Columbian Exchange
Every culture has its own set of believes and value system. Culture is a phenomenon which is highly misunderstood by the people of the society. Culture is considered as a way of life which includes language, thought, spirituality, social activity, thought and other things as well. But is should also be kept in mind that culture is not limited to the above mentioned things only. The cultures of the societies keep on changing as the time goes on. Values and beliefs prevailing in eighteenth century do not necessarily be practiced in twenty first century. However society represents the group of people where different set of cultures often interact with one another. It reflects that there might be a possibility that when these cultures interact with one another some of the values of one culture might be liked by the people of other cultures and they start adopting the good…...

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Work Cited

Adler, Nancy J. 1983. "Cross-Cultural Management Research: The Ostrich and the Trend." The Academy of Management Review 8(2): 226-232.

Audretsch, David, Dirk Dohse, and Annekatrin Niebuhr. n.d. "Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship: a regional analysis for Germany." The Annals of Regional Science 45(1): 55-85.

Barachini, Franz. 2007. "Cultural and social issues for knowledge sharing." Journal of Knowledge Management 13(1): 98-110.

Fave, Antonella D., and Marta Bassi. 2009. "The contribution of diversity to happiness research." The Journal of Positive Psychology 4(3): 205-207.

The only notable impact of syphilis on Europeans, according to Crosby, was on relations between men and women. To prevent the spread of the venereal disease, European doctors began to recommend that men thoroughly wash their genitals after sexual intercourse.
The most important biological development of the last millennium for Crosby is not the destructive outcome of the Columbian exchange, but the way it sparked a massive population growth in the post-Columbian era. While the indigenous population of the New World drastically decreased as a result of the exchange, for the same period the population of Europeans and Africans who arrived in the New World rapidly increased. The major cause of this development was the post-Columbian New World's capacity to provide food. "The transfer of Old World plants and, especially, Old World animals," Crosby argues, "vastly enhanced America's capacity to feed [the] growing population of alien humans" (166). And later…...

Globalization: Impact of the Columbian Exchange
A continental drift occurred millions of years ago, splitting the Americas - which then came to be known as then new world, from the old world made up of Africa and Eurasia (Crosby, 2011). The continental separation lasted long enough to foster divergent evolution, making some bacteria, animals and plants unique to the new world, and others unique to the old world (Crosby, 2011). Human voyagers artificially re-established connections between the two worlds by commingling the "old and new world plants, animals and bacteria," in what came to be known as the Columbian Exchange (Crosby, 2011). During the exchange, Europeans travelled across the Atlantic, to the new world, bringing with them old world plants such as turnips, rice, barley and wheat; domesticated animals such as goats, sheep, cattle and horses; the alphabet, and disease-causing bacteria; and carrying to the old, maize, manioc, sweet and white…...

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References

Crosby, A. (2011). The Worldwide Impact of the Columbian Exchange. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved from  http://www.utexas.edu/opa/blogs/research/2011/08/18/old-world-meets-new-in-the-columbian-exchange/

ibliography

Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

eezley, ill. "The Global Market from and to the Americas." University of Arizona (November 23, 2004), http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:uKRvc_4yeu4J:las.arizona.edu/outreach/complete_curriculum_units/taste_of_LA/Taste%2520of%2520LA%2520Handouts.pdf+%22columbian+exchange%22+food&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us.

Hodge, F. "Disabled American Indians: A Special Population Requiring Special Considerations." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 13 (1988), 83-104.

Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise. New York: Alfred a. Knopf, 1990.

Stannard, David E. American Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Viola, Herman J. And Carolyn Margolis. Seeds of Change. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.

David E. Stannard, American Holocaust (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 53.

Kirkpatrick Sale, the Conquest of Paradise (New York: Alfred a. Knopf, 1990), 34.

Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, Seeds of Change (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 79.

Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 197.

Viola and Margolis, 192.

F. Hodge, "Disabled American Indians: A Special Population Requiring Special Considerations," American Indian Culture and Research Journal 13 (1988), 83-104.

ill…...

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Bibliography

Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Beezley, Bill. "The Global Market from and to the Americas." University of Arizona (November 23, 2004), http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:uKRvc_4yeu4J:las.arizona.edu/outreach/complete_curriculum_units/taste_of_LA/Taste%2520of%2520LA%2520Handouts.pdf+%22columbian+exchange%22+food&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us.

Hodge, F. "Disabled American Indians: A Special Population Requiring Special Considerations." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 13 (1988), 83-104.

Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise. New York: Alfred a. Knopf, 1990.

I know that the case you cite, of Dr. Drake, has been a common one. The religion-builders have so distorted and deformed the doctrines of Jesus, so muffled them in mysticisms, fancies and falsehoods, have caricatured them into forms so monstrous and inconceivable, as to shock reasonable thinkers, to revolt them against the whole, and drive them rashly to pronounce its Founder an impostor. Had there never been a commentator, there never would have been an infidel.... I have little doubt that the whole of our country will soon be rallied to the unity of the Creator, and, I hope, to the pure doctrines of Jesus also (Jefferson, 1854).
American Transcendentalism -- the transcendentalist movement was a group of new ideas in religion, literature, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century as a generalized protest against the general state of intellectualism and…...

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REFERENCES

Benedict, Ruth. (2007). Zuni Mythology. Martino Publishing.

Coffey, J. And P. Lim. (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism.

Cowley, G. (Fall/Winter 1991). "The Great Disease Migration." Newsweek. Cited in:

www.newsweek.com

Civilizations of Latin America
Human beings have always expressed themselves through culture; throughout history. The achievements made are a product of continued refinement over the ages. They are an inherited product of a diverse modified and complex evolution from the past through time. The Latin American case is a complex one. There is plenty of diversity exemplified but there are contradictions too. The complication arises from the fact that there is a remarkable cultural diversity in the vast continent; spanning Patagonia to Mesoamerica and from the past to modern day. The Latin American region has been full of controversies, disagreements, legends and mysteries that show the reasons why the continent should exist despite great pressure mounted by the West[footnoteef:1]. In order to understand our existence as unique people, and for a clear coexistence attitude embedded in a social fabric, we must study, live and imagine the cultural orientations of Latin America.…...

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References

Kahn, J.S. El concepto de cultura: Textos fundamentales. Anagrama. (1974)

Nanda, Serena. Antropologia cultural. Adaptaciones socioculturales. Mexico. 1987

Navarrete Orta, Lu's. Literatura e ideas en la Historia hispanoamericana. Cuadernos Lagoven. 1991

Zea, Leopoldo. La esencia de lo americano. Mexico. 1971

Colonial Settlement
The lasting impact of colonial settlement

The colonialism is taken to be a political and economic experience which paved the way for the European to explore, conquer, settle and exploit large areas of the world. The era of modern colonialism started during 1400 A.D with the European discovery of sea route around Africa's southern coast during 1488 and that of America during 1492. They made provisions to transfer the sea power from that of the Mediterranean towards the Atlantic and to the emerging new nation-states at that time which were Portugal, Spain, Dutch epublic, France and that of England. The initiation for discovery, the desire to conquer and settlement led these nations to expand their territories and to colonize over the world, extending the European institutions and culture to other parts of the world. The competition continued among the European nations for colonization across the world. Such colonies were exploited…...

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References

Colonial Settlement, 1600s-1763. Retrieved from  http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/colonial/colonial.html 

Accessed 21 September, 2005

Exploration. Retrieved from  http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/movement/exp.cfm 

Accessed 21 September, 2005

They goal for globalization is to increase material wealth and the distribution of goods and services through a more international division of labor and then, in turn, a process in which regional cultures integrate through communication, transportation and trade. The overall theory is that if countries are tied together cooperatively economically, they will not have needed to become political enemies (Smith 2007). Notice the continuum here -- globalization, like modernization, is a process, but a process that insists movement from A to B. is not only desirable, but necessary to become part of the Global Club. hile this is primarily an economic determinant, nothing exists in a vacuum. Therefore, economics drive technological, social, cultural, political, and even biological factors. And, with this exchange of paradigms, there is transnational circulation of ideas, languages, popular culture, and communication through acculturation. Typically, we see the movement of globalization moving into the developing…...

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Works Cited

Achebe, C 2000, Home and Exile, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Adams, W 2006, The Future of Sustainability: Re-THinking Environment and Development in the 21st Century, viewed December 2011, http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_future_of_sustanability.pdf

Aristotle VII, 'Politics', pp. 1339a 29-30.

Bartlovich, C, Mannur, A (eds.) 2001, Marxism, Modernity and Post-Colonial Studies, Cambridge University Press, New York.

discovery of the New World and attendant new trade routes can certainly be described as momentous and significant, but the benefits of conquest and contact have been eclipsed by the inhumane, unjust, and hypocritical consequences thereof.
Three major aspects demonstrating Old and New World exchanges.

