International Business
The first thing that can be concluded is that Spain has an absolute competitive advantage in both boats and trucks. Spain's comparative advantage in boats is 3:2 but its comparative advantage in trucks is 2:1. Therefore, Spain should produce trucks and Portugal should produce boats. This is because when a country has absolute advantage in two goods, then comparative advantage is in the good where it has the greater advantage. The other country has comparative advantage in the other good.

If the table illustrates what the productive capacity of the country is where these two goods are produced as a trade-off, then the following conditions exist:

Spain

Portugal

Total

Trucks

Boats

With the new plan, Spain doing trucks and Portugal doing boats, the outputs are as follows:

Spain

Portugal

Total

Trucks

Boats

The total economic output is greater. There are fewer boats -- hopefully these countries didn't need five boats because now they only have four -- but there are many more…...

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References

Investopedia (2015). Comparative advantage. Investopedia. Retrieved December 12, 2015 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/comparativeadvantage.asp 

Investopedia (2015). Opportunity cost. Investopedia Retrieved December 12, 2015 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp

The measurement error may come from any number of omitted variables.
esearchers also found that when the dependent variable is relative exports, productivity shows slightly better results than unit labor costs, but the reverse is the case when the dependent variable is bilateral trade balances.

In other words, the authors discovered 'fairly strong [empirical] support" for the icardian model despite the intense difficulties in structuring international comparisons between productivity and labor compensation (although the authors found their PPP approach valuable). The authors concluded that:

in the vast majority of cases, relative productivity and unit labor cost help to explain U.S. bilateral trade pattern, particularly when sector-specific purchasing-power-parity exchange rates are used. In most cases, only a small part of the variation of trade patterns is explained by the model, but this is common in cross-sectional analysis (Golub & Hseih (2000), p.231).

They concluded that "despite its extreme simplicity, the icardian model continues to…...

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References

Ashenfelter, O. & Jurajda, a (2001). Cross-country comparisons of wage rates, http://www.crei.cat/activities/sc_conferences/12/ashenfe.pdf

Costinot, a., D. Donaldson and I. Komunjer (2011) What Goods Do Countries Trade?

A Quantitative Exploration of Ricardo's Ideas, Review of Economic Studies, forthcom-

ing

Ricardo's Theory Of Competitive Advantage
Ricardo's Competitive Advantage Theory in international trade is as valid today as when it was first proclaimed. Ricardo's theory holds that every country should engage in free trade, just as Adam Smith alleged that all individuals should engage in free and fair trade. Smith stated that all human beings specialize, produce goods or service in excess of what they need, and thus can barter or exchange for monetary value for those goods in a national marketplace. (Smith, 1776) Ricardo agreed with this is also applicable in the international marketplace. (Ricardo, 1817)

The principle of comparative advantage for nations may seem "clearly counter-intuitive. Many results from the formal model may seem contrary to simple logic." (Suranovic, 2003) However, Ricardo's commodity exchange example demonstrated numerically that if England specialized in producing one of the two goods, and if Portugal produced the other, then total world output of both goods…...

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Works Cited

Mill, John Stuart (1848) Principles of Political Economy.

Porter, Michael. (2004) "Competitive Strategy Framework (porter)." Value-Based Management.net. Last updated: August 5, 2004.  http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_competitive_strategy.html 

Smith, Adam (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

Ricardo, David (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.

International Trade Concepts
Absolute and Comparative Advantage

Absolute Advantage

An absolute advantage is achieved when one country can produce a product at a lower cost than any other country, potentially gaining absolute control of the market for that good or service. Absolute advantage provides a country with leverage in international trade as it builds assets or wealth. Absolute advantage's can have a finite life as circumstances change. In the past French wine held absolute advantage, but recently, U.S., Australian, and New Zealand wines have started to become very competitive relative to French wines. In the United States, Ford Motor Company held absolute advantage, then General Motors, and finally other U.S. companies and foreign imports moved into the market. Absolute advantages are rare today, however some countries manage to approximate absolute advantages in some products. Climate differences can give some nations or regions an advantage in growing certain plants. Saffron is perhaps the world's…...

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References

Kurtz, D.L. (2010). Contemporary Business. 13th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

National American University (2009, November 11). International business instructional materials. Version 3. Rapid City, SD: National American University.

Political Economy
Say's law is that "production is the source of demand" (Investopedia, 2015). The idea is that when an individual produces a work, they receive payment for it, and then use that payment to purchase other goods and services. Say's law conveniently ignores savings, but even more importantly assumes that all goods have equal demand, and that demand will arise from nowhere for any good on the basis that it has been produced.

