most significant global pandemic event in a century.  As of October 28, 2020 the total number of cases worldwide was 44 million with 1.17 million deaths.  The United States has had an extremely politicized response to the virus, and despite having less than five percent of the world’s population, the U.S. has had more than 20 percent of the world’s COVID-19 cases with 8.85 million cases and 227 thousand deaths.  Currently, it seems unlikely that COVID-19 will be under control and people able to resume their normal lives until late 2021.  In this essay, we discuss what Coronavirus is, what COVID-19 is, where it originated, the health impact of the disease, risk factors, efforts to contain the spread of the disease, the economic impact of the disease, and how COVID-19 may be impacting the 2020…...

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References

Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC).  “Herd Immunity.  APIC.org.  3 September 2020.  Accessed 17 October 2020. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  “People at Increased Risk.”  CDC.  11 September 2020.   https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fpeople-at-increased-risk.html . Accessed 17 October 2020.

Cucinotta, D. and Vanelli, M.  “WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic.”  Acta Biomed, 91(1):157-160. 19 March 2020.  doi 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397.   https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/9397 .  Accessed 17 October 2020.  

DeMarco, C.  “COVID-19 and the Flu Vaccine: What You Need to Know.”  MD Anderson Cancer Center.  20 August 2020.   https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/should-you-get-the-flu-vaccine-during-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.h00-159384312.html .  Accessed 17 October 2020. 

Kelly, C.  “White House Listing Ending COVID-19 Pandemic as an Accomplishment Despite Cases Spiking to Record Levels.”  CNN.  28 October 2020.   https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/politics/white-house-ending-covid-19-pandemic-accomplishment-record-cases-spike/index.html .  Accessed 28 October 2020. 

Meyer, R.  “The Coronavirus Surge that Will Define the Next Four Years.”  The Atlantic.  22 October 2020.  https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/10/coronavirus-election-day-surge/616822/ .  Accessed 28 October 2020. 

Rods, D.  “When WWI, Pandemic, and Slump Ended, Americans Sprung into the Roaring Twenties.”  History.  24 April 2020.   https://www.history.com/news/pandemic-world-war-i-roaring-twenties .  Accessed 17 October 2020. 

Viglione, G.  “How Many People Has the Coronavirus Killed?”  Nature.  1 September 2020.   https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02497-w .  Accessed 17 October 2020.  https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/herd-immunity/. 

COVID-19 Background
The novel coronavirus spreading the COVID 19 disease first appeared in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and quickly spread around the world. The infectious disease is a new form of a previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and has led to nationwide lockdowns from the East to the West. Coronavirus-19 Severe Acute Respitory Syndrome Coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)n is a Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Primarily lung problem. Autopsy results showed on 12 people that most common pre-existing conditions making them susceptible to dying were coronary heart disease and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease making them more vulnerable to the disease/death (Hansen, 2020).
Etiology
The etiology of COVID 19 is still unknown. It was initially suspected that animal to human transfer took place at a Wuhan wet market in China (BMJ, 2020). However, scientists have since come to suspect that coronavirus may have escaped from a biological weapons lab in Wuhan (Baier & Re, 2020).…...

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References

Baier, B. & Re,G. (2020). Retrieved from

BMJ. (2020). COVID 19. Retrieved from  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology 

Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., ... & Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.

Hansen, M. (2020). 12 Autopsy Cases Reveal TRUTH About How Patients Die From Coronavirus. Retrieved from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6h8TIxeg1g 

Herman, S. (2020). Trump Defends Use of Hydroxychloroquine. Retrieved from  https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/trump-defends-use-hydroxychloroquine 

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2015). Improving diagnosis in health care. National Academies Press.

https://www.foxnews.com/politics/coronavirus-wuhan-lab-china-compete-us-sources

Biomedical Ethics: Should There be a Mask Mandate? Introduction
In ethics there are three major ethical systems that serve as the main approaches for viewing the morality of actions. These are virtue ethics, duty ethics or deontology, and utilitarianism (Cahn & Markie, 2011). Virtue ethics is associated with the philosophies of Aristotle and Confucius and has a universal characteristic to it—meaning that virtue is defined universally and exists as an objective fact. Duty ethics posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they correspond to the duty that the person is meant to perform. Utilitarianism posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they promote the greatest common good of society (Holmes, 2007). In today’s world of COVID panic, the most common approach to the issue of a mask mandate is the utilitarian approach. People generally believe that the mask promotes the greatest common good. For others, the mask is a symbol…...