Discovery of new raw materials creating market demand and shifting patterns of trade, eg. Tobacco, cotton, corn.

Global trans-Atlantic slave trade creating free labor for the owners of the means of production and generating massive humanitarian disasters.

Decimation of indigenous populations throughout the Americas, representing genocide on unprecedented levels, justified by newfound sense of European superiority.

Five (5) specific groups that were affected by this event and two (2) examples for each cohort describing how they were affected.

A. Native Americans

Diseases

Forced migration and stripping of access to wealth.

B. Africans

Slave labor, brutality

2. Lack of access to wealth, resources, power, fruits of labor

C. Women in the colonies

1. Some experience greater gender division…...

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References

Forman-Barzilai, F. (2008). Adam Smith as a globalization theorist. Critical Review 14(4): 391-419.

Grolle, J. (2013). The "Columbian Exchange': How discovering the Americas transformed the world. Der Spiegel International. Retrieved online:  http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/a-923220.html 

London, C.R. (2013). When did globalization start? The Ecoomist. Sept 23, 2013. Retrieved online:  http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/09/economic-history-1 

Muthu, S. (2008). Adam Smith's critique of international trading companies. Political Theory 36(2): 185-212.

Native Art of North and Meso America
The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between native North American art and the art of Mesoamerica? Is an exchange of artistic influences seen between these two neighboring regions?

etween 20,000 and 30,000 years ago, the first inhabitants of the Americas arrived in North America. This time was approximately around the time of the last glacial age. The oceans of the world due to water forming into ice were lower than they presently are and a land bridge approximately 1,000 miles wide connecting Siberia to Alaska formed. This is known as the ering land bridge. Some of these new inhabitants settled in North America and others migrated to Central and South America. There were great civilizations flourishing throughout the Americas at different times and in different locations. (Education Department of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 2000, paraphrased)

Meso-America Indian Art and…...

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Bibliography

Art of the Americas: Information for Educators (2000) Education Department of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Retrieved from:  http://deyoung.famsf.org/files/ArtoftheAmericasEducatorGuide.pdf 

Messenger, LC (2010) The Southeastern Woodlands: Mississippian Cahokia -- Late Prehistoric Metropolis on the Mississippi. Making Archaeology Teaching Relevant in the XXI Century (MATRIX). Retrieved from:  http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/naa/naa_web/mod13D.html 

Sorenson, JL (2012) Mesoamericans in Pre-Columbian North America. Meal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. Brigham Young University. Retrieved from: http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=71&chapid=829

Thornton, R. (2010) The Mesoamerican connection: the Toltecs, artisans, scholars, priests and fearsome warriors. The Examiner. 22 Apr 2010. Retrieved from:  http://www.examiner.com/article/the-mesoamerican-connection-the-toltecs-artisans-scholars-priests-and-fearsome-warriors

The architects are not simply referencing a general Neoclassical style but evoking specific elements of Roman architectural style that suggested wealth and success.
The Los Angeles Stock Exchange on Spring St. (which no longer houses the stock exchange) includes the neoclassical elements of symmetry and alternating bands of vertical and horizontal elements. It also features three bas-relief panels carved into the granite over the central entrance that reflect Roman and Greek styles of decoration on public buildings. These bas-reliefs, like the carvings on the Continental Building are meant to summon up a certain kind of wealth and triumph, in this case the capitalist economy. Buildings in the Classical world would not have had to be so direct in broadcasting their function and stature. But the architects of this neoclassical building understood that a 20th-century clientele needed more explicit cues (Hickey). Classical buildings shared a common vocabulary that had been lost…...

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Works Cited

Brain, David. Discipline and style. Theory and society 18: 807-868, 1989.

Carlihan, Jean Paul. The Ecole des Beaux-Arts: Modes and Manners. New York: Association

of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, 1979.