Say's law would fail to hold on these accounts. While there is some argument that Say's law may hold in the long run, in the short run there are all kinds of issues with its logic (EconLib, 2015). In a monetary economy, savings is certainly going to be one of those problems. Savings represent a drain on the economy, in that money is not being put into productive use. In the modern era, savings might be put into…...

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References

EconLib (2015). Jean-Baptiste Say. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved May 14, 2015 from  http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Say.html 

Investopedia (2015). Say's law of markets. Investopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2015 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/says-law.asp

DuPont usiness Strategy: Competitive Advantage and Comparative Advantage
Porter's Forces

PEST Analysis

Matching Company Capabilities and the External Environment

DuPont's Competitive Position

SWOT Analysis and Mann's Country Profile

Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Porter's Forces

PEST Analysis

Matching Company Capabilities and the External Environment

DuPont's Competitive Position

SWOT Analysis and Mann's Country Profile

Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations

The DuPont Company is renowned as one of the best known manufacturing facilities in the International community. It was started in 1802 by the French Immigrant Eleuthere Irenee du Pont de Nemours and later became known as the E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company1. The company has several brands that have become household named such as Teflon®, Sliverstone®, Kevlar® fiber, and Mylar® polyester films. DuPont is an International giant, operating in 70 countries with nearly 175 manufacturing and processing facilities. The facilities manufacture a number of products including 140 chemical and specialty plants, 27 natural gas processing plants, and 8 petroleum refineries. The product offerings of…...

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Bibliography

BASF Corporation. (2003) "Fortune Rating Puts BASF Number One in the Global Chemical Industry." February 26, 2003.. Accessed march, 2003.http://dai.multexinvestor.com/MGI/news.asp?target=stocks%2Fcompanyinformation%2Fnews&Ticker=BF&TEXT=CMTX:20030226:057p8840

Best Me.(2003) "Strategy for the 1990s and Beyond. Accessed March, 2003.http://best.me.berkeley.edu/~pps/pps/dupont_strategy.html.

Carruthers, N. And Wozniak, M.(2002) "DuPont." Krause Fund Research. Fall, 2002.   Accessed March, 2003.http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/krause/DuPont_F02.pdf .

Ding, H. And Peters, L. (2003)"Leveraging Knowledge in Discontinuous Innovation through Strategic Alliances. Lally School of Management and Technology." Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Accessed March, 2003.http://mint.mcmaster.ca/nbc/ding.htm.

International Trade and Comparative Advantage
Because trade between nations is as ancient as mankind itself, there have been a number of theories advanced over the years to help account for why some countries seem to benefit more than others in the process. To this end, this paper provides an overview of trade theories according to Adam Smith and Ricardo to determine how free trade has adversely affected developing countries in general and Egypt and the Middle East in particular. An examination of different trade policies in developing countries and how these policies assisted some countries but not others is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

Background and Overview of Trade Theories. Early on, David Ricardo examined the laws that seemed to control the distribution of everything that could be produced by the "three classes of the community" (e.g., the landlords, the workers, and the owners of capital) (Spengler…...

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Works Cited

"Dividends of Fear: America's $94 Billion Arab Market Export Loss." Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 22(6):IM.

Egypt. (2005). U.S. Government: CIA World Factbook. Available:   / cia/publications/factbook/geos/eg.html.http://www.cia.gov 

Frieden, Jeffry A. And David A. Lake. International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global

Power and Wealth. London: Routledge, 2000.

country has absolute advantage over other countries in producing a certain line of goods if it can produce those goods at a higher productivity level or a lower cost (Suranovic, 2015; Kilic, 2002). In contrast, a country has comparative advantage if it can produce the same goods at a lower opportunity cost than other countries (Suranovic, Kilic). These are the brief meanings of these two terms.
A country possesses absolute advantage if it is more efficient than other countries in producing a good (Kilic, 2002). It possesses comparative advantage if it is relatively more efficient in producing that good than other countries. Efficiency is relatively measured in a country with comparative advantage. Some countries possess only comparative advantage because their resources and technological level are limited. Their trading advantage rests in opportunity cost in relation to the production of a certain good in comparison with another country. This leads countries…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kilic, R. (2002). Absikyte abd cinoaratuve advantage: ricardian Model. Lecture 3. Michigan

State University. Retrieved on June 23, 2015 from  http://www.msu.edu/course/ec/340/snapshot.afs/Kilic/lecture3.pdf 

Suranovic, S. (2015). International trade theory and policy. Chapter 40. Retrieved on June 23, 2015 from  http://www.internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch40/T40-0.php

International Trade
Free trade, based on the theory of comparative advantage, is a textbook ideal that does not exist in the real world. Free trade would be entirely uninhibited. When icardo imagined the idea, just to make the concept work he had to ignore things like transaction costs, transportation costs and other real life variables. Thus, today, where such variables exist in near-infinite complexity, free trade would be impossible, and the best we can do is to work toward it, which is the objective of modern trade agreements.

