Communist Party During the Stalin Period (1928 to 1953)
In order to examine the changes undergone by the Communist Party during the reign of Stalin, let us first look at some background on one of the most notorious mass murderers in history, Joseph Stalin, for by the end of his reign, he had become the Party. Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin was born Ioseb Jughasvili on December 21, 1879 in Gori, Georgia. As a child he was given the nickname Soso. His father was a cobbler named Vissarion Jughashvili, known as eso, and his mother Ekaterina Geladze, was born a serf. They had two other children who died young. His father had been a serf, but after obtaining his freedom, he opened his own cobbler shop. He quickly went bankrupt and was forced to work in a shoe factory.

Stalin's grew up in an abusive family. His father was frequently drunk, and when…...

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Bibliography

Acton, Edward. Russia: The Tsarist and Soviet Legacy. New York: Longman, 1995.

Berezhkov, Valentin M. At Stalin's Side: His Interpreter's Memoirs from the October Revolution to the Fall of the Dictator's Empire. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1994.

Brent, Jonathan. Stalin's last crime: the plot against the Jewish doctors, 1948-1953. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.

Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror: A Reassessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Karl Marx and wrote the Manifesto of the Communist Party in 1847 for the Communist League of London. In this Manifesto, Marx first applied his ideas of historical materialism, which he developed in 1846 in The German Ideology.
The Manifesto of the Communist Party describes the emergence of capitalism, and the social classes that develop due to this method of production. According to Marx, capitalism emerges from the context of feudal society. "The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolized by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place p. 474)."

Marx goes into detail about the historical events that led to the state of modern industry. He writes, "The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires,... The modern bourgeoisie (p. 480)." He explains…...

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Bibliography

Marx, Karl. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Printed in Tucker, Robert. The Marx-Engels Reader: second edition.

Philosophy
"the Communist Manifesto" -- 19th Century Ideas in the 21st Century World

Not only do the jobs people have alienate them as Marx described, but also culture in general is alienating in nature. We are a consumer culture. We shop; we consume media in various forms constantly; we interact with technology using it to share, communicate, socialize, and otherwise mediate our experience. Mediated experiences, common and fun as they may be, are alienating in nature. Individuals no longer need to write a letter and go outside to mail it; they write an email whenever the mood strikes. The paper does not denigrate email; it is convenient and great, but it alienates people from the physical experience of letter writing. Behaviors deemed "normal" or socially acceptable or even legal support a consumptive culture and consumption is alienating. We take the behaviors for granted and do not perceive them so readily consumptive and…...

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References:

Engels, Frederick, & Marx, Karl. "Manifesto of the Communist Party." Print: 1848, 1969. Web: 2010. Available from   2012 March 11.http://files.meetup.com/3233942/Manifesto.pdf .

Communist Manifesto is a calling by German philosopher Karl Marx to the working class to rise up and take power over his or her own working lives. The Communist Manifesto is both a political discourse as well as a battle cry for the Communist cause. Communists believe that democracy, and every other form of government, will naturally run its course and eventually the huge income disparity present between the upper classes and the working class will create enough societal friction that the masses will simply claim the entire state for themselves, and rule without division in the ranks of civilians.
This paper discusses the Communist Manifesto and the ideas of Karl Marx by exploring some of the unique features of Marx's political philosophy of Communism. The first is historical materialism, which is the belief that property and the control over certain functions of the state is what has traditionally determined the…...

GD Communism
The main problem with GD Communism was that it was essentially full of itself -- completely idealistic and pretentiously embracing a "newfound" optimism and faith in a youthful spirit. Everything was supposedly new -- all the old institutions were influx -- and corruption was on its way out, as though it was something that could be eradicated simply by adopting the right policy, by implementing the right socialist or communist agenda. There was nothing really logical about any of it: corruption is a staple of the human condition -- always has been and always will be. Human nature does not change just because the manifesto changes. Human nature is constantly being pulled in two directions at once. With its idealistic goggles on, the GD simply spoon fed optimism and pride in itself to young generation, insisting that they reject what came before -- the sacred institutions, the sacred temples,…...

