Colorectal cancer is said to be one of the most common cancers in the U.S. In this text, I largely concern myself with this type of cancer. In so doing, I will amongst other things take into consideration not only its pathophysiology but also its clinical manifestations, treatment options, interventions, and expected outcomes.
Colorectal Cancer: A Brief Overview

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- CDC (2011) observes that "of cancers that affect both men and women, colorectal cancer is the second leading cancer killer in the United States…" In basic terms, this type of cancer as CDC (2011) further points out affects the colon (large intestine) or the rectum.

Pathophysiology

The exact causes of colorectal cancer remain unknown. However, it is important to note that a number of risk factors do exist. These include but they are not in any way limited to age. Indeed, according to the National Cancer Institute --…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- CDC (2011, July 18). Basic Information about Colorectal Cancer. Retrieved January 6, 2013, from the CDC website:  http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/index.htm 

Davey, P. (Ed.). (2010). Medicine at a Glance (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Medifocus (2011). Medifocus Guidebook On: Colorectal Cancer. Medifocus.com, Inc.

National Cancer Institute -- NCI (2012, September 11). Colon Cancer Treatment. Retrieved January 6, 2013, from the National Cancer Institute Website:  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages

Tobacco use or cigarette smoking is also linked to the development of colorectal cancers most especially after more than 35 years of smoking. but, there is no biological explanation for this link.
Colorectal cancer is often incidentally found in screening procedures and may be completely asymptomatic. ut approximately half of patients with colorectal carcinoma experience abdominal pain, this is the most common symptom. About 35% of patients have altered bowel habits, 30% with occult bleeding, and 15% with intestinal obstruction. For right-sided colon cancers, there is a tendency that they are larger and more likely to bleed, whereas left-sided tumors tend to be smaller and more likely to be obstructing.

Presenting symptoms of Colorectal Cancer vary with the anatomic location for the tumor. Stool is generally liquid and passes through the ileocecal valve into the right colon. Cancers arising in the cecum and ascending colon may become quite large but does…...

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Braunwalk, et. al.. "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine." 15th ed., McGraw Hill, Vol.1, pg 581-586, 2001.

University of Missouri. "Anatomy and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract" Health Care, 2008. May 9, 2008  http://www.muhealth.org/weightlosssurgery/anatomy.shtml 

Wafik S. El-Deiry, MD, PhD. "Colon Cancer, Adenocarcinoma," eMedicine, Oct 11, 2006. May 9, 2008   www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6915"Dennis Lee, MD. "Colon Cancer Screening and Surveillance," MedicineNet.com, March 25, 2005. May 9, 2008.  http://www.medicinenet.com/colon_cancer_screening/article.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/med/topic413.htm 

TREATMENT

While the most important factor in colorectal cancer is early detection, treatment is an important component. Treatment is driven by how advanced the cancer is. The cancerous tumor must be removed along with adjacent tissue. After this is done, the two ends of the intestines are joined. This is markedly invasive surgery and often will require a temporary colostomy. A colostomy is an opening in the abdomen through which feces are expelled while the patient recovers from the surgery. If the surgery is not too extensive, the colostomy can be reversed in later surgery, and the intestinal tract re-connected to the anus. However, in some cases, the colostomy will be permanent.

Supportive treatments are required following the surgery, especially if the cancer was advanced when diagnosed. These can include radiation and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancerous cells. Other interventions may include therapies designed to stimulate the body's immune system to…...

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Bibliography

Colon Cancer." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

Editors. 2000. "Colon Cancer Screening: Latest Recommendations." Consultant, July 12.

Nuovo, Jim. 2001. "Detection of Colon Cancer with a Magnetic Resonance Technique." American Family Physician, Jan. 15.

Seppa, N. 2004. "Early warning? Inflammatory protein is tied to colon cancer risk." Science News, Feb. 7.

The study was conducted using patients waiting in outpatient settings. They wee given a packet that outlined the vaious methods of sceening and asked the patients to choose which method they would pefe. It also asked questions about whethe they would pefe sceening o no sceening o diffeent sceening. It had a section fo demogaphic infomation as well fo the pupose of analysis.

Cuently, the oveall numbe of patients sceened is low. (15,16,18) With emphasis on shaed decision-making and the new eimbusement appoval by Medicae, colonoscopy is moe likely to be offeed as a sceening pocedue to aveage-isk patients. We expected that moe patients would opt fo colonoscopy as the moe complete and less fequent examination. The esponse ate to ou questionnaies was 64%, which is compaable to othe studies. (22,23) Most of ou patients who had not been sceened in the past pefeed sigmoidoscopy (Raina, 2004)."

In my opinion this was…...

