Communicable Diseases
I Christiew handle order Identify a communicable disease research.

(i.e HIV, Herpes) Communicable diseases rely fluid exchange, contaminated substances, close contact travel infected carrier a healthy individual.

Communicable diseases

Communicable diseases are also known as infectious diseases, contagious diseases or transmissible disease. They arise from an infection which is the presence and growth of pathogenic agents in a host organism. These pathogenic agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, some parasites, and some deviant proteins known as prions. These agents cause disease epidemics, and if the pathogen is eliminated, the epidemic does not occur.

Transmission of communicable diseases occurs in many ways including physical contact, contaminated food, body fluids, infected objects, airborne inhalation, through vector organisms. Examples of Communicable diseases are Herpes and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HIV is a member of the retrovirus family. It causes a condition known as AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). It is a condition seen in humans…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines.

Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, & et al. (2004). Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. New England Journal of Medicine 350, 11-20.

Gupta R, Warren T, & Wald A. (2007). 'Genital herpes'. The Lancet, 370, 2127-2137.

Nichols L, Tchounwou PB, Mena L, Sarpong D, Source, &, Jackson, MS, . [email protected]. (2009). The effects of environmental factors on persons living with HIV / AIDS. Int J. Environ Res Public Health. 2009, 6(7), 2041-2054.

Communicable Disease/Community Nursing
2003 SAS Outbreak

In November 2002, the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SAS) was reported in the Guangdong Province in China (Lau and Peiris, 2005). Over the next few months, SAS cases were reported in over two dozen countries in Asia, South America, Europe, and North America (CDC, 2004a). The biggest concentration of SAS cases appeared in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Canada (Totura and Baric, 2012). By July of 2003 the epidemic had been controlled through health measures. Overall, there were 8,096 confirmed SAS cases with a mortality rate of 9.6%.

SAS Etiology and Clinical Presentation

SAS is a respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus infection, a virus consisting of a protein capsule containing an NA viral genome (Totura and Baric, 2012). Believed to transmissible between humans through respiratory aerosols and physical contact, the febrile disease initially presents with a cough and sore throat. These symptoms are consistent…...

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References

Abelsohn, Abe and Stieb, D.M. (2011). Health effects of outdoor air pollution: Approach to counseling patients using the Air Quality Health Index. Canadian Family Physician, 57(8), e280-e287.

CDC. (2004a). Fact sheet: Basic information about SARS. CDC.gov. Retrieved 12 Apr. 2013 from  http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.pdf .

CDC. (2004b). In the absence of SARS-CoV transmission worldwide: Guidance for surveillance, clinical and laboratory evaluation, and Reporting Version 2. CDC.gov. Retrieved 12 Apr. 2013 from  http://www.cdc.gov/sars/Surveillance/absence.pdf .

CDC. (2004c). Supplement B: SARS Surveillance. V. Reporting of cases of SARS-CoV disease. CDC.gov. Retrieved 12 Apr. 2013 from  http://www.cdc.gov/sars/guidance/B-surveillance/reporting.pdf .

Communicable Diseases
The MM vaccine is an immunization against measles, mumps and ubella. ecently there has been increased media coverage that there is a link between the combined MM immunization and autism (NHS choices, 2012).This MM vaccine controversy was a case of scientific misconduct that triggered a health Scare among many communities all over the world. Though there has been extensive research worldwide that has shown no link between MM vaccines and autism. These speculations have had a great impact on parents and the community at large. First this has led to a sharp decrease of parents taking their children for vaccination. This is due to the fact that parents remain skeptical when it comes to the vaccines and they think by abstaining from the vaccine they are helping their children but in the real sense they are actually causing harm to their children. The decreased number of children receiving immunization…...

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References

NHS choices. (2012).MMR. Retrieved December 16, 2012 from  http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mmr/pages/introduction.aspx?WT.mc_id=010902 

Med, J.W. (2001).Is the MMR vaccine safe. Retrieved December 16, 2012 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071313/ 

Centre for disease control.(2012).Botulism. Retrieved deember16, 2012 from  http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/botulism/ 

Epidemiological knowledge. (2010).levels of prevention. Retrieved December 16, 2012 from http://gwxy.sysu.edu.cn/lxbx/english/epidemiologic%20knowledge/Selected%20Disease%20Concepts%20in%20Epidemiology/Level.html#

Epidemiology and Breaking Communicable Diseases at a Link Within the Communicable Disease Chain
The objective of this study is to answer as to how demographic factors affect health status, health-related behavior, or the use of health care services. ace is one demographic factor that affects health status, health-related behavior and the use of health services. For example, African-Americans "can expect to live an average of five fewer years than whites. When sex is included in the analysis, white women have the longest life span of 80.3 years, while African-American men have the shortest of 68.8 years." (Sidney S. Spivak Program in Applied Social esearch and Social Policy, 2005, p.2) Striking differences are also noted in the racial and ethnic differences in infant mortality rates in that African-American infants are reported to have the highest of all mortality rates and are "more than twice as likely as white infants to die in…...

