A theory of international ventures: a decade of research
Theories about INV have benefitted from including theories and learning from cognitive psychology, economic geography, and business development and strategy. The scaffolding that Zahra has added to the foundational work of Oviatt and McDougal, has successfully articulated refinements to our understanding of competitive advantage as it forms and is sustained by new firms in international markets. From a focus on multinational enterprise (MNE), as first presented by Oviatt and McDougal, the field now has international new ventures (INV)in its sights.
Creating Competitive Advantages Through New Product Development
The transformation of many diverse forms of customer, supplier, internal development, and research & development (R&D) insights into a consistent and productive platform for product development is key to long-term competitive growth. The reliance on advanced frameworks for organizing these diverse sources of innovation into taxonomies that can eventually be used to fuel new products is often called the New Product Development (NPD) process. As every company has a unique, highly differentiated and often highly customized business model, the same holds true for the NPD process. Companies over time define the NPD process to align with their unique technological and market strengths. Comparing the NPD process at Salesforce, the leading provider of SaaS-based CRM software versus Apple makes this point clearly. Salesforce is known for very rapid product releases of the CRM applications and exceptionally quick updates. Conversely, Apple is known for being slow and deliberate in their user experience design criterion and extremely secretive about their NPD process. Both companies are market leaders in their fields, one in a digital product and the other, in a physical product. As is the case with any 21rst century product, both have electronics and software heavily embedded within each of them. The digital product, which is Salesforces' CRM application, has a much more accelerated product development and testing cycle associated with it, as the company is aggressively pursuing market share against large, entrenched rivals. Conversely, Apple on the hardware side of businesses is often creating their own new markets through efficient use of intellectual capital and innovative, user experience-based designs. Both companies are market leaders in large part due to the success of their continual execution of their NPD processes and strategies.
Strategic Advantage Competitive Advantage Within the Global
In this paper, we explore the concept of resource-based view in gaining of strategic advantage within the global retail industry. Our focus will be in the use of information technology as a resource in drawing a e-strategy for the purpose of gaining a strategic advantage with a focus on the global retail sector. The organizations in our focus being global leading retailers ; Wal-Mart,Metro AG,Carrefour and Tesco.