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references for colorectal cancer: a patient demographic study.(Original Article) Southern Medical Journal; 3/1/2004; Raina, Ashu

Health Care (PHC) and Colorectal Cancer
Authorities around the world have expressed the need for development of an incorporated health care system with augmented emphasis on primary health care, and integration of principles and practices of health promotion. Primary health can be defined as the care provided at the first point of contact with the health care system, the point at which health services are assembled and synchronized to promote health, prevent illness, care for common illness, and manage health problems. This definition includes a focus on a primary care model, typically provided by family physicians, and a broader notion that includes a range of health and social services offered by way of multidisciplinary teams. Primary health care is the natural entry-point to reorient a health system towards health promotion. Health promotion is the procedure of facilitating people to amplify control over, and to advance, their health and well being…...

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References

Colon and Rectal Cancer. (2011). Retrieved from  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/colon-and-rectal 

Colorectal Cancer Control Program (CRCCP). (2011). Retreived from  http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/crccp/demonstration.htm 

Colorectal Cancer Health Center. (2011). Retreived from

This research applies to elderly patients primarily that hold strong beliefs about certain healthcare practices. The researchers concluded that information about colorectal procedures needs to be presented to patients in a culturally sensitive manner. This information could be applied equally well to other culturally diverse populations even though the population sample is relatively small. This research also helps the nursing practice by suggesting new avenues for education and patient care delivery in the future. This research article would benefit from additional or lengthier analysis of the literature to support the conclusions drawn from the researcher, based mostly on the small sample size used in the survey.
Colon cancer screening among older caregivers - Article 3

This article discusses colorectal cancers among older women. The purpose of the study is to describe participation in cancer screening among older women whose mean age is 65 years who are primary caregivers for a family…...

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References

Bush, S. (2003). "Elderly African-American women's knowledge and belief about colorectal cancer." Tucker Publications, Inc.

Frank, D., Swedmark, J. & Grubbs, L. (2004, July - Aug). "Colon cancer screening in African-American women." ABNF Journal, 15(4): 67.

Sarna, L., Chang, B.L. (1999-Aug). "Colon cancer screening among older women

Caregivers."

Immunotherapists can provide sensitive and accurate cancer diagnostic tools for the successful treatment of the disease and to stop it well in its tracks (cancerresearch.org, 2009). The outward advantages of immunotherapy are as follows: certain drugs have fewer side effects and offer patients a higher quality of life, bolstered anti-cancer effectiveness and rates of survival, benefits are often reaped quickly for the patient (cisncancer.org). The disadvantages are as follows: some varieties of this treatment have serious side effects, are very expensive and occasionally offer just a short-term efficacy (cisncancer.org)
5. An overexpression of proto-oncogenes can cause cancer as mutated forms of these genes can promote unrestrained cell proliferation: "oncogenes actively promote proliferation (analogous to the gas pedal of the cell cycle). Mutations that convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes typically increase the activity" (Hyland). An underexpression of tumor suppressor genes can also put an individual in a precarious situation. Tumor suppressor genes slam…...

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References

Cancer.gov. (n.d.). Understanding Cancer Series. Retrieved from Cancer.gov:  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/cancergenomics/AllPages 

Cancer.gov/topics. (n.d.). Tumor Markers. Retrieved from Cancer.gov:  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/tumor-markers 

Cancer.org. (n.d.). Tumor Markers. Retrieved from Cancer.org:  http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/UnderstandingYourDiagnosis/ExamsandTestDescriptions/TumorMarkers/tumor-markers-common-ca-and-t-m 

Cancerresearch.org. (n.d.). Cancer and the Immune System: Advantages of Cancer Immunotherapy. Retrieved from Cancerresearch.org: http://www.cancerresearch.org/resources/cancer-immune-system/cancer-immunotherapy-advantages.html

diet and cancer. The orks Cited five sources in MLA format.
Food, Diet and Cancer

Diet is fuel for our body. On the same account a balanced nutritious intake is what a human body needs more than anything. Hence food is one of the most cardinal factors that determine the quality of our healthy as well as the longevity of our lives. Knowing which food to eat in what quantity and how food helps us in building our defence mechanisms is essential.

This argumentative essay based on thorough analysis as well as extensive research revolves around and proves the following thesis statement:

There is a correlation between diet and cancer

Correlation between milk as well as other dairy products and Cancer

There are several forms of cancer killing thousands of people worldwide. One of the most common types of cancer is breast cancer affecting women under the age of 50 in most of the western…...

