2).
The most serious complication from coronary artery disease is the possibility of a heart attack, which can occur when blood flow to an area of the heart muscle is completely blocked, preventing oxygen-rich blood from reaching that area of heart muscle. However, the effects upon other organs of the body of coronary artery disease are still being studied by scientists. Because genetics and lifestyle are both contributing factors in heart disease, and other inflammatory conditions like lung disease and metabolic syndrome may either help cause heart disease or be linked to similar lifestyle practices, more research still needs to be conducted in these areas. The one thing that is known about coronary artery disease is that it is deadly, and people can take steps to at least reduce their risk.

orks Cited

Bals, Robert & Claus Volgelmeir. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Premature Aging." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.…...

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Works Cited

Bals, Robert & Claus Volgelmeir. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Premature Aging." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 15 Jun 2007. 19 Nov 2007.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4085/is_20070615/ai_n19304875 

Coronary Artery Disease and Atherosclerosis." Health Concerns. 26 Mar 2006. 19 Nov 2007.  http://www.lef.org/protocols/heart_circulatory/coronary_artery_disease_atherosclerosis_01.htm 

Tellides, George. "Inflammation in Atherosclerosis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. Mar 2007. 19 Nov 2007.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_200703/ai_n18736863 

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease?" National Institute of Heath (NIH). Nov 2007. 19 Nov 2007.  http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_SignsAndSymptoms.html

Other symptoms are shortness of breath and heaviness on the chest, a sensation of tightness, pain, burning sensation, squeezing or pressure on the breastbone or in the arms, neck and jaws. However, some persons showed no symptoms of coronary artery disease before a heart attack and just died suddenly (De Milto).
eneficial and Adverse Effects of Treatment

The finding that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory response brought attention to the beneficial use of antibiotics in the treatment of coronary artery disease (Tarbutton & Mitra, 2007). The assumed infecting agent is Chlamydia pneumonia, which responded to the use of antibiotics in clinical trials. However, these first trials were small and need to be supplemented and confirmed by larger and multi-center trials (Tarbutton & Mitra).

Test findings showed that the use of statins reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (arry, 2006). Those with the least risks appeared to derive the greatest

Coronary Artery Disease 4 benefits from…...

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Bibliography

American Heart Association (2007). The normal heart and how it works. American Heart Association, Inc. Retrieved on November 16, 2008 at  http://www.americanheartassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=770 

Bassy, H. (2006). Statins effectively prevent coronary artery disease. American Family

Physician: American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved November 15, 2008 at  

Especially among diabetics and others who demonstrate silent ischemia in which symptoms of the condition remain suppressed, a regular doctor checkup can help reduce chances for heart attack or death. An ECG reading will help determine if the person has developed coronary artery disease. That person can then take steps to remedy the problem. Other diagnostic measures include the exercise stress test, a coronary angiography, an echocardiogram, nuclear scan, magnetic resonance angiography, and CT angiography (Chen 2011).
Treatment usually involves lifestyle changes, but other interventions may be necessary too. Aspirin can prevent blood clots from forming in arteries and therefore reduce risk of heart attack (Chen 2011). Certain patients can take aspirin daily as a preventative measure (Singh 2011). Other pharmacological interventions that are commonly used in the treatment of coronary artery disease include ACE inhibitors, which lower blood pressure and protect the kidneys (Chen 2011). Hormone replacement therapy was…...

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References

American Heart Association (2011). Risk factors and coronary heart disease. Retrieved online:  http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4726 

Boden, W.E., O'Rourke, R.A. & Teo, K.K. et al. (2007). Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease (COURAGE). N Engl J. Med. 2007; 356(15):1503-16.

Bryg, R.J. (2009). Coronary artery disease. WebMD. Retrieved online:  http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/heart-disease-coronary-artery-disease?page=3 

Chen, M.A. (2011). Coronary heart disease. PubMedHealth. June 21, 2010. Retrieved online:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004449/

Heart Disease (CAD: Coronary Artery Disease)
Online web site HeartPoint defines Coronary Artery Disease as Coronary artery disease generally refers to the buildup of cholesterol in the inside layers of the arteries. As shown here, this will slowly narrow the flow of blood through the vessel, and the muscle it supplies will not get enough blood. The plaque weakens the wall. As shown in the lower artery, a crack may develop in the plaque and a blood clot may form - this is the mechanism of most heart attacks.

