Professional Standards for Educational Leaders (PSEL) The concept of instructional leadership posits that strong leadership in education focuses on curriculum and instruction (Mitchell, Kensler & Tschannen-Moran, 2015). As an instructional leader, therefore, it is important to have a deep understanding and personal sense of the Professional Standards for Educational Leaders (PSEL). This paper will examine PSEL’s Standards 1-10, summarize each standard and describe my role in relation to each standard.
Standard 1: Mission, Vision, and Core Values
This standard holds that effective educational leaders create, promote and embody and mission, vision and core set of values that can be shared by all stakeholders within the educational system (Professional Standards for Educational Leaders, 2015). As I do not have a great deal of experience in creating such a vision, this is one standard that I need improvement in. For most of my educational career, I have followed others in the sense of accepting and…...

Communication
The 5 stages of group development are: Forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. (GMU, n.d.) Stage 4 is the only stage where the group is actually productive.

Stage 1: In this stage, the group leader is sought after for guidance. The group is more or less feeling out the situation and looking for safety. The group is attempting to get acquainted with the task at hand and the other group members. To move on to the next stage, each group member must give up the insecurities associated with the first stage.

Stage2: In stage two, competition and conflict takes over. It is crucial for the group members and the leader to allow for the group to take in new personalities, to show flexibility and to allow for the group members attitude adjustments. The most difficult part of this stage is group patience. If and when conflict occurs, the group must work with…...

Introduction
Relationships are all about communication: something you have probably heard before. But did you know that social science research backs up this claim, and can also provide you with the practical tools you need to minimize conflict and maximize harmony in your relationship? For example, research shows which barriers to communication might arise, why, and how you can overcome them. Research also shows that your self-concept and self-image have a strong bearing on how you comport yourself in your intimate relationships. Using appropriate levels of self-disclosure and emotional intelligence, you can improve your self-esteem and improve your relationship with each other and with people outside of your dyad. In this letter, I would like to outline for you some of the highlights of what I have learned in a course on communication. Far from being based on pop psychology or pseudoscience, what I am about to tell you is based…...

communication?
In general, communication refers to the sharing of ideas by transmitting those ideas from at least one individual to at least one other individual. Communication can involve several different mediums: it includes verbal transmission of ideas, visual transmission of ideas, and it can involve both deliberate and unintentional or even unconscious transmission of ideas. Communication is not necessarily limited to same species either: individuals from different species often communicate using postures, mannerisms, and sounds that are universally associated with particular concepts, such as aggression and dominance or submission and fear, among many others.

What is the purpose of communication?

Communication has many different purposes. Most generally, it is intended to allow another individual to understand the state of mind of another individual. That state of mind may include myriad different ideas such as aggression, non-aggression, interest, non-interest, possessiveness over resources, and even deception, such as in the case of certain species…...

Speech Apprehension
Speech anxiety is a common term for the sense of fear or terror that comes over a person when they are called upon to speak or otherwise present in public. There are other ways to refer to it like anxiousness, anxiety, the jitters, stage fright, fear of public speaking and performance apprehension. It typically hits when someone has to deliver a presentation before a group of people. It makes little distinction whether the viewers is large or small, made up of recognizable or unfamiliar faces. Psychologists often believe speech anxiety is a particular case of what is frequently known as shyness (Colombo, n.d.).

According to the book of lists, the fear of speaking in public is the number one fear of all fears that people have. People who have this fear can experience all kinds of indications including sweaty hands, accelerated heart rate, memory loss and even trouble in…...

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References

Colombo, J.R. (n.d.). Speech Anxiety: Overcoming the Fear of Public Speaking. Retreived from  http://www.speechcoachforexecutives.com/speech_anxiety.html 

Cuncic, A. (2009). Tips for Managing Public Speaking Anxiety. Retreived from  http://socialanxietydisorder.about.com/od/copingwithsad/a/speech.htm?rd=1 

Dealing with Communication Anxiety and Public Speaking. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.roch.edu/dept/spchcom/anxiety_handout.htm

Laskowski, L. (n.d.). Overcoming Speaking Anxiety in Meetings & Presentations. Retrieved from  http://www.ljlseminars.com/anxiety.htm

The purpose of effective communication is to co-ordinate efforts towards achieving team goals, enhancing quality of meetings for information to be shared, decisions collectively made, and for there to be shared understanding about the tasks to be performed. A necessary component of team work is establishing shared meaning of the work, and appropriate means of delivering high quality consumer care (Borrill et.al, 2000).