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References

Cahn, S. & Markie, P. (2011). Ethics: History, Theory and Contemporary Issues, 5th Edition. UK: Oxford University Press.

Durden, T. (2020). Top Pathologist Claims COVID-19 Is “The Greatest Hoax Ever Perpetrated On An Unsuspecting Public.” Retrieved from  

Holmes, A. (2007). Ethics: Approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, T. & Meyer, M. (2020). Justice and fairness. Retrieved from  https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/justice-and-fairness/ 

https://www.zerohedge.com/medical/top-pathologist-claims-covid-19-greatest-hoax-ever-perpetrated-unsuspecting-public 

The CoV was responsible for the spread of respiratory illness during 2002-03. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple incongruent association linkages between the phylogenies of rhinolophid bats and their CoVs which indicated that hosts shifts have happened in the new evolutionary history of this group. These shifts might be because of either virus biological traits or host behavioral traits. These revelations "have insinuations for the emergence of SAS and also for the potential forthcoming outbreak of SAS- CoVs or associated viruses." (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007) SAS CoVs was identified as the etiological agent. These incidents and the identification of SAS-CoVs in animals linked with the wildlife trade in southern China have resulted in revival of interest in CoVs of different types. This revival resulted in the finding of 2 new human CoVs and presence of CoVs like SAS in horseshoe bats. (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007)
Exhibit…...

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References

Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. (2007) "Virology: Corona Viruses,

Colds and SARS" Retrieved 8 December, 2007 at  http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/virol/coronaviruses.htm 

Cavanagh, Dave. (2005, Dec) "Corona Viruses in Poultry and other birds" Avian Pathology, vol. 34, www.informaworld.comno. 6, pp: 439-448.

Compton, S.R; Barthold, S. W; Smith, A.L. (1993, Feb) "The cellular and molecular pathogenesis of coronaviruses: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven" Lab Animal Science, vol. 43, no. 1, pp: 15-28.

Mock Research Proposal Coronavirus had redefined the way people now live, work, and socialize. For this reason, people had to strictly follow safety measures so that pandemic ends soon, which has forced them to stay at home and rethink how they should spend their lives with the sources of earning they used to have. The purpose of this report is to propose a method for reusing the office buildings that have been standing empty since the advent of the current pandemic due to increased working from home.
Recently, the pandemic has changed the way our lives operate. A survey of the precious flu spreads in the world conducted in 2016 suggested that virus spreads occur mostly in offices among well-developed strong adults (Richtel, 2020). It has already been predicted that when the pandemic is over, the workers would be allowed to work from home, making the office buildings only the meeting places…...

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References

Berg, N. (2020, July 17). Coronavirus had emptied out office buildings. Could they help solve the housing crisis? Fast Company. Retrieved from  

Bergold, J. & Thomas, S. (2012). Participatory research methods: A methodological approach in motion. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(1).   http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1201302 

Day, N. (2020, July 29). Unused buildings will make good housing in the world of Covid-19. The Conversation. Retrieved from  https://theconversation.com/unused-buildings-will-make-good-housing-in-the-world-of-covid-19-142897 

Fairfax County. (2017, December 6). Converting empty office buildings into new uses. Retrieved from https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news2/converting-empty-office-buildings-into-new-uses/

Harrison, H., Birjs, M., Franklin, R. & Mills, J. (2017). Case study research: Foundations and methodological orientations. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(1).  http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701195 .

