Once the buffalo hides had been cleaned and stripped, and dried in the sun, the thick hair was stripped off and the hides were made supple through a process of soaking, and rubbing with various substances. They were then smoked over a fire to give them their color.
Each tipi had a hole dug in the center for a fire both for warmth and for cooking in bad or cold weather. During hot days the hides could be rolled up from the bottom to allow more air flow. The tipi was extremely useful, practical, and mobile for the Comanche since they moved around. It is said that the women, working in groups, could set them up or take them down very quickly. The entire Comanche band could be packed and on a buffalo hunt within fifteen minutes.

Clothing

Comanche clothing was simple and easy to wear. Men wore a leather belt with…...

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Bibliography

"Comanche." crystalinks.com. n.d.   (accessed May 21, 2009).http://www.crystalinks.com/comanche.html 

Comancheindian.com. "Comanche Indian." Comancheindian.com. n.d. / (accessed May 21, 2009).http://www.comancheindian.com

De Capua, S. The Comanche. Marshall Cavendish, 2006.

Hagan, W.T. Quanah Parker, Comanche chief. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.

COMANCHE
Choose (1) Native Ameican tibe esiding continental United States (Lowe 48 states) time Euopean contact. Reseach aspect chosen tibe's cultue histoy. Topics eseached include limited: Descibing tibe's pe-Columbian histoy, including settlement dates cultual details.

Comanche Indians: Histoy and belief systems

The Plains Indian tibe of the Comanche, accoding to anthopological and linguistic evidence, began as a hunte-gathee mountain tibe "who oamed the Geat Basin egion of the westen United States" (Lipscomb 2012). They wee one of the ealiest Native Ameican tibes to acquie hoses, and became famed fo thei powess as ides. The Comanche acquied hoses faily ealy -- in the late 17th centuy -- and this gave the tibe both militay powe and mobility. "By moving south, they had geate access to the mustangs of the Southwest. The wam climate and abundant buffalo wee additional incentives fo the southen migation. The move also facilitated the acquisition of Fench tade goods, including…...

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references in Comanche narrative. Western Folklore, 53(4).

Lipscomb, Carol A. (2012). Comanche Indians. Handbook of Texas Online.

Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved:  http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmc72 

Moore, R.E. (2012). Horses and Plains Indians. Texas Indians. Retrieved:

http://www.texasindians.com/HORSE.htm

Empire of the Summer Moon -- Non-Fiction American History Book
hat The Book Is About

In the various books about Native Americans published over the years and the myriad history classes students have taken, a great deal of information about Native Americans and their activities has been presented. Much has been written and chronicled about the Sioux and Apache tribes, but how many students who took high school history classes can name the Comanche Tribe as the most powerful Indian tribe in American history? And how many alert readers of the history of the American est can recall that the last and greatest chief of the Comanches was the mixed blood son of Caucasian pioneer woman Cynthia Ann Parker? These facts are all contained in the wonderfully written book by S.C. Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon.

The Comanche tribe -- according to the best accounts available to the author -- thrived for…...

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Works Cited

Gwynne, S.C. Empire of the Summer Moon. New York: Scribner. 2010.

Carlisle Indian School: founded 1879; Indian boarding school; Pennsylvania; forced assimilation of native children; abuse of children
11. Cheyenne Tribe: Plains Indians; a Sioux name for the tribe; currently comprises two tribes; ties with Arapaho; hunters; ghost dance

12. ed Cloud: leader of Ogala Lakota; fierce warrior opposed U.S.; ed Cloud's War 1866-1868; Wyoming, Montana; became leader on reservation

13. Comanche Tribe: Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma; Plains Indians; hunter-gatherers; about 14,000 remain; speak Uto-Aztecan language related to Shoshone

14. Joseph Brant: Thayendanegea; Mohawk; American evolution fought with British to help Indians; became Mason; active political leader for Six Nations

15. Trail of Tears: massive relocation of Native Americans; affected Choctaw, Cherokee and other southern Indians; move to Oklahoma Indian Territory; 1830s; related to Indian emoval Act; represented treaty violations

16. Pontiac's War: 1763; Great Lakes region; Pontiac was Odawa leader; war against British after Seven Years War; British retaliated with smallpox blankets

eferences

"ed Cloud."…...