Effective healthcare centers heavily rely on effective communication for them to live up to their missions. Productivity at the workplace improves when information flawlessly flows from one level to another. It leads to more tasks completed, consequently leading to the fulfillment of goals. In the workplace too, effective communication usually has a positive effect on employee performance through increased morale, higher retention rates and the overall productivity at the workplace. According to Aramyan (2015), it also leads to reduced misunderstandings, increased empowerment and truthfulness, as well as higher…...

Health Care oles in Communication
Communication is a fundamental piece of health care education and has been shown to improve health outcomes, patient compliance, and patient satisfaction. Quality health care emphasizes knowledge and utilization of communication skills. Health care professionals often express anxiety and lack of confidence and are deficient in a creating a situations that are conducive to open and candid communication with patients (Kameg et. al., 2009).

Effective communication involves gathering information, establishing a relationship or connection with a patient, and supporting the person through words and other non-verbal forms of interactions. Effective communication involves not only the interactions between the staff and the patient but also the interactions between staff and the interactions between the staff in front of the patient. Many times the high demand for services in a health care facility cause the staff to overlook the importance of good communication skills and enables situations to arise…...

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References

Beer, J.E. (2003). Nonverbal Communication: Communicating across cultures. Cultures at work. Retrieved May 29, 2011 from  http://www.culture-at-work.com/nonverbal.html 

Coiera, E. (2006, May). Communication systems in healthcarre. Clinical Biochemist Reviews. nursing.Vol. 27, Issue 2, 89-98. Retrieved May 28, 2011 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1579411/ 

Gamble, T.K. & Gamble, M. (2006). Communication works. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill.

Health Communication. (2010). Health communication. Healthy people 2010: Objectives for improving reproductive health. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved May 29, 2011 from  http://www.hhs.gov/opa/pubs/hp2010/hp2010rh_sec2_healthcomm.pdf

downward communication or upward communication more important to the success of an organization?
In the context of present day business the communication confronts the complex criticalities in devising strategies and processes to address the communication function in the ways that improve the success of organization. (How to Craft Successful Employee Communication in the Information Age) The effective communication is considered to be an essential instrument in respect of the variation elements. (First-ate Communication Skills) An effective communication is considered inevitable for infusing morale and enhancing productivity among the workforce so as to ensure the management the benefits of employee input etc. (Checklists for Upward and Downward Communications) The organization is evidentially becomes effective and efficient and workers are found to be contented and committed while the communication is successful. When it is unsuccessful the organization as well as the individual members is to suffer. (Thinking through Communication: An Introduction to…...

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References

1. Retrieved from Accessed on 24 February, 2005http://pirate.shu.edu/~gonosann/assignments/communication.htm

Baker, Kathryn A. Chapter 13: Organizational Communication. Retrieved from Accessed on 24 February, 2005http://www.sc.doe.gov/sc-5/benchmark/Ch%2013%20Organizational%20Communication%2006.08.02.pdf

Ball, John. Understanding the importance of communication. 23 April 2003. Retrieved from   Accessed on 24 February, 2005http://www.accaglobal.com/publications/studentaccountant/907747 

Business Writing Introduction-Page Two. Retrieved from   Accessed on 25 February, 2005http://faculty.millikin.edu/~moconner.hum.faculty.mu/e201/intro2.html 

IntroductionThe landscape of communication laws development has been molded by pivotal court cases that have set precedents and reshaped the parameters of free speech and expression. These seminal casesSchenck v. United States (1919), Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), and New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)have indelibly marked American legal history, profoundly influencing the interpretation of the First Amendment. Beyond this, they have profoundly impacted the communication sector, particularly its adaptation to the digital era.Schenck v. United States (1919): Constricting Free Speech during WartimeServing as a milestone in American jurisprudence, Schenck v. United States (1919) significantly shaped the interpretation of the First Amendments shield for free speech in times of national crisis. The crux of the case centered on Charles Schenck, the General Secretary of the Socialist Party, who disseminated pamphlets encouraging opposition to the military draft during World War I. In an undivided decision, the United States Supreme Court validated…...