Humberd, B. Salon, D. & Latham, S.F. (2020, July 24). The office is dead! Long live the office in a post-pandemic world. The Conversation. Retrieved from  https://theconversation.com/the-office-is-dead-long-live-the-office-in-a-post-pandemic-world-138499 

Jamshed, S. (2014). Qualitative research method- interviewing and observation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5(4), 87-88. DOI: 10.4103/0976-0105.141942

Kaur-Gill, S. & Dutta, M.J. (2017). Digital ethnography. In C.S. Davis & R.F. Potter. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods (pp. 1-10). New Jersey: Wiley.https://www.fastcompany.com/90528263/coronavirus-has-emptied-out-office-buildings-could-they-help-solve-americas-housing-crisis 

Connection Between Class Learning and an Article The development of a COVID-19 vaccine is considered critical in curbing the spread of this virus and dealing with the global pandemic. Companies like Moderna have embarked on efforts to develop an effective coronavirus vaccine. The development process involves conducting extensive research through clinical trials. These clinical trials involves using different concepts of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccines. Grady (2020) published an article on the effectiveness of Moderna’s coronavirus vaccine based on early data.
One of the connections between the article and lessons learnt in the classroom is the use of two groups of study participants i.e. an experimental group and a control group. In this regard, the study employed a between-participants design for the experimentation to determine the difference between conditions among people who contracted the virus. The experimental group of five people were vaccinated while the control group of…...

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Reference

Grady, D. (2020, November 16). Early Data Shows Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html

Novel CoronavirusThe research study \\\"A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study\\\" presents a comprehensive examination of the COVID-19 pandemic, outlining its emergence, spread, and the multifaceted public health response (Bashier et al., 2020). This paper summarizes the study\\\'s key elements and analyzes the population affected by the health issue, with a focus on social and behavioral determinants, known disparities, and the connection between the population and the public health issue.Population AnalysisThe study by Bashier et al. (2020) provides a detailed account of the initial outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, marking the beginning of what would become a global pandemic. The population of China, consisting of great size, high density, and internal mobility, was instrumental in the rapid spread of the virus. The outbreak\\\'s escalation also was influenced by several social and behavioral determinants, including urbanization, cultural practices, and public health infrastructure (Bashier et al., 2020). Urbanization…...

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ReferencesAccorsi, E. K., Britton, A., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Smith, Z. R., Shang, N., Derado, G., ... & Verani, J. R. (2022). Association between 3 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and symptomatic infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. Jama, 327(7), 639-651.Bashier, H., Khader, Y., Al-Souri, R., & Abu-Khader, I. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study. The Pan African Medical Journal, 36(11).Baumann, L. C., & Ylinen, A. (2020). Prevention: Primary, secondary, tertiary. In Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1738-1740). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Ratnayake, R., Peyraud, N., Ciglenecki, I., Gignoux, E., Lightowler, M., Azman, A. S., ... & Epicentre and MSF CATI Working Group. (2022). Effectiveness of case-area targeted interventions including vaccination on the control of epidemic cholera: protocol for a prospective observational study. BMJ open, 12(7), e061206.White, F. (2020). Application of disease etiology and natural history to prevention in primary health care: a discourse. Medical Principles and Practice, 29(6), 501-513.

Abstract This paper discusses the economic effect of COVID-19 on healthcare. It shows that COVID-19 had caused much damage in both the health and economic sectors. As of March 28, 2020, the disease had contributed to the loss of 10 million jobs, and this data was for just two weeks. The damage that had happened before the two weeks was not captured in this duration. During the second quarter, the United States economy will shrink by 10% to 25%. The economy's slow growth is already happening in the USA, with main economic activities being affected. Economy damage is occurring worldwide, with the health sector being the most hit. Financial markets that depend on other sectors, including health, are also losing huge profits daily. All these damages put together are expected to cause a loss of approximately $1 trillion in the world economy by the end of the year 2020. This recession's…...

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References

Blumenthal, D., Fowler, E., Abrams, M., & Collins, S. (2020). Covid-19-Implications for the health care system. N Engl J Med, 383, 1483-1488. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsb2021088.

Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., & Bhuiyan, S. (2020). A literature review of the economics of COVID-19. Discussion Paper Series. Institute of Labor Economics.

Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, H., Raissi, M., Rebucci, A. (2020). Economic consequences of Covid-19: A counterfactual multi-country analysis. VOXEU. Retrieved from  

Cutler, D. (2020). How will COVID-19 Affect the health care economy? JAMA, 323(22), 2237-2238. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2020.7308

Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008 

Gopalan, H., & Misra, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and challenges for socio-economic issues, healthcare, and National Health Programs in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 14(5), 757-759. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041

Hashmi, P., Pidani, A., Momin, S., Khamiso, R., Aftab, N., & Noordin, S. (2020). Socio-economic impact of Covid-19 pandemic on outpatient healthcare services of musculoskeletal and sports medicine services in LMIC. Journal of Hospital and Healthcare Administration.

Kabir, M., Afzal, M., Khan, A., & Ahmed, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 35. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101661https://voxeu.org/article/economic-consequences-covid-19-multi-country-analysis 

unning Head: Covid- PandemicCovid-19 Pandemic 2Table of ContentsCovid-19 pandemic 2Definition of Covid-19 Pandemic 3Causes and transmission of covid-19 3Patients Conditions with a high risk of severe Covid-19 Illness. 4Signs and symptoms of Covid-19 5Diagnosis of Covid-19. 7Management of Covid-19 8Conclusion 10eferences 11Covid-19 PandemicCovid-19 is one of the ravaging pandemics that has come during our time. In most cases, I have been told and read a history of various pandemics across the world and how they affected livelihoods; otherwise, I have never got real experience as in the case with covid-19. (Cennimo et al. 2020) Therefore, it would be satisfying to talk about covid-19 even though it has caused many wounds to other close family members and me. (Muniyappa & Gubbi, 2020) When the pandemic struck, I did not expect it to change much in our lifestyles; however, after a few months, I was amazed at the level of deaths experienced…...

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ReferencesCennimo, D. J., & Bergman, S. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment & management. Medscape Updated.Muniyappa, R., & Gubbi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 318(5), E736-E741.Omer, S. B., Malani, P., & Del Rio, C. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic in the US: a clinical update. Jama, 323(18), 1767-1768.Rome, B. N., & Avorn, J. (2020). Drug evaluation during the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(24), 2282-2284.Watkins, J. (2020). Preventing a covid-19 pandemic.

The Financial Markets and the CoronavirusIntroductionThe Coronavirus is a pandemic that has swept the globe, causing widespread panic and financial instability. The virus originated in China and quickly spread to other countries, resulting in a significant death toll. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients and governments have implemented strict measures to contain the virus. The pandemic has also caused severe damage to the global economy, with stock markets plunging and businesses shutting down. Markets recovered and soared to new highs, however, as central banks around the world intervened with trillions in new liquidity. Now, interest rates are rising to combat soaring inflation, and the situation is still very much evolving. It remains to be seen how the world and financial markets will recover from this crisis.Impact on the Economy & Stock MarketThe Coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the economy and stock market. The S&P 500 index, which…...

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ReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from   J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from  https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Milstein, E. & Wessel, D. (2021). What did the Fed do in response to the COVID-19 crisis? Retrieved from  https://www.brookings.edu/research/fed-response-to-covid19/ Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from  https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from  https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPChttps://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,

The Financial Markets and the CoronavirusIntroductionThe Coronavirus is a pandemic that has swept the globe, causing widespread panic and financial instability. The virus originated in China and quickly spread to other countries, resulting in a significant death toll. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients and governments have implemented strict measures to contain the virus. The pandemic has also caused severe damage to the global economy, with stock markets plunging and businesses shutting down. Markets recovered and soared to new highs, however, as central banks around the world intervened with trillions in new liquidity. Now, interest rates are rising to combat soaring inflation, and the situation is still very much evolving. It remains to be seen how the world and financial markets will recover from this crisis.Impact on the Economy & Stock MarketThe Coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the economy and stock market. The S&P 500 index, which…...