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References

The Director of the Youth Institute Comments. (1988). GHDI.

 http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1178 

The New Youth Program of the Communist Party. (1963). GHDI. Retrieved from  http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=835

The Communist Manifesto The central aspect of the Manifesto of the communist party is how to effectively handle the ever increasing rift between the contending classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The development of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the proletariat has highly been exacerbated by the industrialization and trade development over the years, the various revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. The bourgeoisie has played the bigger role in the revolutions that have shaped the system to its favor, turning the physicians, the lawyers, the priest, the poet, the man of science into its paid wage laborers. Bourgeoisie has also torn away the noble family veil and has reduced family relations into mere money relations.
There is a big difference between the way the bourgeoisie view labor wage and that of the proletariat. The bourgeoisie see it as a means to increase accumulated labor, yet the proletariat…...

Political Ideologies on the Peasant Farmers in China
Many historians view the May Fourth Movement as the birth of Communism in the Peoples Republic of China. The demonstrations and their suppression in 1919 turned increasingly political influencing Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, the founders of the Communist Party of China, to align themselves to leftist ideologies. According to Cultural China, this movement was a protest against the imperial power in China. It greatly influenced the Chinese working class as they took the political center stage as the main force in the movement. More than 20 provinces participated in the movement; it had a wider foundation than the 1911 revolution. The greatest impact of the movement was influencing of people's consciousness. It helped spread Marxism in China and lay foundation for ideologies that established communism in China.

The May Fourth Movement revolutionized people's minds; many Chinese were disengaged from democracy as promoted…...

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Works Cited

Bianco, Lucien and Muriel Bell. Origins of the Chinese Revolution. Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 1971.

Chen, Theodore Hsi-en. "The New Socialist Man." Comparative Education Review February

1969: 88-95.

Australia began shifting to a limited Welfare State at the end of the Second World War (1945) and has continually supported privatization and deregulation. The 1904 Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act and 1988 Industrial Relations Act (IRA) both have set a strong precedent for workers' rights and the right to create and form unions. From an ER standpoint these laws and compliance requirements are also constrictive as they are one-size-fits-all in approach.
Role of Stakeholders- the Government, Unions, Workers,

Both Australia and Germany are comparable in the depth and sophistication of systems, processes and procedures to support stakeholders. Of the two, Germany ahs been architecture far more to support and protect the unionized work. The German Trade Union Confederation, combined with the German series of laws to protect the worker has lead to protectionist approaches when it comes to allowing new businesses into Germany. MNCs looking t expand into Germany have…...

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Labour Laws

China is very clear on its use of labour laws, with a country-wide precedent set in 1995 with their Labour Law of China. This was the first employment law enacted by the CCP. There is also the Labour Contract Law passed in 20087 that require all employers to provide employees a written contract within a year of employment, and fines employers who do not do this. There are also labor dispatch providers and support for verbal contracts in the Labour Contract Law of 2008. In 1993 China based the Enterprise Minimum Wage Regulation and amended it in 2004 to serve as a framework for the countries' growing economy.

The Labour laws in Australia on the other hand are much more oriented towards a shared level of responsibility and arbitration. The Australian ER reform includes the ACTU/Federal ALP Government accord passed in 1983 and 1993 and the Industrial Relations Reform Act of 1993. The Workplace Amendment (Work Choices) Act of 2005 and Fair Work Act of 2009 all support the more progressing nature in ER relative to Germany.

Min enthusiastically goes to the Red Fire Farm in order to prove her willingness as a city girl to do the hard work of the proletariat. (52). While there, she meets a similarly zealous and ambitious woman, Comrade Lu, who continually shows off her knowledge of the Party and her own Party credentials. (60-65).
In contrast to deputy commander Lu, commander Yan is not only a model comrade, but a strong, selfless, and compassionate leader. A tall, handsome, "conqueror"-like woman, Yan never tried to prove her credentials as a party comrade. Min remembers, with affection, how Yan would trek alone to the well and carry back two 80 lb buckets of water on a pole, balancing it on her broad shoulders. (117). Yan's presence was so great that she did not even need to tell the other comrades to get back to work.

In a sense, Min looked at Yan as…...

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Bibliography

Red Azalea. Bt Bound, 2006. Print.

Country
China and Foreign Policy

With reference to any ONE country you have studied, how far does interdependence shape its foreign policy and in what ways

A Brief History of Chinese Foreign Affairs

China eforms

Current Foreign Policy

Foreign elations and Interdependency

China is an emerging force in the world, and it seems only to be natural, as the Chinese civilization is one of the ancient civilizations of the world. In fact theorists seem to question the reasons for its downfall, as it is the largest and has historically been the cultural and educational center for the world.