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References

Introduction to Disease Transmission and Epidemiology (2013) Principles of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Nursing411.org. Retrieved from:  http://nursing411.org/Courses/MD0151_Principals_Epidem_Micro/1-11_Principals_Epidem_Micro.html 

Race, Ethnicity, and the Health of Americans (2005) ASA Series on How Race and Ethnicity Matter. Sydney S. Spivak Program in Applied Social Research and Social Policy. Jul 2005. Retrieved from: http://www2.asanet.org/centennial/race_ethnicity_health.pdf

Communicable Disease: Influenza
Description of the Disease

Influenza or "the flu" is a common illness in the winter months, all throughout the United States and many other countries. Both birds and all mammals can contract influenza (Brankston, et al., 2007). In recent years there have been scares regarding "bird flu" and "swine flu," both of which are simply different strains of influenza. The cause of the flu is an NA virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae (Eccles, 2005). Once people contract the flu, they present with common symptoms such as chills, fever, a runny nose, muscle pains, a sore throat, and a headache. The headache is quite often severe, and flu sufferers may also have weakness, fatigue, severe bouts of coughing, and a general feeling of overall discomfort. People with the flu can also become nauseated and vomit, although that is more typical in children and not nearly as common in adults (Eccles,…...

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References

Ballinger, M.N. & Standiford, T.J. (2010). Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: Host defenses gone awry. Journal of Interferon Cytokine Research, 30(9): 643 -- 52.

Brankston, G., Gitterman, L., Hirji, Z., Lemieux, C., & Gardam, M. (2007). Transmission of influenza A in human beings. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7(4): 257 -- 65.

Eccles, R. (2005). Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(11): 718 -- 25.

Harper, S.A., Fukuda, K., Uyeki, T.M., Cox, N.J., & Bridges, C.B. (2005). Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendation Report, 54(RR -- 8): 1 -- 40.

Communicable Disease - HIV
Since its discovery as a wasting disease, "gay-related immune deficiency" and "slim" in the mid-1980's, HIV has posed a significant health problem for the United States and the World. Initially considered mysteriously devastating, HIV ultimately caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands, yet failed to attract sufficient funding and attention. hrough the efforts of health professionals and activists, HIV was finally accorded the funding and attention it deserved. oday, HIV is addressed globally, federally and locally through multiple well-funded programs/groups and agencies.

History of HIV

According to the AIDS Healthcare Foundation, blood analysis showed that the HIV virus existed in humans as early as the 1940's and that HIV-1 -- the most common viral strain -- was transmitted from chimpanzees to humans at some point in the early to mid-20th Century (AIDS Healthcare Foundation, n.d.). In the early 1980's medical professionals noticed that a "wasting disease" was spreading in…...

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The nurse's role in education about and prevention of HIV stems from his/her core value of becoming a knowledgeable, effective advocate for the highest attainable quality of patient care. This core value requires several key activities by nurses, presented here numerically but in equal order of importance. First, the nurse must become educated about HIV-related issues (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2012). Secondly, the nurse must make his/her voice heard. Nurses can make their voices nationally and regionally heard by: joining professional organizations that exert greater impact on the response to HIV / AIDS issues (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2012); contacting public officials (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2012); calling media attention to HIV / AIDS to the epidemic and in pressuring for a more aggressive governmental response (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2010, p. 4); taking a clear-cut stance on effective education and prevention (Association of Nurses in Aids Care, 2012). Nurses can make their voices locally and specifically heard by: participating in community programs, organizations and support groups dedicated to education, prevention and high quality treatment. In their professional lives, nurses can contributed to prevention by educating patients about the causes, prevention, treatment and day-to-day aspects of living with of HIV / AIDS. Some use a widespread approach, such as published materials like What nurses know…HIV and AIDS (Farnan & Enriquez, 2012); others directly address those issues with their individual patients, such as forming an alliance with the patient to enhance adherence to treatment (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 2010, p. 47).

