Community Policing Efficacy
The Violent Crime Control & Law Enforcement Act of 1994 heralded the beginning of a massive effort to reform policing strategies in the United States, in part through implementation of community-policing programs at the local level. Congress has allocated billions of federal dollars over the years since to support such efforts and by the end of the 20th century, close to 90% of all police departments serving communities larger than 25,000 reported implementing community policing strategies. However, empirical studies examining the effectiveness of this style of policing are limited and most reveal a modest improvement. This report examines studies that have revealed some of the factors that contributed to the failure of community policing programs to meet the expectations of policy makers. A lack of police organizational commitment and citizen leadership are major factors that have undermined attempts to implement community policing more fully.

Community Policing Efficacy

Introduction

With passage of…...

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References

Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1994). Understanding Community Policing: A Framework for Action. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 15 June 2012 from www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/commp.pdf.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2012). National Crime Victimization Survey Violent Crime Trends, 1973-2008. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 June 2012 from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/glance/tables/viortrdtab.cfm.

CJCJ (Center on Juvenile & Criminal Justice). (1999). Chattering "broken window": An analysis of San Francisco's alternative crime policies. CJCJ.org. Retrieved 18 June 2012 from www.cjcj.org/files/shattering.pdf.

Clarke, Ronald, V. And Eck, John E. (2005). Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 June 2012 from www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/CrimeAnalysis60Steps.pdf.

Community Policing
One of the renowned names in community policing is Sir obert Peel who helped found the London Metropolitan Police unit that was meant to be closer to the people than any other time before. Sir obert had the objective of creating a community where "…the police are the public and the public are the police…" as indicated by Braiden, (1992). He envisioned a community where the idea of policing is closely linked between the formal police force and the community participation in the control, deterrence and termination of crimes in the entire England. This was a trend that was to be adopted in many parts of the world including the U.S.A.

Bearing the various successes that community policing has achieved, my support goes for the program and there is need to strengthen it and make it work better and more adaptable to the ever changing community. Initially, the crimes rates…...

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Reference

Braiden & Chris (1992). "Enriching Traditional Police Roles." Police Management: Issues

and Perspectives. Police Executive Research Forum. 1992: p.108: Washington, D.C. Retrieved August 28, 2012 from  http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/commp.pdf 

Conrad Adenauer, (2005). A Brief guide to Police History. Retrieved August 28, 2012 from http://faculty.ncwc.edu/mstevens/205/205lect04.htm

Jeffery Peterson, (2012). Early American Policing. Retrieved August 28, 2012 from  http://www.lectlaw.com/files/cjs07.htm

Community policing is a strategy that requires both new attitudes and commitments from citizens and new attitudes and commitments from police officers. It builds on the basic practices of policing by emphasizing cooperation between the police department and the citizenry, by emphasizing the prevention of crimes as opposed to just catching perpetrators, and by developing long-term solutions to existing and potential problems in the community (U.S. Department of Justice [DOJ], nd). The goals of community policy include reducing crime; reducing the fear of crime; restoring and maintaining a sense of order to the community; and building and strengthening bonds between the citizens, police, and state and local governments (DOJ, nd).
The history of community policing goes as far back as the beginnings of governmental policing and the beginnings of law enforcement agencies. Sir obert Peel is generally acknowledged as the originator of modern law enforcement agencies as he spearheaded the formation…...

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References

Brennan, R.E., & Valcic, B. (2012). Shifting perspectives -- How the masks we wear can facilitate

and inhibit channels of communication in the social -- environmental policy context. Ocean & Coastal Management, 62, 1-8.

Densten, I.L. (1999). Senior Australian law enforcement leadership under examination. Policing and International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 22(1), 45-57.

Engel, R.S. (2003). Influence of supervisor style on patrol officer behavior. Washington, DC:

Community policing is a philosophy that endorses organizational strategies, which support the orderly use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime (Community Policing Defined, n.d.).
Customarily, police organizations have responded to crime after it takes place and, therefore, are planned to support routine patrol, rapid response to calls for service, arrests, and follow-up investigation. Community policing calls for a more strategic and thoughtful integration of these aspects of police business into an overall broader police mission focused on the proactive prevention of crime and disorder (The ole of Traditional Policing in Community Policing, 2008).