As far as its foreign policy is concerned, the Chinese government deals with it in a unique way, where the foreign affairs are the business of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which falls under the ambit of a department called the "Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group of the Communist Party of China." This ministry is sponsored by the government,…...

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References

Barboza, D. 2011. Entrepreneur's Rival in China: The State. New York Times .

Chen, J. 1979. China and the West . Hutchinson.

China. n.d. [Online] Available at: (26 January 2012)

China's Foreign Affairs and International Relations. 2012. . [Online] Available at: (26 January 2012)

When Lenin's Bolshevik Revolution occurred, Russia was primarily an agricultural country with many of its people being little more than poor agricultural workers. There was little sign of an impending industrial revolution.
When Lenin came into power and held the position of head of government, he began to implement some of his socialist ideologies. In 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly was dissolved and enabled the Bolsheviks to consolidate their political power. Prior to this consolidation, in 1917 the Cheka was formed. Created to defend the Russian Revolution, the Cheka began to clamp down on voices opposed to the Bolshevik party, taking control of newspaper content and ensuring no defamatory articles were written about the Cheka. As was always his intention, Lenin sought to introduce the world to his revolutionary ideas and in 1923 he looked to the Third World as the focus of his revolution. He praised China's socialist values…...

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Question 3:

As the planet's natural resources continue to be harvested at an alarming rate and climate change becomes a reality, countries are collaborating on a global scale to find ways to solve environmental problems. When natural disasters strike, as they did in Haiti in 2010, many first world countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom work together in organizing redevelopment, health care and emergency measures to enable the country to rebuild. However, in less urgent situations, collaborations can be fraught with tension and can often lose sight of their original goal. For example, in the United States and neighboring Mexico, environmental issues can take a while to be resolved as each step has to pass through governing bodies and relevant associations beforehand. However, through dialog and a continued development of the international relationship, Mexico and the United States are able to come up with working resolutions.

Incorporated into the 1983 La Paz agreement and the 1992 Rio Declaration is a principle that each nation has a responsibility to make certain that its activities do not cause environmental harm to the other country. Still in early days, the key to getting the principle to work is by governments actively campaigning for citizens to work together with their country in reducing environmental damage. Other agreements that have been signed in recent years include a 1996 air quality management agreement. Again, this was between the United States and Mexico. Due to the rapid industrial growth and expansion of Mexico and the Southwest of the United States, the agreement was put into place to reduce the amount of air pollution that is caused by this growth. Although each nation has its own statutes in place that monitor and police air quality, they do not take into consideration the shared air pollution of near border cities such as El Paso and Juarez. With the inception of this agreement, both nations can work together to reduce the pollution in these shared air basins.

It's important to remember that Wal-Mart is a private enterprise and has a responsibilities to investors, shareholders and stakeholders to deliver a profit. All businesses in the end must generate profitable cash flows to survive. The ethicacy of their strategies to avert unionization must be balanced against the fact they are the U.S.' fifth largest employer, have a supply chain that makes it possible for the majority of families with incomes at $40K or less to make ends meet with their low prices, and consistently launch new products exceptionally well (Maher, Zimmerman, 2009). This last point drives revenue and jobs into the consumer packaged goods sector. Wal-Mart has been unethical in how they have attempted to alleviate unionization in core markets in the U.S. Yet the long-term implications of this strategy on a global level will not scale, as the case study shows. The case shows that the real professionals…...

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References

Kristi Ellis. (2007, February). WAL-MART, UNIONS COME TOGETHER FOR HEALTH CARE. WWD, 193(30), 26.

Mei Fong. (2006, August 10). Wal-Mart Meets With Officials From China Union. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. A.2.

Graves, Lawrence. (1988, April). Wal-Mart, Unions Continue to Be at Loggerheads. St. Louis Business Journal,(1) 8(28), 10A.

Kris Maher, & Ann Zimmerman. (2009, April 17). U.S. News: Union Intensifies Efforts to Organize Workers at Wal-Mart. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. A.4.

There were 87,000 protest incidents in China in 2005 -- up from 11,000 a decade before. The scope of the huge and widening social and income inequity could eventually cause revolution it is so bad. Even Premier Wen Jiabao has met with construction workers and farmers to obtain their inputs. He has quoted Abraham Lincoln's "government of the people, by the people and for the people" in making promises of equity to all -- a promise he will probably not be able to fully keep.
The power of the communist party will eventually erode, as it did in the Soviet Union. ut remember that China is eons behind in its social and political development. And the Chinese are renowned experts in the art of brutal social repression. Economics and resulting social unrest will drag the Chinese Communists down eventually -- but don't look for it anytime soon.

ibliography

Guthrie, D. (2003, June…...