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References

"Red Cloud." PBS. Retrieved Mar 26, 2009 from  http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/redcloud.htm 

Saunders, R. (2007). "Chief Pontiac's War -- 1763." Retrieved Mar 26, 2009 from http://colonial-america.suite101.com/article.cfm/chief_pontiacs_war_1763

Cheyenne Indians and the Ghost Dance
The Cheyenne people are Native Americans of the Algonquian language family. They are of the Great Plains culture area. The name Cheyenne means 'people of an alien speech,' and was given to them by the Sioux.

The Cheyenne call themselves Tsetschestahase or Tsistsistas, which means 'beautiful people' or 'our people.'

Originally farmers, hunters, and gatherers in the land that is now central Minnesota, however, during the late 17th century, the Cheyenne were driven out of the area by the Sioux and Ojibwa tribes.

Gradually they migrated westward and settled in the area that is now North Dakota, but were forced to move south when the Ojibwa destroyed their settlement in 1770.

When the Cheyenne reached the lack Hills of South Dakota, they changed from farming and hunting and living in permanent villages to a nomadic life following the uffalo herds.

When the horse was introduced to this part of the…...

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Bibliography

Cheyenne.

http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556412/Cheyenne_(people).html

The Cheyenne Indians

 http://www.cheyenneindian.com/

White European Authors Depicted Native Americans in Fiction
The objective of this study is to examine how white European authors have depicted Native American in Fiction. Examined to inform this study are two specific works in writing and specifically those entitled: "The Last of the Mohicans" and "The Searchers" written by James Fenimore Cooper and John Ford, respectively.

There can be no doubt that the native American Indians are misrepresented in literature written by white European authors as the Indians are portrayed as ignorant, uneducated, ungodly, barbarians and villains. IN the literature of White European authors, the Native American Indians lived a life that was wild, unprincipled and ungodly however, study that has examined the life of the Native American Indians since those earlier works has related an entirely different story of the Native American Indians.

Coleman on Social Construction of Indians in the Cinema

The work of Cynthia-Lou Coleman entitled "Framing Cinematic…...

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References

Kellner, Leon (1915) The American Books: A Library of Good Citizenship. Garden City, New York. Doubleday, Page & Company 1915.

Coleman, Cynthia-Lou (nd) Framing Cinematic Indians within the Social Construction of Place. Retrieved from:  https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/viewFile/2963/2922 

Ebert, Roger (2001) The Searchers. Retrieved from:  http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20011125/REVIEWS08/111250301/1023 

Gregor, Theresa Lynn (2010) from Captors to Captives: American Indian Reponses to Popular American Narrative Forms. May 2010. Retrieved from: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Gregor-3488.pdf

(Famous Cattle Trails)
The Trail in fact aided in the collection of herds of cattle from San Antonio, Helena and Texana in the south and Uvalde, and also from Comanche and Fort Worth, from further north. From Fort Worth, the Chisolm Trail goes straight northwards, and crosses the ed iver at ed iver Station, and when it reaches the Indian Nation Territory, it passes through ush Springs, Kingfisher and Hennessy on through to Kansas. In fact, what made this particular trail very important was the fact that along the route, there were present, three important cattle terminals, which were Wichita, Abilene, and Newton. Abilene was in fact one of the largest cow towns in Kansas, and it was a mere hamlet of twelve red roofed cabins in the year 1867, which was the year when Joseph Mc Coy, a cattle dealer from Chicago, happened to arrive at Kansas.

ecognizing the potential…...

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References

Abilene, History" Retrieved at Accessed 7 August, 2005http://www.kansascattletowns.com/abilene/abilene.html.

Beef Farming" Retrieved at Accessed 7 August, 2005http://www.face-online.org.uk/resources/factsheets/pdf_doc/beef.pdf.

Biodiversity and Conservation: a Hypertext Book by Peter J. Byrant" Retrieved at ???[X??H?[Y\?X?[?L??Y??[?X??\??Y

?]Y?\??

B???Y??[??X?[?http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/\?\?Z[??[?K?X?