Community policing advocates for the strategic application of routine patrol that is conducted with an eye toward preferred outcomes. ather than just conducting routine patrol because that is how it has always done it, routine patrol should be…...

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References

About Neighborhood Watch. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.usaonwatch.org/about/neighborhoodwatch.aspx

Community Policing Defined. (n.d.). Retrieved from  http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?item=36 

Law Enforcement Career Exploring. (2011). Retrieved from  http://exploring.learningforlife.org/services/career-exploring/law-enforcement/ 

The Role of Traditional Policing in Community Policing. (2008). Retrieved from  http://cops.usdoj.gov/html/dispatch/march_2008/nugget.html

Community Policing
According to the United States Department of Justice's Community Oriented Policing Services Website, "Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime." Community policing is defined in similar ways throughout local police departments, although there are enough differences to make the concept of community policing difficult to pinpoint. Partnership and cooperation are the primary features of community policing, as are the goals of reducing crime through prevention and long-term public safety strategies. The Department of Justice's three main components of community policing include community partnerships, organizational transformation, and problem solving. Each of these components will ensure a successful implementation of a community policing program.

One of the drawbacks to community policing is its nebulous and ambiguous interpretation by…...

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References

Bureau of Justice Assistance (1994). Understanding community policing: A framework for action. Retrieved online:  https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/commp.pdf 

Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012). Community policing. Retrieved online: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=81

Friedmann, R.R. (1996). Community Policing: Some Conceptual and Practical Considerations. Home Affairs Review, 1996. Volume XXXIV ( No. 6): 114-23

Lincoln Police Department, Lincoln, Nebraska (n.d.). What is community policing? Retrieved online:  http://www.lincoln.ne.gov/city/police/cbp.htm

Community Policing
Instructions: eview literature locate article study addressing a Criminal Justice Organization deals: Community Policing Changes operations a result terrorist attacks 9/11 if a corrections facility, operations a result technology, regulations, demographics.

Changes within a criminal justice organization:

Community policing article review

Lord, V.B., Kuhns, J.B., & Friday, P.C. (2009). Small city community policing and citizen satisfaction. Policing, 32(4), 574-594. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510911000713

Community policing has become a popular approach to improve neighborhood-police relations in many cities, but according to the article "Small city community policing and citizen satisfaction," few studies have been conducted to examine its efficacy in more intimate contexts. The article's profiled a small, Southern city which had implemented a community-oriented policing approach and surveyed citizen perceptions before and after the implementation (Lord, Kuhns, & Friday 2009). The research study was quantitative and used a comparative, longitudinal approach to analyzing the data.

The authors noted that measuring changes that are due to community policing…...

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References

Lord, V.B., Kuhns, J.B., & Friday, P.C. (2009). Small city community policing and citizen satisfaction. Policing, 32(4), 574-594. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510911000713 

SARA model. (2013). Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. Retrieved from:

 http://www.popcenter.org/about/?p=sara 

Situational crime prevention. (2013). Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. Retrieved from:

he theory has been used as the basis for several reforms in criminal policy, including the reemphasis upon police foot patrols of neighborhoods and of community policing.
he broken windows theory is supported by several empirical studies. At the same time it has also been subjected to a huge amount of criticism from sociologists and nonsociologists alike. In Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities George L. Kelling and co-author Catharine Cole expand upon the original article develop it in much greater detail. hey discuss the theory in relation to crime and strategies that contain or eliminate crime from neighborhoods in urban centers and to explore the community aspects of the problem. A successful strategy for preventing vandalism is therefore to fix the problems when they are small and correctable. If the community repairs the broken windows within a short time vandals are less likely to…...

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This theory was introduced into the most recent discussion in a 1982 article in the Atlantic magazine by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Killing. Since then it has been the subject of great debate both within the social sciences as well as in the public arena. The theory has been used as the basis for several reforms in criminal policy, including the reemphasis upon police foot patrols of neighborhoods and of community policing.