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ReferencesLewis, A. (2007). Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment. Basic Books.Smolla, R. A. (1992). Suing the Press: Libel, the Media, and Power. Oxford University Press.Stone, G. R. (2004). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from The Sedition Act of 1798 to The War on Terrorism. W. W. Norton & Company.

Analysis of Leadership Communication: Twitter (now known as X)Evaluate the communications for how effectively leadership met the needs of internal and external stakeholdersThe decision-makers at Twitter, now referred to as X, astutely navigated a merger understanding with Musk. They ensured the terms were upheld even when Musk contemplated reneging. Initiating our review, we delve into whom the executive team of X (formerly Twitter) prioritized during the negotiations. In one study, authors reveal that shareholders reaped substantial rewards, averaging about 38% of the pre-acquisition market worth, and the cumulative benefit for all non-Musk shareholders surpassed a whopping $10 billion. Furthermore, the senior management of X benefited handsomely, both in their capacity as stakeholders and as top-tier executives or board members. The merger resulted in approximately $215 million in gains for the four chief officers (Bebchuk, Kastiel, and Toniolo, 2023).Considering the Well-being of Xs EmployeesBefore Musks acquisition, X had always championed a…...

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ReferencesBebchuk, L., Kastiel, K., & Toniolo, A. (2023). Twitter’s Corporate Leaders Pushed their Stakeholders under the (Musk) Bus. ProMarket. Retrieved from   Callahan, C. (2022). Twitter’s company culture? ‘Used to have an amazing culture, unsure of future.’ Digiday. Retrieved from  https://digiday.com/media/twitters-company-culture-used-to-have-an-amazing-culture-unsure-of-future/ Sullivan, J. (2023). ‘You shouldn’t be a jerk to get ahead.’ Harvard Law Today. Retrieved from  https://hls.harvard.edu/today/the-business-ethics-of-elon-musk-tesla-twitter-and-the-tech-industry/https://www.promarket.org/2023/02/08/twitters-corporate-leaders-pushed-their-stakeholders-under-the-musk-bus/ 

speaking in the target language is the expectation that a proficient speaker will sound like a native speaker. Is this an appropriate or realistic expectation?
Not a long while after the emergence of the subject of second language acquisition (SLA), which most of the scholars think came around the time of initial years of 1970s, there has been a need to develop ways by which to measure the development of the second language, aside from the usage of detailed homogeneous skill tests which were mostly appropriate to fulfill other objectives.

As per Freeman's (2009) information, the first declaration of this need was made by Kenji Hukuta (1976). Kenji Hakuta was concerned in knowing the path of his subject Ugusiu's English language development over a period of time. Besides the aforementioned practitioners, other L1 acquisition scholars had carried out for the pupils learning English as a national language. In the research of…...

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References

Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Dornyei, Z. (1998). Do language learners recognize pragmatic violations? Pragmatic vs. grammatical awareness in instructed L2 learning. TESOL Quarterly, 32, 233 -- 259.

Bialystok, E. (1991). Achieving proficiency in a second language: A processing description. In R. Philipson, E. Kellerman, L. Selinker, M. Sharwood Smith, & M. Swain (Eds.), Foreign/second language pedagogy research: A commemorative volume for Claus Faerch (Vol. 64, pp. 63 -- 78). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Bialystok, E. (1993). Symbolic representation and attentional control in pragmatic competence. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics (pp. 43 -- 59). New York: Oxford University Press.

Bouton, L.F. (1988). A cross-cultural study of ability to interpret implicatures in English. World Englishes, 7(2), 183 -- 196.