Examples and Symptoms of Heart Disease

Heart attack is an example of a heart disease that may be sudden or may start as a mild pain. Some of its symptoms are: chest discomfort, in which the patient feels pain in the chest and may feel painful pressure or squeezing in the chest; discomfort in other areas of the upper body, in which the patient…...

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Bibliography

Coronary Artery Disease.

HeartPoint. 20 August 2003.  http://www.heartpoint.com/coronartdisease.html 

Heart Attack, Stroke, and Cardiac Arrest Warning Signs.

American Heart Association. 20 August 2003.  http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3053#Heart_Attack

Plan of Care CABG or coronary artery bypass graft surgery is advised in case of patients suffering from CAD (coronary artery disease). The aim of the operation is alleviating symptoms, prolonging life and improving QOL (quality of life). Every year, over 300,000 CAD- diagnosed individuals go through CABG surgeries in the US; the preliminary hospital charge for each patient is roughly 30,000 dollars. With continued improvement in surgical methods and peri- surgical care, patients who, at one time, couldn’t undergo surgery can now do so. The increased complexity of CABG cases makes it ever more critical to ensure sound collaboration between surgeons, anesthesiologists, perfusionists, nurses and other peri- surgical healthcare workers (Lamarche, Taddeo & Pepler, 1998).
CABG- related post- surgical care is a tricky business, owing to the fact that swift changes may take place in patient condition. Post- surgical care needs to take into account individual patients’ pre- surgical condition, in…...

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References

Doenges, M., Moorhouse, M., & Murr, A. (2012). Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. Retrieved from

Caron, M., & Sandra, T. (2006). Nursing Care of the Patient Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 21(2), 109 – 117.

Lamarche, D., Taddeo, R., & Pepler, C. (1998). The preparation of patients for cardiac surgery. Clin Nurs Res. 7, 390-405.

Murray, T., & Goodyear-Bruch, C. (2007). Ventilator-associated pneumonia improvement program. AACN Adv Crit Care, 18(2), 190-199.

Shorr, A., & Kollef, M. (2005). Ventilator-associated pneumonia-Insights from recent clinical trials. CHEST, 128(5), doi:10.13781/chest.128.5_suppl_2.583S

https://eclass.teicrete.gr/modules/document/file.php/YN130/Nursing%20Care%20Plans%2C%20Edition%209%20-%20Murr%2C%20Alice%2C%20Doenges%2C%20Marilynn%2C%20Moorehouse%2C%20Mary.pdf

Coronary Artery Disease Development of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary artery disease represents an obstruction or constricting (stenosis) of vessels and arteries which supplies the heart with oxygenated blood. The cause for CAD is atherosclerosis (arterial hardening), or a fatty plaque buildup on inner arterial linings. The resultant obstruction impedes blood flow across coronary arteries. The complete cut- off of blood flow leads to a heart attack (or myocardial infarction, in medical terms). CAD takes place when coronary arteries are partly obstructed or hindered, thus cutting off oxygen supply to heart muscles (i.e., myocardial ischemia). When the blockage is temporary or partial, angina (chest pain or pressure) may occur. The sudden, complete cut- off of blood flow due to the blockage leads to myocardial infarction (Milto, Costello, Davidson & Lerner, 2013).
CAD is a condition that sets it from a rather young age, a fact not many are aware of. Prior to adolescence,…...

Indeed, "time heals all wounds," even those resulting from open heart surgery, and the payoff was shown to be clearly worth the risks involved for most of the people who electively seek out the CABG procedure for their coronary heart disease.
eferences

CABG and PCI Each Have Strengths, Weaknesses Ann Intern Med. 2007 [Published online Oct.

16, 2007] cited in Latest research. (2007, November 2). Medical Economics, 84(21), 75.

Ben-Zur, H., appaport, B., Ammar, . & Uretzky, G. (2001). Coping strategies, life style changes and pessimism after open-heart surgery. Health and Social Work, 25(3), 201-

Kos-Munson, B. A, Alexander, L.D., Culbert, P.A., Hinthorn, E.L. & Goetze, C.M. (1988).