The basic principle of free trade via comparative advantage is that two countries can trade with each other in the goods/services in which they have comparative advantage. Even at the time the idea was proposed, it would have been evident that free trade was only an ideal, and could not exist in perfect form in the real world. First, different nations trade in different…...

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References

Readings in Economic Issues & Public Policy" ISBN 13-978-1-256-58979-2 (Pearson)

Economics of nations Absolute advantage in trade and specifically production is when a given country has the best and most efficient way of producing the goods than any other country involved in that given trade. On the other hand, the comparative advantage focuses on a single country producing say two products and the same products being produced by another country. If country X can produce product A at cheaper economic sacrifice and cost than they produce product B, yet country Y can produce product B at a cheaper economic sacrifice and cost than A, it can then be said that country X has a comparative advantage in product A as compared to country Y and the same applied to country Y on product B.
The country in consideration here is Brazil, its top major exports are sugarcane, beef, motor vehicles and spare parts, textiles and steel. On the beef, textile and sugarcane…...

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References

CIA, (2018). World Factbook: US. Retrieved May 18, 2018 from

Lore Central, (2018). Advantages and Disadvantages of Protectionism. Retrieved May 18, 2018 from https://www.lorecentral.org/2017/11/advantage-disadvantage-protectionism.html

US Debt Clock, (2018).US National Debt. Retrieved May 18, 2018 from http://www.usdebtclock.org/

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html

Absolute Advantage
A worker has an absolute advantage in the production of a good relative to another if it can produce the good at lower cost or with higher productivity (Armington, 1969). In this model we would say that worker 1 has an absolute advantage in both plumbing and masonry when compared to the worker 2. It is because worker 1 takes less number of hours in both of the activities: plumbing and masonry. In other words:

4< 5, therefore in each of the case worker 1 has an absolute advantage.

Comparative Advantage

A worker has a comparative advantage over the other worker when he/she can produce that good at a lower opportunity cost relative to another worker (Arrow, 1974). Opportunity cost is defined generally as the value of the next best opportunity. In the context of the workers, workers have the opportunities either to work in masonry or plumbing (Chiang. And Masson, 1988).…...

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References

Armington, P. "A Theory of Demand for Products Distinguished by Place of Production." IMF Staff Papers, 16, 1969, 159-78.

Arrow, K.J. "The Theory of Discrimination," in Discrimination in Labor Markets, edited by 0. Ashenfelter and A. Rees. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974.

Chiang. S., and R. Masson. "Domestic Industrial Structure and Export Quality." International Economic Review, 29, 1988, 261-70.

Comparative Advantages
1. The question of whether agreements like OPT should be restricted and apparel retailers be allowed to import from the most cost-effective countries is a false dichotomy. The two are not mutually exclusive. If there is an OPT agreement within the EU, that does not force H&M to buy from EU nations; it simply gives them an incentive to do so. H&M can still trade with other nations, under whatever trade agreements exist between the EU and those nations. If India and China have competitive advantage in textiles, then they will win the trade. But by no means is H&M forced to trade within the EU.

The reality that even with an OPT agreement, EU producers still do not have competitive advantage – that India and China exist as lower-cost producers – certainly calls into question the value of having the OPT agreements at all. The agreements probably served a…...

Emissions Trading
"A basic principle Economics comparative advantage: a country produces goods producing, bad. The traditional story includes relative endowments capital labor, capital intensity goods matters. Now add environmental externalities.

Comparative advantage in emissions trading: The environment and economics

Although it was not signed by the United States, at the time of its drafting, the Kyoto Protocol was considered a major advancement in attempts to curb global warming by limiting emissions. However, the international agreement also brought the controversial practice of emissions trading of pollutions credits to the forefront of the concerns of the world environmental movement. "Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare - emissions permitted them but not 'used' - to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets" (International emissions trading, 2013, Kyoto). In other words, 'cleaner' nations could sell their credits to dirtier…...

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References

Emissions trading. (2013). ITEA. Retrieved from:  http://www.ieta.org/emissions-trading 

International emissions trading. (2013). Kyoto. Retrieved from:

 http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/emissions_trading/items/2731.php 

Ramsey, M. (2013).Tesla earns $40 million selling pollution credits. The Wall Street Journal.

This virtually means that the international community could soon observe mutations in the type and nature of the outsourced processes.
In general terms, companies are looking to outsource growing numbers of more complex operations as they are not willing to assume the risks and make the necessary investments. In this order of ideas, they outsource the operations to firms which have already made the investments and assumed the risks. "Organizations are reluctant to invest in and maintain cutting-edge technology and technical specialists internally, when they know that similar assets exist externally, and were developed with others' investment and risk" (Greaver).