Variations are to ask each student to write their own sheet or to have small groups do so. (22) Value Lines: Students line up according to how strongly they agree or disagree with a proposition or how strongly they value something. This gives a visual reading of the continuum of feelings in the group. Next, sort students into heterogeneous groups for discussion by grouping one from either end with two from the middle. Ask students to listen to differing viewpoints in their groups and to fairly paraphrase opposing positions.
23) Forced Debate: Ask all students who agree with a proposition to sit on one side of the room and all opposed on the other side. Hanging signs describing the propositions helps. It is important that they physically take a position and that the opposing sides face each other. After they have sorted themselves out, switch the signs and force them…...

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Bibliography

Andrews, P.H. (1985). Basic Public Speaking. New York: Harper and Row.

Baird, J.E. (1974). The Effects of "Previews" and "Reviews" upon Audience Comprehension of Expository Speeches of Varying Quality and Complexity. Central States Speech Journal. 25, 119127.

Beatty, M.J. (1988). Situational and Predispositional Correlates of Public Speaking Anxiety. Communication Education. 37, 28-39.

Bernhardt, D. Workshop on Public Speaking, University of California at Berkeley, Aug.1989.

Leader's Self-Insight 1.1: Your Learning Style: Using Multiple Intelligences
I scored evenly on all of the types of intelligence measured by this self-assessment: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and musical. This indicates that I am a well-rounded person with the ability to work in multiple environments on different tasks.

Leader's Self-Insight 1.2: Your Leadership Potential

I scored slightly more (7) on the even-numbered indicators than on the odd ones (6), indicating I have leadership capabilities such as "vision and change." However, the scores were about even.

Leader's Self-Insight 1.3: Are You on a Fast Track to Nowhere?

On people skills, I scored 3 out of the 4 qualities. I believe I have solid interpersonal skills. On working with authority, I scored 2. I believe I need to work more on my assertiveness and courage when dealing with persons in positions of authority because I remain afraid to speak up and express my opinion when it differs…...

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Reference

Daft, R.L. The Leadership Experience.

When the perceived role and the expected role are incongruent, conflict can occur both between the leader and his followers, and within himself. This can result in a slowdown in production, a lowering of morale and resistance to changes that the leader may be trying to implement (obbins & Judge, 2007).
According to Shafritz & Ott (2005) an organization is essentially a tool that people use to coordinate their actions as a means of achieving their goals. Often, the attainment of these goals requires some form of negotiation. Negotiating conflict is the area of leadership communication that can be the most problematic because if matters are not handled correctly, the conflicts can escalate until they are no longer under control. Leaders who are not attentive to their employees' needs and desires are not very likely to have a happy and productive workforce (Shafritz & Ott, 2005). Thus communication is ultimately…...

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References

Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free Press.

Bass, B.M., and Avolio, B.J. (1994). Shatter the glass ceiling: Women may make better managers. Human Resource Management, 33, 549-560.

Billsberry, J., (2009). Discovering leadership, Basingstoke, Palgrave OU Press.

Bisel, R.S., Ford, D.J., & Keyton, J. (2007). Unobtrusive control in a leadership organization: Integrating control and resistance. Western Journal of Communication, 71, 136 -- 158.

Attachment dimensions were found to be related to self-esteem, expressiveness, instrumentality, trust in others, beliefs about human nature and styles of loving" (Collins pg 644).
This topic will discuss how we as individuals can either mock or act in a totally different way than those we communicate with, and how our choice to act in either of those two ways can affect how what we say is perceived.

Summary

How all of the above components interact to form our communication skills and the way we communicate with others will provide a foundation for the paper that should prove very viable. The paper will discuss the interactions of our communication relationships including how those relationships are perceived. hether our communication attempts involve relationships, or the methods used to convey what it is we wish to convey will be discussed in a comprehensive and enlightening manner.

Conclusion

By completing the necessary research, it is this researcher's…...

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Works Cited

Collins, Nancy L., Read, Stephen, "Adult Attachment, Working Models, and Relationship Quality Dating Couples" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, April 1990, pp. 644-663

DeVito, Joseph A., The Interpersonal Communication Book, New York: Harper & Row, 1976

Sondell, Katarina, Soderfeldt, Bjorn, Palmgvist, Sigyard, "Underlying Dimensions of Verbal Communication Between Dentists and Patients in Prosthetic Dentistry," Patient Education and Counseling, June, 2003, pp. 157-165