Psychosocial predictors of optimal rehabilitation post-coronary artery bypass surgery.

Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 2(3), 171-172.

Peterson, J.C., Charleson, M.E., Williams-usso, P. & Krieger, K.H. (2002). New

postoperative depressive symptoms and long-term cardiac outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(2), 192-193.

What is coronary artery…...

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References

CABG and PCI Each Have Strengths, Weaknesses Ann Intern Med. 2007 [Published online Oct.

16, 2007] cited in Latest research. (2007, November 2). Medical Economics, 84(21), 75.

Ben-Zur, H., Rappaport, B., Ammar, R. & Uretzky, G. (2001). Coping strategies, life style changes and pessimism after open-heart surgery. Health and Social Work, 25(3), 201-

Kos-Munson, B. A, Alexander, L.D., Culbert, P.A., Hinthorn, E.L. & Goetze, C.M. (1988).

Learning Objectives:

In support of the Terminal Objective, several key learning objectives will drive the content and curriculum for nurses undergoing the present training course. Primary among them, the training course is designed to create a standardized set of behaviors amongst nurses that conform with existing and evolving best practices in the perioperative care of CABG patients. This means that course content and design will be geared toward achieving procedural and professional consistency amongst attending nurses where preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative care are concerned.

An additional learning objective is to ensure that outgoing students are informed in the ethical and personal dimensions of the profession. Coronary surgical procedures are inherently serious in nature as are the heart and circulatory conditions that typically require such procedures. Therefore, it is of critical importance that nurses are trained in the proper bedside manner to approach patients, families and extended support systems with potentially difficult information,…...

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Works Cited:

Aroesty, J.M. (2010). Patient information: Recovery after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Up To Date, 19(2).

Cleveland Clinic (CC). (2011). Diseases and Conditions. my.ClevelandClinic.org.

Kulick, D. & Shiel, W.C. (2011). Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. MedicineNet.com.

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). (2010). What is Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. National Institute of Health.

CT scan or MA may result in the clinician oversight of some of the more subtle findings. It is expensive and the availability is limited.
It is possible to evaluate AS via angiogram, bet evaluation of the size of the stenosis tends to be imprecise. Additionally, angiography does not allow a cross-sectional assessment of the stenosis, and in the case of FMD, it is not possible to distinguish the different histological types, although intervention at the time of assessment is a possibility. Doppler sonography is able to measure the amount of blood flow, and is non-invasive. It tends to be highly invasive and is able to demonstrate problems with slow patterns and other issues which are highly suggestive of significant stenosis. Doppler ultrasound tends to be very operator dependent and the exam takes a significant amount of time. Additionally, the exam may be limited by abdominal girth, patient movement and…...

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Reference:

1. Paven G; Waugh R; Nicholson J; Gillin a; Hennessy a Nephrology (Carlton). 2006; 11(1):68-72

2. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (AHRQ)

Comparative Effectiveness of Management Strategies for Renal Artery Stenosis: AHRQ Executive Summary,), Rockville, Maryland;  http://hcup.ahrq.gov/HCUPnet.asp 

3. Dejani H, Eisen TD, Finkelstein FO: Revascularization of renal artery stenosis in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J. Kidney Dis 2000 Oct; 36(4): 752

hen an heart needs more oxygen, such in times of exercise, stress or pharmacological stimuli, blood flow is increased to fulfill this demand. However, the physiological narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up found in coronary disease restricts blood flow to the heart, especially in times of when an increase in myocardial oxygen is needed. These restrictions mean a lessened CFR for the individual, which can lead to coronary ischemia, cardiac infarction, and several other dangerous effects. This physiological change in the coronary system, through the build up of plaque, occurs for several reasons. Lack of physical activity and poor nutrition, with the consumption of certain fats and cholesterols, can facilitate plaque build up. High blood pressure, obesity, depression, and anxiety are also contributing factors (Pazoki, Nabiour, Seyednezami, and Imami).
There are different treatment options for coronary artery disease. Two treatment clinical options include lifestyle modification and revascularization. Lifestyle…...