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ReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from   J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from  https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from  https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from  https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from  https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPChttps://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,

Identifying Opportunities to educe Income Disparities in South Africa Today and In the FutureDespite the end of apartheid in the early 1990s, South Africa remains racially and economically segregated. The country is beset by persistent social inequality, poverty, unemployment, a heavy burden of disease and the inequitable quality of healthcare service provision. -- Katusha de Villiers (2021)In 2019, the World Bank recognized South Africa as the most unequal country in the world, meaning that South Africas economy does not equally benefit all of its citizens. Khanyi Mlaba (2020)Chapter One: IntroductionThe epigraphs above underscore the current plight of South Africa nearly 3 decades after apartheid was formally abolished and a democratically elected government assumed power. Like many sub-Saharan nations, South Africa has experienced its share of challenges over the past 2 centuries in overcoming the lingering effects of colonialism and then a draconian apartheid regime that severely polarized the South…...

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ReferencesArie, S, Bright, A and Dominque, V (2020). “Post-apartheid local sustainable development through tourism: an analysis of policy perceptions among \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'responsible\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' tourism stakeholders around Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 414-432.Black, A (2016). Towards Employment-Intensive Growth in South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: UCT Press.“Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) program” (2020). Business in South Africa. [online] available:   L, Rolleston, C and Gustafsson, M (2021). “Eliminating global learning poverty: The importance of equalities and equity.” International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 82, pp. 5-11.Daley, B (2021a, April 29, 2021 28). “How corruption in South Africa is deeply rooted in the country’s past and why that matters.” The Conversation. 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unning head: The COVID- Slowdown and the Global Financial Meltdown of 2008 1The COVID-19 Slowdown and the Global Financial Meltdown of 2008 14The COVID-19 Slowdown and the Global Financial Meltdown of 2008Coronavirus virus, commonly known as COVID-19, has caused the world\\\'s greatest fear since the 2008 global financial crisis. With its rapid transmission rate, the World Health Organization announced that it had surpassed the epidemic situation to a pandemic. The virus symptoms include flu-like symptoms such as coughing, fever that affect the respiratory system, but they are more lethal than other respiratory diseases (Lusting &Mariscal, 2020). After COVID-19 was detected, it has been reported in all countries globally, affecting millions of people and causing hundreds of thousands of deaths in countries such as South Korea, China, India, Italy, the US, and more than 100 countries. The global nature of the measures placed to affect the productivity of the sectors and…...

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ReferencesBlanchard, O. J. (2009). The crisis: basic mechanisms and appropriate policies. IMF working papers, 1-22.Bunge, M. (2017). Social science under debate. University of Toronto Press.IEG (Independent Evaluation Group). 2012. The World Bank Group\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Response to the Global Economic Crisis—Phase II. Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Group, the World Bank GroupGuillén, M. F. (2009). The global economic & financial crisis: A timeline. The Lauder Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 1-91.Goy, G., & van den End, J. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the equilibrium interest rate | VOX, CEPR Policy Portal. Voxeu.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021, from   J. (2020). Lessons from the Great Recession for COVID-19 green recovery | Greenbiz. Greenbiz.com. Retrieved 22 April 2021, from https://www.greenbiz.com/article/lessons-great-recession-covid-19-green-recovery.Jeffrey Cheng, D., Powell, T., & Skidmore, D. (2021). What\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s the Fed doing in response to the COVID-19 crisis? What more could it do?. Brookings. Retrieved 22 April 2021, from  https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.brookings.edu/research/fed-response-to-covid19/%3famp .Li, L., Willett, T. D., & Zhang, N. (2012). The effects of the global financial crisis on China\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s financial market and the macroeconomy. Economics Research International, 2012.Lustig, N., & Mariscal, J. (2020). How COVID-19 Could Be Like the Global Financial Crisis (Or Worse). Center For Global Development. Retrieved 21 April 2021, from https://www.cgdev.org/blog/how-covid-19-could-be-global-financial-crisis-or-worse.Morrison, W. M. (2009, June). China and the global financial crisis: Implications for the United States. Library of Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service.Pop, C. (2009). The financial crisis of 2007–2008 a review of the timeline and its causes. Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai-Negotia, 54(2), 55-74.Strauss-Kahn, m. (2020). Can we compare the COVID-19 and 2008 crises? - Atlantic Council. Atlantic Council. Retrieved 22 April 2021, from  https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/can-we-compare-the-covid-19-and-2008-crises/ .Schoen, E. (2017). The 2007-2009 financial crisis: An erosion of ethics: A case study. Journal of Business Ethics. 146 (4) 1-36. DOI 10.1007/s10551-016-3052-7.Tax and fiscal policy in response to the Coronavirus crisis: Strengthening confidence and resilience. OECD. (2020). Retrieved 22 April 2021, from https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/tax-and-fiscal-policy-in-response-to-the-coronavirus-crisis-strengthening-confidence-and-resilience-60f640a8/.UK economy: The story of the downturn. BBC News. (2013). Retrieved 21 April 2021, from  https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22283940 .Weinstock, L. (2021). Fiscal policy: Economic Effects. Congressional Research Service, 1-10. Retrieved 22 April 2021, Weiss, M. A. (2008, February). The Global Financial Crisis: The Role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Library of Congress Washington DC congressional research service.https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-crisis-equilibrium-interest-rate .Jaeger,