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Works Cited

Got breast cancer. Available at:   (March 20,2003)http://www.milksucks.com/breast.html 

Cancer fighters for food. Available at: (March 20,2003)http://www.umdnj.edu/umcweb/hstate/fall99/cancer_f99.htm

Fried Food Link to Some Cancers Disputed. Available at:   (March 20,2003)http://forum.lowcarber.org/t82676.html 

Study doubts acrylamide in food causes cancer. Available at (March 20,2003)http://bhagh.nhshealth.org/HealthNews/reuters/NewsStory0128200320.htm

Anti-Cancer Drug Anaerobin
a) EFFECTS ON KIDNEYS, HEART AND BRAIN

Cytotoxic metabolites are created when bio-reductive drugs go through a metabolic process because they contribute to curing cancer by lowering oxygen to areas where the cancer affects the body. The local auto regulation process of the body provides the oxygen to all parts of the body where it is needed. The arterioles supplying that tissue for oxygen dilate to supply more oxygen than usual. This happens also in the case of the tumor when it demands more oxygen; it is supplied by the body and anaerobin affects the auto regulation process in all areas as it reduces the blood flow to all organs, except the lungs. It can reduce the oxygen and supply of nutrients to the tumor by up to 99%. Therefore this bio-reductive drug can help in treatment of cancer in modern therapy.

Anti-cancer drugs reduce the cell growth of the…...

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Linda Bren, 2005. Cancer Drugs: weighing the Risks and Benefits. FDA Consumer, 41(1), pp.10+.

Nootropic. Available at:  Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic#Vitamins_and_supplements  (Accessed at 2 December 2011)

Paual Ravasco, Isabel Monterio-Grillo, Pedro Marques Vidal & Maria Ermelinda Camilio, 2005. Dietary Counseling Improves Patient Outcomes: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial in Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(7), pp. 1431-1438.

Dietary Fibers on the Risk of Developing Cancer
Cancer is a genetic and complex disease caused mainly due to environmental elements. Carcinogen is a cancer agent that and can be present in water, food, air and in sunlight and chemicals as well. Almost ninety percent of the cancer occurs in epithelia because the epithelia cells cover the human's skin, lines the alimentary and respiratory tracts, and also metabolize ingested carcinogens. Currently, the causes of diseases are changing and infection can cause problems like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. There were more than ten million cancer cases in 1996 globally while six million people died from cancer. Unhealthy lifestyle like smoking cigarettes and adopting modern diet that includes fiber content and high fat is causing increased incidences of cancer in humans (Alison).

Development of Cancer

Cancer cells are different from normal cells and they continue to grow other abnormal cells in the body, forming…...

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Bibliography

ACS. "Genes and Cancer." American Cancer Society (2014).

-- . "Wilms Tumor ." American Cancer Society (2015).

Alison, Malcolm R. "Cancer." NCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES (2001): 1.

Harras, A. "CANCER RISK FACTORS." NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & SENIOR SERVICES (2002).

Etiology of Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer has emerged as the most lethal human cancers. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) has termed it an unresolved health problem of the 21st century. The disease presently causes about 30,000 deaths in the U.S. per year (Yarbro et al. 2015). Despite past efforts, conventional interventions like radiation, surgery, chemotherapy and combination of these had minimal success in the course of this aggressive disease. It is imperative to develop an in-depth understanding of the molecular biology of pancreatic cancer to help us effectively diagnose, prevent and treat the disease. Nearly all pancreatic cancer patients experience metastases and die due to the frustrating metabolic effects of their unrestrained growth (Shrikhande et al. 2010). Hence, a crucial requirement for progress is the establishment of effective systemic interventions, can reverse the aggressive biology of the disease.

According to the WHO, pancreatic cancer is the fifth most common form…...

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References

Casil, A. S. (2011). Pancreatic Cancer: Current and Emerging Trends in Detection and Treatment. New York: Rosen Pub.

Gress, T. M. (2010). Molecular Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer. Amsterdam [U.A.: IOS Press.

Hoff, D. D., Evans, D. B., & Hruban, R. H. (2015). Pancreatic Cancer. Sudbury: Mass.

Jeruc, J., Kos, I., & Vodovnik, A. (2012). Pancreatic Cancer: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. International Conference on Diseases of Pancreas, Biliary Tract and Duodenum, 17-19.

[Donaldson S, 2004] A diet rich in refined sugar creates a high glycemic load. The present culture of eating packaged and fast foods on a regular basis implies the consumption of high levels of refined sugar in our diet. This results in induced dysregulation of glucose metabolism, which is reported as a high risk factor for cancer. [Donaldson S, 2004] A recent European study by Dr. Par Stattin et.al (2007) has confirmed abnormal glucose metabolism as a high risk factor for cancer. Red meat is associated with cancer. Many recent studies such as Bingham SA (2002) and Norat T. et.al (2002) have attested this correlation between red meat consumption and cancer.
In conclusion we can say that the chemopreventive effects of a diet comprising of vegetables and fruits is due to the synergestic effects of many plant-based nutrients. While most of the phytochemicals act as effective antioxidants, some nutrients such…...