Community Programs / Organizations / Support Groups

As HIV / AIDS awareness increased, the numbers of community programs, organizations and support groups also increased. Given San Francisco's large at-risk gay/bisexual male population, for example, there are several key programs, organization and support groups. There is, of course, the San

Using condoms is also an excellent prevention activity that can also be used (Primary and Secondary HIV Prevention, 2008).
Potential obstacles to HIV prevention activities taking place in clinical settings often include:

narrow formations of medical care and the role of physicians or health care providers in HIV prevention, a provider's discomfort with discussing human sexuality and illicit drug use and their attitudes towards persons with HIV or AIDS along with constraints on time and resources, and the vagueness of HIV prevention messages (Primary and Secondary HIV Prevention, 2008).

The very nature of HIV transmission involves behaviors that are not readily discussed in American society. It is important for health care providers to become comfortable discussing sexual and substance-use activities with their patients. They need to create an environment of trust for patients so their risk behaviors can be discussed. It is important to assure the patient of the confidential nature of…...

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References

ABCs of Aids Prevention - Presentation Transcript. (2009). Retrieved September 3, 2009, from Slideshare Web site:  http://www.slideshare.net/drsujnanendra/ab-cs-of-aids-prevention 

CDC Responds to HIV / AIDS. (2009). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Web site:  http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/aboutDHAP.htm 

HIV / AIDS. (2009). Retrieved September 4, 2009, from MayClinic Web site:

Communicable Disease: Measles
Although measles has been almost completely eradicated from the Americas, dozens of cases still occur each year in the United States due in large part to transmissions of the disease from travelers returning from abroad. Because it is highly contagious, outbreaks of measles must be addressed as quickly as possible. This paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to describe a communicable disease outbreak of measles, and the epidemiological indicators associated with the disease. An analysis of the epidemiological data on the outbreak is followed by a discussion of the route of transmission of the disease causing the outbreak and how the attack could affect the community. Finally, an explanation concerning the appropriate protocol for reporting a possible outbreak is followed by an assessment of a community health nurse's role in modifying care of patients with asthma and other respiratory diseases when the…...

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References

Diekmann, O., Heesterbeek, H. & Britton, T. (2013). Mathematical tools for understanding infectious diseases dynamics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Johnson, T.D. (2011, September). Measles cases abroad linked to increase of disease in U.S. The

Nation's Health, 41(7), 1-3.

Knorr, R.S., Condon, S.K. Dwyer, F.M. & Hoffman, D.F. (2004, October). Tracking pediatric asthma: The Massachusetts experience using school health records. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(14), 1424-1427.

individual with a communicable disease that is a disability is other wise qualified for the job?
Individuals with disease can be judged for qualifications in the same way as any other individual applying for a job. Communicable or infectious diseases are considered to constitute a disability when the disease is impairing to such a degree that it "limits one or more major life activities" (Human Resources UNC). In these cases, individuals with communicable disease should be treated like any other disability. When judging whether a disabled individual is qualified for a job, it must be determined if they can perform the specific job with reasonable accomodations. If a communicable disease does not result in disability, then the individual should be judged as a nondisabled person. Additionally, law generally "permits an employer to fail to hire, transfer, promote, or to discharge a disabled person if the person has a communicable disease…...

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Bibliography

Choose Charity. "How to Run a Business Without Hiding Your Faith."  http://choosecharity.org/titlevii_information.htm#_edn1 

Cohen, Michael. "As Freely As Everyone Else" Human Rights Campaign.   CONTENTID=25218& TEMPLATE=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfmhttp://www.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Home& ;

Human Resources UNC. "Summary of Applicable Laws and Policy Guidelines." Human Resources University of North Carolina.  http://hr.unc.edu/Data/SPA/employeerelations/summary-of-laws 

Rochelle, Dudley. "Ten Tips for Employers to Avoid Religious Discrimination" Marketplace Leaders.   columnid=743http://marketplaceleaders.org/articles_view.asp?articleid=5623& ;

Intra-Health International
One of the tope 10 global health issues identified by Intra-Health International in 2013 is: Helping even more children to live longer. According to the 2012 UNICEF report,

Committing to Child Survival: A Promise enewed, the number of child deaths has decreased in many countries across the globe ("Intra-Health," 2013). Indeed, child mortality rates have decreased nearly 50% from a 1990 figure of 12 million under-five deaths to a 2011 figure of 6.9 million. In absolute terms, if the child mortality rate could be reduced to just 20 child deaths per 1,000 live births in every country by 2035, a minimum of 45 million children saved ("Intra-Health," 2013). ecommendations from the Child Survival Call to Action hosted by USAID point to the need for better and more systematic collection of health sector data, as well as better implementation of high-impact interventions to tackle the major causes of newborn and child…...