The broken windows theory is supported by several empirical studies. At the same time it has also been subjected to a huge amount of criticism from sociologists and nonsociologists alike. In Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities George L. Kelling and co-author Catharine Cole expand upon the original article develop it in much greater detail. They discuss the theory in relation to crime and strategies that contain or eliminate crime from neighborhoods in urban centers and to explore the community aspects of the problem. A successful strategy for preventing vandalism is therefore to fix the problems when they are small and correctable. If the community repairs the broken windows within a short time vandals are less likely to break more windows or do further damage. Clean up the sidewalk every day, and the tendency is for litter not to accumulate. Problems do not escalate, preventing the respectable residents from fleeing a neighborhood. The article deals more with the emphasis upon foot patrols and community policing.

The strength of the article in analyzing the effect of foot patrols and community policing is that it takes a historical approach and looks at the change in public perceptions of crime and disorder. According to the authors of the Atlantic article, the process we call urban decay has occurred for centuries in every city, but what is happening today is different two important ways. First, in the period before World War II, city residents because of money costs, transportation for many could rarely

Community Policing
Are community policing models an effective way of containing criminal activity and keeping neighborhoods safe? Should a city, town, or suburb adopt a "community policing model" as a way to take the pressure off the professional law enforcement resources? This paper takes the position that trained law enforcement personnel are best able to do the policing in communities. That said, it is true that alert citizens can keep their neighborhoods safer if they are being watchful, but this paper will present research that reflects concerns and doubts as to citizens' competence to police their own communities, and doubts as to the appropriateness of police interacting with neighborhood citizen groups in crime-prevention strategies.

A Case Study of Officer Perceptions

An article in The American Review of Public Administration describes community policing as being based on the notion that "…public safety is best achieved when police and community members work together to solve…...

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Works Cited

Glaser, Mark A., and Denhardt, Janet. (2010). Community Policing and Community

Building: A Case Study of Officer Perceptions. The American Review of Public

Administration. Vol. 40, 309-323.

Klausen, Jytte. (2009). British Counter-Terrorism After 7/7: Adapting Community

Community Policing
According to the U.S. Department of Justice is a "philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime" (cited in www.cops.usdog.gov). From the community's perspective, it means that the policy and organizations within the community form partnerships to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement. The gist is to provide opportunities for more dialog and communication so the community will trust the police, the police will trust the community, and there will be more opportunities to liaison between individuals and police (Miller, 2007).

Over the last four decades the philosophy of policing has undergone a dramatic change, especially in the United States. Ever since 1968 and the Kent State and Chicago Democratic Convention, the idea of use of force, public accountability, and civil…...

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REFERENCES

Barlow, D 2000, Police in a Multicultural Society, Waveland Press, Long Grove, IL.

Goldstein, H. (2001). What is POP? Center for Problem Oriented Policing. Retrieved from:  http://www.popcenter.org/about/?p=whatiscpop 

Greene, J.R. (2000). Community Policing in America: Changing the Nature, Structure, and Function of the Police. Policies, Processes, and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from:  https://www.ncjrs.gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_3/03g.pdf 

Miller, L. And K. Hess, (2007), Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving,

Police departments often need to address issues of organizational culture. That speaks to how things are done in the department. The culture is often focused on the procession of crime and criminals and not on prevention. An introduction of community policing can cause a shift in emphasis so that the culture of the organization mutates in response.
These changes also relate to resources and their management. The shift to community policing requires that the police themselves be trained to interface differently with the community. They need to consider how they discharge their power as officers. Even performance evaluation is given fresh consideration as the new view of evaluation will include a component on the interaction with the community and the degree of success achieved through that interaction.

The change also spills into the fiscal management of the service. The monetary resources are to be channeled in a direction that supports the…...

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References

Bayley DH & Shearing, C.D. (1996).The future of policing. Law & Society Review

30 (3): 585-606.