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Works Cited

Kern, Morton, Amir Lerman, Jan-Willen Bech, Bernard De Bruyne, Eric Eeckhout, William Fearon, Stuart Higano, Michael Lim, and Martjin Meuwissen. "Physiological Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory ." American Heart Association Journal 114 (2006): 1321-1341. American Heart Association. Web. 16 Nov. 2010.

Pazoki, Raha, Iraj Nabipour, Nasrin Seyednezami, and Seyed Reza Imami. "Effects of a community-based healthy heart program on increasing healthy women's physical activity: a randomized controlled trial guided by Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)." BMC Public Health 7 (2007): 216-220. Print.

Rub, M., Cremer, J., Krian, a., Meinertz, T., Werdan, K., & Zerkowski, H. "Different Treatment Options in Chronic Coronary Artery Disease." Deutschs Arzteblatt International 106.15 (10 Apr 2009): 253-261.

Shirato, Susan, and Beth Ann Swan. "Women and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidentiary Review." MedSurg Nursing 19.5 (2010): 282-306. Print.

Chronic Illness: Coronary Heart Disease
Outline of Coronary Heart Disease

The Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) has been on the increase of late across the globe and this disease, alongside stroke have been the top causes of death in many countries like Australia (Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 2017). There have been cases of people succumbing to complications occasioned by the CHD hence the need for any medic or clinician to fully furnish themselves with the CHD and the causes and effects as well as how it can be managed.

CHD is a disuse characterized by the development of a waxy substance called plaque building up in the inner walls of the coronary arteries. These are the arteries responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles. The buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries results into atherosclerosis and this takes many years to pile up to harmful quantities. Over the…...

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References

Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, (2017). Heart disease and stroke are the top two causes of death -- and among the leading causes of disability -- in Australia. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  https://baker.edu.au/health-hub/fact-sheets/cardiovascular-disease?gclid=Cj0KEQjwt6fHBRDtm9O8xPPHq4gBEiQAdxotvNmN_YV05am6ts6wLgbbEPubE3I2Z6wwGSNl0AaycX0aAnFy8P8HAQ 

Cleveland Clinic, (2017). Coronary Artery Disease Symptoms. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/cad-symptoms 

Mayo Clinic, (2017). Coronary Heart Disease: Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/dxc-20165314 

Southern Cross, (2017). Coronary heart disease - causes, symptoms, prevention. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  https://www.southerncross.co.nz/group/medical-library/coronary-heart-disease-causes-symptoms-prevention

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is linked to genetic inheritance, and more than 250 genes have been explored as having potential links with CAD. Although these genes are thought not to directly pass on CAD, research has seen that some mutations within these particular genes actually increase the risk of CAD within an individual who as immediate family members who have already suffered from the affects of CAD. Further research has pinpointed six genes out of that larger batch which may also play a role in heart disease. As seen in people who have experienced heart disease, variations of these six genes prove relatively common in individuals under the age of sixty-six years old. Researchers are using these new and continuous findings regarding heart disease's genetic base in order to compile genetic testing which can prepare individuals to have to potentially take measures to avoid heart disease. Utilizing genetic testing…...

2010; Chorny et al. 2010). This research is still quite new, however, and the question remains as to whether or not nanoparticles can truly serve as a replacement for stents by prohibiting plaque growth through a variety of means, including more targeted and longer-range delivery of pharmaceutical substances that destroy such build-ups and inhibit plaque deposits from forming. The efficacy of this approach has already been preliminarily demonstrated, but the long-term viability and safety of this intervention method as well as attendant risks have not yet been fully determined (Chan et al. 2010; Chorny et al. 2010).
IV. Motivation for esearch

Despite the numerous advancements that have been made in treating plaque build-up in arteries and the general treatment and control of other cardiac issues, coronary artery disease is still the leading cause of death in North America and is a significant problem in other parts of the world, as well…...

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References

Chan, J., Zhang, L., Tong, R., Ghosh, D., Gao, W., Liao, G….Farokhzad, O. (2010). Spatiotemporal controlled delivery of nanoparticles to injured vasculature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, January 2010.

Chorny, M., Fishbein, I., Yellen, B., Alferiev, I., Bakay, M., Ganta, S….Levy, R. (2010). Targeting stents with local delivery of paclitaxel-loaded magnetic nanoparticles using uniform fields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, April 2010.