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References

Mitku, K., Bedada, T., Masresha, B., Wenemagegn, K., Nafo-Traore, F., Tesfaye, N., and Beyene, B. (2011). The epidemiology of rubella disease in Ethiopia: Data from the measles case-based surveillance system. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204(1), S239-S242. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir120. Retreived from  http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_1/S239.full.pdf+html 

____. (2013, January 15). The top 10 global health issues to watch in 2013. Intra-Health International. Retrieved from  http://www.intrahealth.org/page/the-top-10-global-health-issues-to-watch-in-2013

Response to Carmen T.Considering Haiti\\\'s susceptibility to natural disasters, the focus should shift towards public health education in all aspects of healthcare. Nurses and government should not wait until a natural disaster happens for them to begin offering healthcare education. There should be better strategies in place to ensure that the citizens understand what they should do when a disaster happens to prevent the spread of disease. Therefore, continuous public health education should be aimed at mitigating the risk of communicable disease spread after a disaster (uillaume et al., 2018). While the population might be ignorant of appropriate healthcare measures, there could be other underlying causes of their ignorance. For example, have any healthcare educational approaches been implemented in the area? Trying to educate people after or during a disaster will yield unfavorable results because they have more pressing issues to deal with at the moment. Education should be done…...

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Guillaume, Y., Ternier, R., Vissieres, K., Casseus, A., Chery, M. J., & Ivers, L. C. (2018). Responding to cholera in Haiti: Implications for the national plan to eliminate cholera by 2022. The Journal of infectious diseases, 218(suppl_3), S167-S170.   Kahn, R., Mahmud, A. S., Schroeder, A., Ramirez, L. H. A., Crowley, J., Chan, J., & Buckee, C. O. (2019). Rapid forecasting of cholera risk in Mozambique: translational challenges and opportunities. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 34(5), 557-562.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19004783  Yu, X., Pendse, A., Slifko, S., Inman, A. G., Kong, P., & Knettel, B. A. (2019). Healthy people, healthy community: evaluation of a train-the-trainers programme for community health workers on water, sanitation and hygiene in rural Haiti. Health Education Journal, 78(8), 931-945. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896919853850 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy491 

ResponsesFrom #Response 1My colleague indicates that according to her interpretation of the data presented, middle school problems are on the rise. She further observes that in her school, the most prevalent concerns have been physical fights/confrontations among students and cyberbullying. The latter appears to be problematic in most settings as I have also encountered students who happen to have fallen victim to the same. This could be attributed to the advent of social media. My colleague also indicates that she was surprised by data regarding the prevalence of chronic sadness and hopelessness. This also happens to be the piece of data that surprised me most. I am in agreement with my colleague that this could be triggered by modern way of life where kids no longer engage in diverse outdoor activities and meaningful playground interactions. Life is likely to be dull when a majority of time is spent behind…...

The Interplay Between Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, and Communicable DiseasesThe transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) marked a significant evolution in the global framework for addressing pressing social, economic, and environmental challenges. Both sets of goals are interrelated and pertinent to the discussion of communicable diseases (Fehling et al., 2013). The prevention, management, and eventual eradication of communicable diseases pivot significantly around these goals. For that reason, this paper discusses the MDGs and SDGs of global health within the context of their interconnectedness.Goals 1 & 2: Eradicating Extreme Hunger and Poverty and Achieving Universal Primary EducationEradicating extreme poverty and hunger is not merely a goal in itself, but it\\\'s also a stepping stone towards broader health outcomes. Extreme poverty often means inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities, all of which are crucial in preventing and managing communicable diseases.…...

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ReferencesFehling, M., Nelson, B. D., & Venkatapuram, S. (2013). Limitations of the Millennium Development Goals: a literature review. Global Public Health, 8(10), 1109-1122.Fukuda-Parr, S., Yamin, A. E., & Greenstein, J. (2014). The power of numbers: A critical review of millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 15(2-3), 105-117.Hunt, P. (2016). Interpreting the international right to health in a human rights-based approach to health. Health and Human Rights, 18(2), 109-130.Poku, N. K., & Whiteside, A. (2017). The political economy of AIDS in Africa. Routledge.Sumner, A., & Tribe, M. (2019). International Development Studies: Theories and Methods in Research and Practice. SAGE Publications Limited.Waage, J., Yap, C., Bell, S., Levy, C., Mace, G., Pegram, T., ... & Poole, N. (2015). Governing the UN sustainable development goals: interactions, infrastructures, and institutions. The Lancet Global Health, 3(5), e251-e252.