COVID-19 VACCINE HESITATION IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY 14COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitation in the Black CommunityErica A. WoodsDepartment of English, Community College of PhiladelphiaEnglish 102-016Dr. Mary GriffinApril 5, 2021COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitation in the African American CommunityThere is no doubt whatsoever the COVID-19 has wreaked havoc around the globe. With over 3 million people dead across the world, with the US having registered more than half a million deaths, this is a pandemic unlike any other that the word has encountered in recent times. In an attempt to reign in the spread of the virus, various measures have been undertaken by governments, agencies, as well as private entities from across the world. One of the most promising moves has been the development of the COVID-19 vaccine by a number of pharmaceutical entities. At present, vaccinations are ongoing in various parts of the world. It would, however, be important to note that efforts to…...

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HEALTHCAE Healthcare: Analysis of Medicare-Medicaid and Presidential Candidates Positions on HealthMedicare and Medicaid are two types of health coverage granted to people above 65 years or who have a low socioeconomic status (Cotton et al., 2016; Allen et al., 2021). They are run by the same government but are separate in certain terms. This paper aims to analyze how both the Presidential campaigns and their candidates stand by their positions of these two health insurance plans and how Covid 19 has impacted the politicization of both of them.Part 1: GridTable 1: A separate description of basic coverage under Medicaid and Medicare (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2018)MedicareMedicaidIntended to provide services for people aging 65 years or above, disabled individuals or suffering from end-stage renal illnesses (ESD)Intended to provide services to individuals belonging to low socioeconomic segment, pregnant women and childrenPart A: Hospital insuranceProvides services for inpatient hospitals, nursing facilities…...

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When most people think about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economics, they think of it as being purely destructive.  While there can be no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has created economic uncertainty in many sectors, leading to a loss of production and high unemployment rates in many areas, it cannot be ignored that the pandemic has also led to new opportunities for certain businesses.  Understanding those opportunities may be critical to the overall recovery of the global economy, as those industries that have experienced gains determine how to leverage them in a way that....

A synthesis essay is a type of essay that uses a variety of different sources to support a central claim.  The central claim must be well-supported within the synthesis essay, even if it is not the most likely claim or generally assumed to be true outside of the essay.  Writing a synthesis essay has two main parts: synthesizing sources and supporting your main claim.

It is possible to write a synthesis essay about a hypothetical claim, but it will be more difficult to find the literature to support your claim. That is because you will not....

One of the difficulties about writing a summary of any of the vaccines for the novel Coronavirus that is known as COVID-19 is that much of the information remains unknown.  In addition, because the vaccines created by Pfizer and Moderna are both mRNA vaccines, which are not a familiar type of vaccine, they create some additional questions.  How long will the vaccines be effective?  Are they safe?  Will they work to prevent infection by the newer strands of COVID-19?  Do they change your DNA as some people on the internet are suggesting? ....

For several years, healthcare has been an important topic, not just in the world at large, but also in academia.  Healthcare has been one of the fastest growing sectors of our economy, has offered a boom in terms of employment, and is a hot button political issue since access to healthcare remains very class-based in the modern United States.  The COVID-19 pandemic and what it has meant about access to health care and the quality of healthcare that is being provided has only made it that much more important to focus on