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Bibliography

Guthrie, D. (2003, June 22). The quiet revolution: The emergence of capitalism (Harvard International Review). Retrieved September 8, 2009, from accessmylibrary.com:  http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-23886109_ITM

Lu Xun
The founding of the Chinese Communist Party was preceded by an influential intellectual movement called the New Culture Movement. Usually dated between 1915 and 1919, the New Culture Movement was headed by Chen Duxiu of Beijing University, as well as Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, and Hu Shi (Ebrey; "New Culture Movement"). The New Culture Movement provided the theoretical, scholastic, and ideological underpinnings of the subsequent political movements that would come to define 20th century Chinese culture. riters like Lu Xun captured the prevailing social unrest in his unconventional novel A Madman's Diary. A Madman's Diary uses a grotesque metaphor to capture the self-destructive, primitive, outmoded, and senseless oppression of the Chinese model of feudalism. ritten during the warlord period, A Madman's Diary exposes the futility of social conformity to the Confucian value system while suggesting that the only way to evoke change is to appear as the…...

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Works Cited

Ebrey, Patricia B. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1996. p. 270-271. Retrieved online

Lu Xun. A Madman's Diary.

"New Culture Movement." Cultural China. Retrieved online

America's engagement with China, with historic ice-breaking between the two countries carried out by Henry Kissinger, has been complicated. I would suggest that it were the U.S. domestic preoccupations and compulsions that did not allow me to take any bold stance on the issue of Dalai Lama. I disagree with notion that U.S. betrayed the cause of human rights while not choosing to visit Dalai Lama.
It must not be forgotten that unlike ussia, China's geography allows her to exert much more influence than the former. In the words of Kaplan (2010), China is both a land and a sea power. Thus, my foreign policy towards China has been reflective of this potential next power of the world. The U.S. has benefited from the Chinese market significantly in the wake of financial crisis. The author failed to acknowledge the huge compulsions that China faces in meeting its energy and other…...

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References

Barber, BR 1992 "Jihad vs. McWorld," the Atlantic Monthly 269, no. 3 (March 1992): 53 -- 65.

Cohen, MA, 2011, 'Think Again: The Two State Solution', Foreign Policy, Viewed on 18 June 2013, [ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/14/think_again_the_two_state_solution ]

Gettleman, J 2010, 'Africa's Forever Wars,' Foreign Policy, 22 Feb 2010.

Gilboy, GJ and Read, BL 2008, 'Political and Social Reform in China,' Washington Quarterly, summer 2008, pg 143-164.

I. Introduction
A. Background information on Mao Zedong
B. Thesis statement: Mao Zedong was a prominent Chinese political leader who played a significant role in shaping China's history.

II. Early Life and Rise to Power
A. Birth and upbringing in Shaoshan, Hunan province
B. Involvement in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
C. Participation in the Long March and establishment of Red Army

III. Mao's Leadership Style and Ideology
A. Introduction of Maoist ideology and Marxism-Leninism
B. Implementation of land reforms and collectivization
C. The Great Leap Forward and its impact on the Chinese economy

IV. Cultural Revolution
A. Launch of the Cultural Revolution
....

Mao Zedong's Rise to Power

Early Life and Ideology:

Born in 1893 to a peasant family in Hunan province
Studied at Beijing University, influenced by Marxism and socialism
Organized the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921

Guomindang-CCP Alliance (1923-1927):

CCP allied with the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) led by Chiang Kai-shek
Joined forces to defeat warlords and establish a unified China

Shanghai Massacre (1927):

Chiang Kai-shek turned against the CCP, leading to the Shanghai Massacre
CCP retreated to rural areas and began guerrilla warfare

Long March (1934-1936):

CCP forces led by Mao embarked on a 6,000-mile retreat from southern China to Shaanxi
Demonstrated the party's....

The Dawn of a New Era: Poland's Political Transformation in 1989

The year 1989 witnessed a pivotal shift in Polish history, marking the end of four decades of communist rule and the dawn of a new era of political and economic transformation. This seismic change was sparked by a series of significant events that culminated in the first democratic elections in Poland since the end of World War II.

1. The Rise of Solidarity:

The catalyst for Poland's democratic revolution was the emergence of Solidarity, a trade union movement that became a symbol of resistance against the communist regime. Led by Lech Walesa,....