Health Map
The risk of a pandemic disease spreading throughout the globe is higher than it has ever been in the history of the world. The massive population boom and rapid travel methods have combined to demonstrate that germs and diseases are potential weapons against the health and welfare of the population. To help remedy this cause, technology has shown us that, with its proper implementation, it can have a great benefit to those who are designated to protect the population from such threats.

The purpose of this essay is to highlight the importance of surveillance in the fight against such communicable disease outbreaks. To accomplish this task, this essay will detail the benefits and limitations of the surveillance system HealthMap. This essay will discuss how this particular piece of technology contributes to minimizing and eliminating potential threats.

HealthMap

The HealthMap system is recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (nd). Appendix D; The HealthMap System. Viewed 17 Mar 2014. Retrieved from  http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/appendices/appendix-d-the-healthmap-system 

HealthMap.org. Viewed 17 Mar 2014. Retrieved from  http://healthmap.org/en/ 

Schlipkoter U, Flahault A. Communicable diseases: achievements and challenges for public health. Public Health Reviews 2010;32:90-119. Retrieved from  http://www.publichealthreviews.eu/show/f/33

Applying Epidemiology
The case study centers mainly on analyzing the symptoms of an unknown disease experienced by students at one of the universities in Central South Texas. The students were suffering from nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. The two students reported the food they had taken in one of the local pizzerias had caused the illness. Other analyses on the 23 students seek to investigate the illness whose symptoms are described in the study. In order to do this, tests on the existence of certain disease-causing agents such as Listeria, Vibrio, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Escherichia Coli will be undertaken. The presence or absence of these organisms will aid the identification of the disease ailing the students. Besides, the case study describes the locality of the university succinctly and a place where it gets its water services. Analytically, the case study relates the unknown illness that the students suffer from to a…...

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References

Committee on Communicable Diseases Affecting Man, Food Subcommittee (1988). Procedures

to Investigate Foodborne Illness. Fourth Edition, Des Moines, Iowa: International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians, Inc.

Community and Public Health Online. Epidemiological Case Study 1. Gastroenteritis at a

A Comprehensive Guide to Global National Illnesses: Unveiling the Spectrum of Disease

Exploring the Tapestry of National Illnesses: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Unveiling the Hidden Crisis: A Global Perspective on National Illnesses

National Illnesses: A Global Burden Unraveled

The Global Landscape of National Illnesses: Navigating the Diversity of Disease

A Journey into the Heart of National Illnesses: Exploring the Human Toll

Uniting Against National Illnesses: A Global Call to Action

The Socioeconomic Impact of National Illnesses: A Ripple Effect Across Nations

Bridging Borders: Collaborative Solutions for National Illnesses

National Illnesses and Global Health: A Vital Nexus

Unmasking National Illnesses: A Comprehensive Atlas of Symptoms and Treatments

The Role of Culture in National....

Internal migration in Papua New Guinea has had a significant impact on the social and economic landscape of the country. Some of the key ways in which internal migration has influenced Papua New Guinea include:

1. Urbanization: Internal migration has led to a significant increase in urbanization in Papua New Guinea, with more people moving from rural areas to cities in search of better economic opportunities. This has led to the rapid growth of urban centers such as Port Moresby and Lae, which have become hubs of economic activity in the country.

2. Pressure on infrastructure and services: The influx of migrants....

Pharmaceutical Industry and Its Impacts

The Evolving Landscape of Drug Development: Innovations and Ethical Challenges
The Role of Government Regulation in Ensuring Pharmaceutical Safety and Efficacy
The Impact of Pharmaceutical Marketing on Consumer Health Choices
The Global Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: Challenges and Opportunities
The Future of Pharmaceuticals: Personalized Medicine and Technological Advancements

Pharmaceuticals and Public Health

The Opioid Crisis: Root Causes and Legislative Responses
Antimicrobial Resistance: The Looming Threat and Strategies for Mitigation
The Rise of Non-Communicable Diseases and the Role of Pharmaceuticals
Access to Essential Medicines: Ethical and Economic Considerations
Pharmaceutical Education and Patient Empowerment

Pharmaceuticals and the Economy

The Economic....

Non-communicable diseases and oral health issues can have a significant impact on mental health in several ways:

1. Pain and discomfort: Dental problems and certain non-communicable diseases such as arthritis can cause chronic pain and discomfort, which can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and depression. Pain can make it difficult to focus, sleep, and engage in daily activities, all of which can affect mental well-being.

2. Self-esteem and self-image: Oral health issues such as missing or damaged teeth can have a negative impact on self-esteem and self-image. Individuals may feel self-conscious about their appearance, leading to feelings of embarrassment, low self-esteem, and....