Christ, Karl. The Romans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Gold has had fans in many places since the dawn of civilization. From the pre-Columbian Americas to Greece, from China to India, gold has served as a symbol of status and also as a tangible means of accumulating and exchanging wealth. In a world in which speculation and virtual currencies reign, gold occupies a more unique position than it has ever before. In Wages of Crime, Naylor reveals the dark underbelly of the world’s most popular precious metal. The chapter “The Underworld of Gold” addresses everything from how gold is mined nefariously in both black and grey market ways, and similarly traded in ways that resemble other types of organized crime. National laws often tax either the import or export of precious metals, driving gold markets to the grey and black zones of the global economy. In a world in which international banking leaves a potentially dangerous paper trail, gold…...

role that bail is playing in the criminal justice system and how these amounts are determined. This is accomplished by looking at the Robert lake murder trial, the Roman Polanski rape case and the Carlos Lehder drug trial. Once this occurs, is when we can understand how and why this applied differently in a host of court cases.
One of the core elements of the criminal justice system is bail. This is when someone who stands accused of a crime can be released from police custody, under the promise that they will return to court on the specified date of their trial. In all cases, this involves the person providing some kind of monetary or physical assets in exchange for being released from jail. The basic idea behind granting bail is three fold to include:

It assures that the accused will make their court date.

It maintains the presumption of innocence by…...

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Bibliography

Crock, J. (2010). Mixed Record on High Profile U.S. Extradition Requests. The American Journal of International Law, 104, (4), 673 -- 678.

Harr, S. (2008). Constitutional Law. Belmont, CA: Thomson.

Houck, R. (2006). Forensics. Scientific American, 295, 84 -- 89.

James, M. (2005). Celebrities and Juries. Journal of Criminal Law, 69, 365-372

War on Drugs
The concept of the 'War on Drugs' was first coined by President Nixon back in 1971 in an effort to discourage the illegal trafficking of drugs. The primary motivation for this was the way that many states were falling victim to the dynamics of the drugs and terrorism links prevalent in the region. There have many studies conducted that show various authentic connections between the drug business and how a majority of the money it produces is used to fund terrorism and destructive activities.

Throughout the late 19th century, numerous parts of the United States, from time to time, have faced numerous disruptions in their efforts for the peace process because of the growth of the drug industry. The entire debate on war in drugs now revolves around whether or not, certain drugs must be legalized/not legalized and their trafficking and distribution monitored. In a recent article, published in…...

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References

Duzan, M.J. (1994). Death Beat: A Colombian Journalist's Life inside the Cocaine Wars, ed. And trans. By Peter Eisner. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, p. 4.

Ehrenfeld, R. (1990). Narcoterrorism. Basic Books, pp. 31 -- 36.

Falcoff, M. (2000). Colombia: The Problem that Will Not Go Away. AEI Latin American Outlook March 2000: 1, http://www.aei.org/lao/lao11476.htm

Hudson, R.A. (1995). Colombia's Palace of Justice Tragedy Revisited: A Critique of the Conspiracy Theory. Terrorism and Political Violence 7: 100 -- 103, 119 -- 121.

Jamaica is an independent state within the Commonwealth and is the largest island in the Caribbean. It is well-known for its fascinating blend of music and culture and the unique blend of ethnic traditions. Jamaica's history is a culmination of various cultural influences that are part of its history. The country has Arawak Indian, Spanish, African, Indian, Middle Eastern, Chinese and ritish influences that go to make up its unique heritage.
Early history

The history of Jamaica can be divided into four general areas. These are the Pre-Columbian, Columbian and Spanish eras; the period under English control and independence. During the Pre-Columbian period the inhabitants of the Island were the Arawaks, The Arawak Indians were also called Tainos. The Spanish were later to paint a picture of the Arawaks as a primitive and disorganized people. However, this perception has been proved incorrect by "recent studies that show their life style was organized…...

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Bibliography

Eisner, Gisela. Jamaica, 1830-1930 A Study in Economic Growth. Manchester, Eng.: Manchester University Press, 1961.

Feuer, Carl Henry. Jamaica and the Sugar Worker Cooperatives: The Politics of Reform. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984.

Johnson, Marlene L. "Besides Sun, Sand Jamaica Really Swings." The Washington Times 8 Jan. 2000: 2. Questia. 7 Feb. 2005.  http://www.questia.com 

Hudson Rex A., and Seyler.Daniel J. Jamaica: Chapter 1A. General Information, Countries of the World, January 1, 1991.

1. The period from the 1500s to the 1800s witnessed the rise of tobacco as a pivotal commodity that not only transformed economic landscapes but also deeply influenced social structures across continents. Originating in the Americas, tobacco's journey from a native plant to a global economic force encapsulates the era's colonial ambitions, trade networks, and the socio-economic shifts that followed. This essay explores how tobacco shaped economies, altered labor systems, and redefined social norms, setting the stage for a comprehensive analysis of its multifaceted impact during these centuries.

2. In the early 1500s, tobacco was primarily used by indigenous peoples of....