Kohn, J. & Zeltinger, J. (2005). Degradable, drug-eluting stents: a new frontier for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Expert review of medical devices, 2(6), pp. 667-71.

Schoenhagen, P. & Nissen, S. (2003). Assessing Coronary Plaque Burden and Plaque Vulnerability:Atherosclerosis Imaging With IVUS and Emerging Noninvasive Modalities. American Heart Hospital Journal 1(2), pp. 164-9.

Ankylosing Spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that attacks young males. It may lead to the fusion of the spine (Sarker, 2016). The fusion can result in the spin being rigid thereby making the patient develop a hunched back. Subsequently, the patient may have breathing problems because of the posture. Other inflammatory signs may show up in other parts of the body such as the eyes (Sieper & Braun, 2010).
Etiology and Incidences

Ankylosing's etiology is still unknown but there are pointers to a genetic risk and component. esearchers have highlighted the association it has with the HLA B27 gene. They have proposed ineffective mechanisms but they are seen to be less apparent as is the case with reactive arthritis.

The prevalence of Ankylosing spondylitis in the general population is low (0.1% to 1.4%). It is more prevalent among Caucasians than in members of other races. Those suffering from chronic lower back pain…...

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References

Ebringer, A., & Ebringer, A. (2012). Muscle Changes in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis and Klebsiella, 45-50. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4300-0_6

Gaidukova, I. Z., & Rebrov, A. P. (2016). THE RISK OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (BECHTEREW'S DISEASE) AND PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: A 10-YEAR PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP STUDY. The Clinician, 10(3), 26-31. doi:10.17650/1818-8338-2016-10-3-26-31

Moon, K., & Kim, Y. (2014). Medical Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Hip & Pelvis, 26(3), 129. doi:10.5371/hp.2014.26.3.129

Sarker, H. (2016). Case-45 Back Pain and Stiffness (Ankylosing Spondylitis). Short & Long Cases in Clinical Medicine, 354-357. doi:10.5005/jp/books/12920_46

Obesity: An Overview
hat is the disease?

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent metabolic disorder whereby a patient's BMI or body mass index, defined as the patient's weight in kilograms divided by the patient's height in meters squared in kilograms, is greater than 30. Obesity puts one at greater risk for a number of ailments, and a BMI less than 21 is associated with the greatest protection from coronary heart disease mortality and other life-threatening ailments affecting the heart, other vital organs, and the body's metabolism. (Eckel, 1997)

However, there are problems with the BMI-based definition of obesity, as many women with a BMI of near 30 may be less at risk for heart disease if their increase in adipose tissue is distributed in the pelvis and not the abdomen. Substantial evidence now indicates that an increased waist circumference, or waist-to-hip ratio, better predicts co-morbidities and mortality from obesity, such as heart disease and…...

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Works Cited

Benson, Lorna. (2003) "MPR: Obesity as a Disease." Minnesota Public Radio (MPH) Special Report. Retrieved 11 Aug 2005 at  http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/03/29_bensonl_desease/ 

Eckel, Robert H. (1997) "Obesity and Heart Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation. 96:3248-3250. Retrieved 11 Aug 2005 at  http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/9/3248#SEC1

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and damage to connective tissues throughout the body. These diseases can affect various organs and systems, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications. Recent literature reviews have shed light on the latest findings and advancements in the understanding and management of CTDs.

One of the key areas of research in connective tissue diseases is the role of genetic factors in predisposing individuals to these conditions. Recent studies have identified several genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of developing CTDs. For example, a review....

Advancements in Technology and their Impact on Cardiac Surgery Outcomes

Introduction:
Cardiac surgery, once a highly invasive and risky procedure, has undergone a transformative evolution due to technological advancements. These innovations have significantly enhanced patient outcomes, reduced complications, and improved the overall quality of life for those undergoing cardiac surgery.

Minimally Invasive Techniques:

Robotic Surgery: Robotic systems provide surgeons with enhanced precision and dexterity, enabling them to perform complex operations through small incisions. This results in less scarring, reduced pain, and faster recovery times.
Endoscopic Surgery: Endoscopes allow surgeons to access the heart through natural orifices or small incisions. This approach minimizes tissue....