Ultimately, they met their end to the advancing Americans. Quanah himself, the epitome of Comanche experiences, fell into a state of madness in 1889 before the age of fifty. In this, Gwynne is showing the end of an era with the end of Quanah's prominence.
In his portrayal of Quanah, Gwynne's detailed and impressive use of language is also a main staple of the work. The language the author chooses shows a clear exaltation of the tribe. He uses vivid descriptions and impressive language to give a sense of power to the narrative itself, almost in honor of the lost people Gwynne is portraying. This language sets up the underlying allegory in the work, as Gwynne calls the first chapter "a lethal paradise" (Gwynne 12). Gwynne is clever in his carefully constructed portrayal of the Comanche and their leader.

Although the book does glorify a lost people, it is honest in…...

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Works Cited

Gwynne, Samuel C. Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. Simon and Schuster. 2010.

Dead Man's Walk
In the stories of the Wild West, there is always a white man in a white hat who serves as the hero of the story. The villain is always the other white man in the black hat. Symbolically, the villain becomes a racial other because of the color of his hat. When a black hat cannot be found, the other villain of a western will be the Native American, more commonly referred to as the Indian, since calling them by the more politically correct term would be anachronistic. This is a tradition of American stories of the Wild West where the white man, no matter what his character is, will always be heroic in comparison to the villainous other. In the movie version of Larry McMurtry's novel Dead Man's Walk, the heroes of the story are intended to be the Caucasian Texas Rangers and the villains are the…...

For example, in addition to designating "wol-la-chee," meaning "ant," for a, "be-la-sana" and "tse-nihl," which meant "apple" and "axe," respectively, were also designated for the letter a. The original 211 vocabulary terms were also expanded to 411.
Jevec, and Potter 262)

There is a clear sense that the development of the system was essential to the development of the role as a native American soldier and the idea that the code talker was likely supporting a member of his own native or another native nation from America on the ground likely aided in the desire to fulfill the role of a code talker. It was in fact a highly sought after position that served many fundamental and secondary purposes, not the least of which was the recognition of the value and complexity of a language that had previously been ignored and even subverted, as an "uncivilized" expression by an "uncivilized" peoples.

The…...

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Works Cited

Jevec, Adam, and Lee Ann Potter. "The Navajo Code Talkers." Social Education 65.5 (2001): 262.

Lahti, Janne. "William C. Meadows, the Comanche Code Talkers of World War II." American Studies International 42.1 (2004): 144.

Spack, Ruth. America's Second Tongue: American Indian Education and the Ownership of English, 1860-1900. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.

Townsend, Kenneth William. World War II and the American Indian. 1st ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000.

Politics makes strange bedfellows, we are told, with the implication that those brought together by the vagaries of politics would be best kept apart. But sometimes this is not true at all. In the case of the Black Seminoles, politics brought slaves and Seminole Indians politics brought together two groups of people who would - had the history of the South been written just a little bit differently - would never have had much in common. But slaves fleeing their masters and Seminoles trying to lay claim to what was left of their traditional lands and ways found each other to be natural allies in Florida and in time in other places as well. This paper examines the origin of this particular American population, describing how the Black Seminoles changed over time and how their culture reflected both African and Seminole elements.
The Black Seminoles began in the early 1800s in…...

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Works Cited

Amos, Alcione M., and Thomas Senter (eds). The Black Seminoles. History of a Freedom-Seeking People. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1996.

Hancock, I. The Texas Seminoles and Their Language. Austin: African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 1980.    http://www.nps.gov/foda/Fort_Davis_WEB_PAGE/About_the_Fort/Seminole.htm http://members.aol.com/angelaw859/movement.html 

 http://www.ccny.cuny.edu/library/News/seminoles2.html 

Jahoda, G. The Trail of Tears. Kansas City: Wings Press, 1995.

Horses have been an important and influential part of North American and European history. In his book, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, Alfred W. Crosby argues that horses helped to bring about European's successful colonization of a number of temperate regions such as North America, Australia, New Zealand, and some parts of South America. He argues that the profound success of horses in these regions resulted from the filling of an empty biological niche, and that the arrival of horses on the plains in North America resulted in profound changes in the lives of North American Indians. In his article, The ise and Fall of Plains Indian Horse Cultures, Pekka Hamalainen argues that the common view that horses brought success to Native Americans is fundamentally oversimplified. He suggests that the common focus on only the successful incorporation of horses by the Lakota people has distorted modern understanding of…...