While the companies recognized and capitalized on the benefits of outsourcing, the communities identified the limitations of the processes. The most common dissatisfaction was linked to the fact that outsourcing took jobs away from national workers and gave them to foreigners. In 2003, over 300,000 jobs within the United States were…...

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References:

2009, International Association of Outsourcing Professionals Predicts Top 10 Outsourcing Trends to Watch for in 2010, International Association of Outsourcing Professionals,   / last accessed on March 15, 2010http://www.outsourcingprofessional.org/content/23/196/1967 

2009, the benefits of outsourcing, Outsource2India,   last accessed on March 15, 2010http://www.outsource2india.com/why_outsource/articles/benefit_outsourcing.asp 

Benaud, C.L., Bordeianu, S., 1998, Outsourcing library operations in academic libraries: an overview of issues and outcomes, Libraries Unlimited, ISBN 1563085097

Bucki, J., 2010, Top 6 outsourcing disadvantages, About.com,   last accessed on March 15, 2010http://operationstech.about.com/od/outsourcing/tp/OutSrcDisadv.htm 

Business
Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

An increasingly popular commercial trend has been outsourcing. It has been estimated in 2011 alone more than 2.2 million jobs were outsourced by U.S. firms and 43% of IT services firms undertaking some type of outsourcing (Statistic Brain, 2012). For this level of outsourcing to exist there must be potentially significant advantages, however there are also likely to be disadvantages.

Key advantages may be summarized as gaining efficiencies while reducing both costs and some risks. Outsourcing services to a specialist firm may allow an organization to gain expertise that they may not be able to afford to bring in if recruiting for in-house staff (Kroenke, 2011). Experienced high level experts can be hired by outsourcing firm with the higher salaries associated with the expertise affordable as each client is only using the expertise for a limited number of hours (Kroenke, 2011). This not only allows does access…...

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References

Kroenke, David M, (2011), Using MIS, Prentice Hall

Mintzberg Henry, Ahlstrand Bruce, Lampel Joseph B. (2008), Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Financial Times / Prentice Hall

Statistics Brian, (2011), Job Outsourcing Statistics, [online]   accessed 26th May 2013http://www.statisticbrain.com/outsourcing-statistics-by-country 

Globalization has greatly influenced the interconnectedness of economies across the world by breaking down barriers to trade and investment, allowing for easier movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. This has led to a more integrated global economy where countries are increasingly dependent on each other for economic growth and stability.

Globalization has also increased competition in the global marketplace, forcing companies to become more efficient and innovative in order to remain competitive. This has led to a greater level of specialization and division of labor, with countries focusing on producing goods and services in which they have a comparative....

Globalization and Economic Interconnectedness

Globalization, the interconnectedness of nations and peoples through trade, finance, and communication, has profoundly influenced the economies of the world. It has fostered a complex web of interdependencies, leading to a more interconnected and interdependent global economy.

Trade and Investment

Globalization has broken down trade barriers and reduced transportation costs, leading to a surge in global trade. Multinational corporations have established production facilities and supply chains in multiple countries, creating dense networks of trade flows. Countries have specialized in producing goods and services where they have a comparative advantage, leading to greater efficiency and lower consumer prices. Foreign direct....

Protectionist Trade Policies and the Development of Emerging Economies

Protectionism, a trade policy aimed at shielding domestic industries from foreign competition, shapes the trajectory of emerging economies in the global marketplace. While it can provide short-term relief, protectionism often hinders long-term economic growth and international integration.

Short-Term Benefits of Protectionism:

Infant Industry Argument: Protectionist measures can provide temporary support to nascent industries in emerging economies, allowing them to develop and compete with established foreign firms.
Job Creation: Protectionism can protect certain domestic industries, preserving jobs that might otherwise be lost to foreign competitors.
National Security: In some cases, protectionism can safeguard critical....

How Prioritizing Sustainability Enhances Project Resilience through Absorptive and Adaptive Capacities
Prioritizing sustainability in project management fosters a robust and adaptable foundation for projects, significantly enhancing their resilience in the face of a rapidly changing world. By adopting a sustainability mindset, projects can cultivate two crucial capacities: absorptive capacity and adaptive capacity, which enable them to respond effectively to evolving circumstances and mitigate potential risks.
Absorptive Capacity
Absorptive capacity refers to a project's ability to acquire and assimilate new knowledge and capabilities external to the project environment. Projects that prioritize sustainability inherently possess a heightened absorptive capacity due to their focus on continuous....