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9. Padayatty SJ, Sun H & Wang Y et.al (2004), 'Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use', Ann Intern Med 2004, 140:533-537

10. Butt M.S & Sultan MT, (2009), 'Green tea: nature's defense against malignancies', Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 49(5): 463-73

11. OSU, 'Cruciferous Vegetables', Accessed Apr 27th 2009, Available at,  http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/foods/cruciferous/

HEALTH
COLON CANCE

Colon cancer is defined as a cancer that begins in the rectum or colon. The cancers are referred to as colon or rectal cancer with reference to their orientating point. Colon and rectal cancers share different features and ultimate diagnosis procedures. The disorders are discussed collectively in this paper including their treatment approach.

In case cancer forms within polyps, they eventually start growing into the colon or rectal walls. While cancer cells attach to the wall, they continue growing within blood and lymph vessels. The lymph vessels are relatively thin, and tiny channels are carrying away fluid and waste (Acton, 2013). They occasionally drain into subsequent lymph nodes that are bean-shaped structures and contain immune cells to helping fighting the infections. Immediately the cancer cells start spreading to lymph or blood vessels, they travel to the lymph nodes and other distant body parts like the liver. The process of cancer…...

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References

Acton, Q.A., (2013). Colon Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013. New York: ScholarlyEditions.

Peterson, E., (2014). The Colon Cancer. New York: Sea Salt.

Young, A., Hobbs, R., & Kerr, D., (2011). ABC of Colorectal Cancer. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

esearch CritiqueProblem StatementThe study seeks to address the problem of unmet health needs for colorectal cancer patients. Evidence shows that colorectal cancer patients often lack nurse counselling support to effectively manage symptoms and side effects (eiter et al., 2021). Further, despite weight loss being a common occurrence among colorectal patients, most of them lack access to nutritional support, resulting in poor health outcomes. With the growing incidence of cancer globally, it is important to develop interventions aimed at addressing these patient care deficits. Thus, the problem the study was conducted to resolve is an important one for nurses to explore because it seeks to address a real and major health issue that nurses should try to address through the application of evidence-based practice.Study PurposeThe purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of nutritional and oncology nurse counselling as an intervention for improving nutritional behaviour and side effects management…...

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ReferencesBaker, M. J. (2003). Data collection–questionnaire design. The marketing review, 3(3), 343-370.Reiter, M., Gerken, M., Lindberg-Scharf, P., Fuerst, A., Liebig-Horl, G., Ortmann, O., Eberl, I., & Bartholomeyczik, S. (2021). Health services research in colorectal cancer: A quasi-experimental interventional pilot study on in and out-patient oncology. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 147(1), 1789-1802. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03454-wRosenberg, M. (2017). Extraneous variables. Research Design: The Logic of Social Inquiry, 263.

This is related to bronchitis, asthma and long-term conditions such as lung cancer and bladder cancer (obinson, 2009).
It is estimated that the chances of getting bladder cancer is high for ex-smokers and passive smokers even after thirty years later. This brings us to the question of management of bladder cancer for current and ex-smokers as well as passive smokers.

The management of bladder cancer is a three-pronged approach that involves reducing the progression of the disease, protecting the bladder and increasing the chances of survival. The course of treatment depends to a large extent on the stage of the cancer. During the earlier stages, surgery, trans urethral resection, intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy are used to contain the disease and prevent it from progressing further. The malignant areas are treated with one of the above procedures to remove the tumor. In the case of a more advanced stage, radical cystectomy or…...

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References

Cancer Research UK. (2011). Cancer in the UK: April 2011. Retrieved from  http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/mortality/ 

Friedman, Howard. (1990). Personality and Disease. Publisher: New York, John Wiley & Sons.

Abrahamson; Seligman; Teasdale. (1978). Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation. Abnormal Psychology. Vol 87. pp 49-74.

McAllister, Robert. (May 1974). Viral Etiology of Cancer: Two Hypotheses with relevance to chemical exposure. Pediatrics. Vol 53 (5). pp826.

1. Menstrual cycle regulation: Birth control can help regulate the menstrual cycle, reducing symptoms of irregular or heavy periods, and potentially decreasing the risk of conditions like endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome.

2. Acne treatment: Certain types of birth control can help improve acne by regulating hormone levels that contribute to breakouts.

3. Reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers: Birth control can lower the risk of developing ovarian and endometrial cancers by regulating hormone levels and reducing the number of menstrual cycles a person has over their lifetime.

4. Treatment of menstrual pain: Birth control can help alleviate symptoms of menstrual pain,....