Community oriented policing services. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36

Community policing defined. (n.d.) U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community

Ellison distinguishes middle and upper-class neighborhood communities and suggests that middle-class neighborhoods are the most receptive to collaborative association with police agencies, while upper class neighborhoods tend to rally together in the immediate aftermath of specific criminal activity that affects the community, but are less likely to maintain a sustained community-police collaboration after the specific crime concern is resolved. Nolan refers indirectly to the same issue in characterizing different neighborhood community-police agency relationships as exhibiting elements of interdependence, dependence, and conflict. In Ellison's terminology, Nolan's interdependence corresponds to his characterization of homogeneous low-crime, middle class communities. Similarly, in Ellison's terminology, Nolan's dependence corresponds to his characterization of upper-class neighborhoods; finally Nolan's state of conflict corresponds to high-crime lower-class communities that are least receptive to community policing approaches according to both articles.

Conclusion:

Both articles describe some of the difficulties often encountered in implementing community policing strategy, although differing in their more specific…...

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References

Duff, H.W. Concerned Reliable Citizens' Program. Federal Bureau of Investigation Law Enforcement Journal. Vol. 75 No. 8 (Aug/06).

Nolan, J., Conti, N, McDevitt, J. Situational Policing. Federal Bureau of Investigation Law Enforcement Journal. Vol. 74 No. 11 (Nov/05).

Ellison, J. Community Policing: Implementation Issues. Federal Bureau of Investigation Law Enforcement Journal. Vol. 75 No. 4 (Apr/06).

One of the primary reasons for this was the ever-changing frameworks of the communities as well as the evolution of crimes and violent outbreaks in the world. In a relevant research, the ureau of Justice Assistance confirms that "Practitioners agree that there is a pressing need for innovation to curb the crises in many communities. oth the level and nature of crime in this country and the changing character of American communities are causing police to seek more effective methods. Many urban communities are experiencing serious problems with illegal drugs, gang violence, murders, muggings, and burglaries. Suburban and rural communities have not escaped unscathed. They are also noting increases in crime and disorder" (Monograph, 1994).
The fact of the matter is that community policing is an offshoot form the democratic philosophy. In such a dynamic and evolutionary atmosphere of societies, it is integral for the police authorities to establish a…...

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Bibliography

Lyons, W. (1999). The Politics of Community Policing: Rearranging the Power to Punish. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Mastrofski, S.D.; Parks, R.B.; Reiss, A.J., JR.; and Worden, R.F. (1998). Policing Neighborhoods: A Report from Indianapolis. Research in Brief Preview. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.

Mastrofski, S.D.; Parks, R.B.; Reiss, A.J., JR.; and Worden, R.F. (1999). Policing Neighborhoods: A Report from St. Petersburg. Research in Brief Preview. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.

Monograph (1994). Understanding Community Police: A Framework for Action. Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice.

Another interesting statistic is that youth belonging to gangs commit the greatest percentage of violent crime among the youth, with a figure as high as 89% of serious violent crimes by gang members reported for Denver, where only 14% of the youth population belonged to gangs. This is an issue that should be seriously addressed in Macom.
In terms of ethnic minorities, the statistics are far less conclusive than those related to gangs. According to a study of crime in Miami conducted by Liliana Cordero, ethnicity plays a far less significant role in the occurrence of homicide than factors such as drugs, alcohol, arguments, and killing in the course of other felonies such as robbery. In the case of Macom, it is then perhaps wise to make the primary target of investigation the youth in general rather than a specific ethnic group. This could have the concomitant advantage of remedying…...