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References

Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900

(Canto). Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Hamalainen, Pekka. The Rise and Fall of Plains Indian Horse Cultures." Journal of American

History, 90 (Dec. 2003): 833-62.

Sandia Mountains
Environmental History of Sandia Mountains

The view from the top of Sandia Peak is breathtaking. Showing off some of Nature's finest work, the Tramway glides along the cable climbing the rugged Sandia Mountains presenting spectacular views of the io Grande Valley and nearby Sandia Crest. Even though you're just a few miles from Albuquerque, the 15 minute tram ride has taken you far away from the everyday world. As your eyes sweep across the mountain range, appreciating one geological feature after another, you're taken by the spirituality of the scene. You have discovered what every Pueblo Indian knows, that this is indeed a sacred space. At the same time, you understand too why obert Nordhaus was inspired to build the Sandia Peak Tramway to share this picturesque bounty with millions of tourists. For Sandia Mountains, past and present, is a place where residents and tourists, Native Americans and nature lovers,…...

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Reference List

Benedict, Cynthia. 2009. Contemporary American Indian uses and tribal consultation, U.S. Forest Service,   (accessed March 22, 2012).http://www.fs.fed.us/outernet/r3/cibola/projects/nepa_reports/hondo/tribal_uses_specialist_report.pdf 

Hawkinson, Bruce. 2011. History A brief, unresearched history of the Sandia Park Scenic Byway neighborhood. Sandia Park Scenic Byway Neighborhood Association, (accessed March 22, 2012).http://www.sandia-park.com/History_and_Maps.html

Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Sandia Pueblo,   (accessed March 22, 2012).http://www.indianpueblo.org/19pueblos/sandia.html 

New Mexico State Record Center and Archives. 2012. Sandia Pueblo,   (accessed March 22, 2012).http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=1220 

Paintbrush & Peacepipe: The Story of George Catlin, and George Catlin and the Old Frontier
Two books, Paintbrush & Peacepipe: The Story of George Catlin, by Anne Rockwell and George Catlin and the Old Frontier, by Harold McCracken, cover almost exactly the same subject matter and differ most significantly in tone and style according to the vastly different audiences to which each is directed.

The first book, Paintbrush and Peacepipe, 86 small pages in length, with 8 brief chapters and 15 illustrations, is written for children. By comparison, the second book, George Catlin and the Old Frontier, with its 209 oversized pages might seem a vastly superior presentation of George Catlin's biography. The artbook format of McCracken's work, with its 36 color and 118 black and white illustrations, is far more authoritative and detailed in its representation of the scope of Catlin's art. Yet, Paintbrush & Peacepipe, in it's minimalist manner is…...

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Works Cited

McCracken, Harold. George Catlin and the Old Frontier. New York: Bonanza Books, 1959.

Rockwell, Anne. Paintbrush & Peacepipe: The Story of George Catlin. New York: Atheneum, 1971.

Circle of Life Framework in Breast Health Education
Article Critique Analysis: Use of the Talking Circle for Comanche omen's Breast Health Education, by E. Haozous, V. Eschiti, and J. Lauderdale

The journal article, "Use of the Talking Circle for Comanche omen's Breast Health Education" by E. Haozous et. al. (2010), promotion of education on breast health was explored using a specific and unique tradition as the framework of the study. This tradition, called the Circle of Life (COL), is an "intertribal cancer prevention program focused on breast health education" and is specifically implemented among American Indian (AI) women (378). Using the COL as framework, the authors aimed to achieve "cultural congruency" in exploring, discovering, and identifying the different dimensions concerning breast health education and promotion effectiveness in the context of AI women's culture -- specifically, Comanche women (378). Harmonized understanding of the Comanche community, female and health cultures led to an understanding…...

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Work cited:

Haozous, E., V. Eschiti, and J. Lauderdale. (2010). "Use of Talking Circle for Comanche Women's Breast Health Education." Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Vol. 21, No. 377.