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Bibliography

Berry, Tim. (2008) Writing a Mission Statement. Bplans.com  http://articles.bplans.com/index.php/business-articles/writing-a-business-plan/writing-a-mission-statement/ 

Cordero, Liliana. The Perpetration of and Victimization by Violence in Ethnic Minorities- Issues, Findings, and Considerations. Texas Tech University.  http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/sections/section7/Diversity-Fact-Sheet.doc 

Ellison, John. (2006, April). Community policing: implementation issues. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Article Database: FindArticles.com  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_4_75/ai_n16133604/print 

National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center. (2008). Youth Gangs and Violence. http://www.safeyouth.org/scripts/faq/youthgang.asp

In an argument against this decentralization it is argued that "diminishing their importance would erode the privatized feel that now dominates the exercise of city power in America and, thereby, affect the life of every metropolitan resident." (Frug, 1999) it is argued that the community policing will create 'city power' which will be the forerunner of the decentralization of power to American cities. This would in the long run help the cities improve and become safe with more interaction between the citizens and in common aims. This will result also in community building. The police department which is more isolated from the public and views issues as 'us' and them angles will become more humane and cooperative in peaceful policing methods.
Community policing as a method of curtailing crime is being adopted by the police forces all over the globe. Even where the state and police show reluctance the local…...

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References

Crawford, Adam. (1999) "The Local Governance of Crime: Appeals to Community and Partnerships" Oxford University Press. Oxford, England.

Fielding, Nigel. (1995) "Community Policing"

Clarendon Press. Oxford.

Frug, Gerald E. (1999) "City Making: Building Communities without Building Walls"

New York City

New York City has typically been forced to take advantage of any innovative or highly publicized program in order to combat its high rate of both property crime and violent crime. One example of this is NYC 73rd Precinct's Clergy-Police program, which forms central committees of representatives from different denominations that focus on condemning gang violence and recruiting people who may be interested in professional police work. The focus of this program is at-risk juveniles and gangs. Several areas of NYC have taken advantage of citizens who are fed up with crime to form volunteer community citizen patrols such as Ministers of Islam. This initiative works well to address fear of crime, and the increased presence of vigilante groups is efficient at preventing property crime such as burglary and auto theft, and violent crime such as robbery.

1. COMSTAT - Complaint Statistics: a program where weekly community policing meeting…...

Police Brutality Essay Titles:

1. Media’s Spin on Police Brutality vs. Actual Nationwide Statistics
2. How to Interpret Police Brutality through Various Sociological Lenses
3. Police Brutality and Critical Race Theory:  Implications for Policing
4. Is Police Brutality as Bad as They Say It Is?
5. From Rodney King to George Floyd:  The Evolution of Depictions and Responses to Police Brutality in America
6. How the Militarized Police State Has Institutionalized Police Brutality
7. Police Brutality as a Symptom of the (In)Justice System
8. Community Policing as a Solution to Police Brutality
9. Can Alternative Sentencing and Restorative Justice Reduce Police Brutality Rates?
10. Police Brutality is Accepted When Police are Mobilized in Force

Yes, there are several recent news stories related to investigations on theft that could make for interesting essay subjects. Some potential topics include:

1. The rise of retail theft during the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges faced by law enforcement in addressing this issue.
2. The use of technology, such as surveillance cameras and facial recognition software, in the investigation of theft cases.
3. The impact of organized crime networks on the theft of high-value items, such as jewelry or electronics.
4. The ethical implications of using sting operations and undercover agents in theft investigations.
5. The role of social media and online marketplaces in....

Thesis Statement:

The Lack of Police Equity in America: Historical Context, Current Manifestations, and the Urgent Need for Comprehensive Reform

Introduction:

Police equity, a fundamental principle of a just and democratic society, entails the fair and impartial treatment of all individuals by law enforcement agencies. However, the reality of policing in America falls short of this ideal, with a long history of racial profiling, excessive force, and discriminatory practices. This thesis will delve into the historical context of police inequity, its current manifestations, and the urgent need for comprehensive reform to ensure equal justice under the law.

Historical Context:

The roots of police inequity in....

1. The impact of reduced police presence on crime rates in communities
2. The role of community policing in providing protection in areas with limited police presence
3. The challenges and consequences of defunding the police on public safety
4. Alternative strategies for ensuring public safety in the absence of traditional police protection
5. The disparities in police protection and resources available in different communities
6. The effects of a lack of police protection on vulnerable populations such as marginalized communities or victims of domestic violence
7. The importance of adequate training and resources for law enforcement officers in providing effective protection
8. The implications of privatization....