Later, as they grow, constipation or diarrhea, bloody or black stool, persistent cramping, gas or abdominal pain may become evident (Colon cancer, 2008, the Mayo Clinic, p.1). Patients may experience a sense of their bowl not completely emptying (Colon cancer, 2008, the Mayo Clinic, p.4). However, many of these symptoms have other origins, yet another reason that early screening to determine that cancer is the cause.
Symptoms

As the disease progresses, weakness and general malaise may result. About 90% of people diagnosed with colon cancer are older than 50 with a history of colitis or other inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases (Colon cancer, 2008, the Mayo Clinic, p.1). It is particularly essential that individuals with a family history of the illness or gastrointestinal disorders are screened for colon cancer, as well as individuals over the age of 50, even if they are not symptomatic.

orks Cited

Colon cancer. (2008). The Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 24 Oct…...

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Works Cited

Colon cancer. (2008). The Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 24 Oct 2008 at  

The second option is worth considering for patients with large or multiple liver lesions because this route results in delivery of a higher dose of chemotherapy to the liver metastases. The underlying principle is that liver metastases derive their blood supply primarily through the hepatic arterial circulation, whereas normal liver derives most of its blood supply through the portal vein. The major adverse effect of intraarterial FUD is sclerosing cholangitis, which may be quite severe and may necessitate discontinuation of therapy.
Studies have demonstrated a survival advantage for patients with Dukes stage C. colon cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. The 5-FU-based therapy has been administered in the past according to several schedules, including continuous infusion daily for 5 days every 4 weeks (Mayo Clinic regimen) and weekly for 6 weeks with 2 weeks off (oswell Park regimen).

In terms of patient survival, no study has demonstrated the superiority of daily therapy…...

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References

Buda, a., & Pignatelli, M. (2004). Cytoskeletal network in colon cancer: from genes to clinical application. Int J. Biochem Cell Biol, 36(5), 759-765.

Cappell, M.S. (2005). The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of colon cancer and adenomatous polyps. Med Clin North Am, 89(1), 1-42, vii.

Guimbaud, R., & Selves, J. (2003). [Detection of hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)]. J Chir (Paris), 140(6), 317-323.

Huether, S., & McCance, K. (2004). Understanding Pathophysiology. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby.

who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/
Colon Cancer." (2008). Mayo clinic.com. etrieved on February 27, 2008 at http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/colon-cancer/DS00035

Colon Cancer Treatment." (2007). National Cancer Institute. etrieved on February 27, 2008 at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/patient

Lee, Dennis. "Colon Cancer (Colorectal Cancer)" (2007). Medicine net.com. etrieved on February 27, 2008 at http://www.medicinenet.com/colon_cancer/article.htm

Myers, Donna. (2008). "Overview of Colon Cancer Symptoms." About.com: Health. etrieved on February 27, 2008 at http://coloncancer.about.com/od/cancerprevention/a/Cancer_Symptoms.htm

The colon is part of the body's digestive system, which consists of the esophagus, stomach, the small and the large intestines. The first 6 feet of the large intestine are called the colon or the large bowel while the last 6 inches are the rectum and the anal canal.

Blood in stool is not always an indication of colon cancer; it may be the result of hemorrhoids, peptic ulcers or cuts in the anal area.

The connection is not always genetic -- sometimes, cancers within the same family may result from shared exposure to an environmental carcinogen…...

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References

Cancer." (2006). WHO Fact Sheet No. 297. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 at  http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/ 

Colon Cancer." (2008). Mayo clinic.com. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 at  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/colon-cancer/DS00035 

Colon Cancer Treatment." (2007). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 at  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/patient 

Lee, Dennis. "Colon Cancer (Colorectal Cancer)" (2007). Medicine net.com. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 at  http://www.medicinenet.com/colon_cancer/article.htm

HEALTH
COLON CANCE CASE STUDY

Colon cancer is popular as rectal or bowel cancer. The condition refers to cancer development of rectum or colon throughout the large intestine. The cancer is caused by abnormal increase of cells with an ability of invading or spreading to subsequent body parts. Symptoms and signs of the cancer include blood in human stool, weight loss, changes in bowel movements, and continuously feeling tired (Young, Hobbs & Kerr, 2011).

The colorectal cancers are formulated based on increasing age and lifestyle factors. A small percentage of the cases result from inherited genetic disorders. Alternate risk factors are inclusive of obesity, diet, smoking, and lack of physical activity. Peterson (2014) shows that alternative forms of dietary factors that cause an increment of risks involve processed and red meat alongside heavy drinking of alcohol. Inflammatory bowel disease is another risk factor that involves ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Such inherited conditions…...

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References

Acton, Q.A., (2013). Colon Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013. New York: Scholarly Editions.

Peterson, E., (2014). The Colon Cancer. New York: Sea Salt.

Young, A., Hobbs, R., & Kerr, D., (2011). ABC of Colorectal Cancer. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Colon Health
Statement of the theme

risk factors

prevention

Diet

Exercise

Dietary supplementation

No one really wants to talk about the subject of their colons. We all started out life with one, most of ours are working very well as we sit here today. But though speaking about the colon seems to be dirty or disagreeable, it is very important that we all pay attention to the colon. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer death in the United States. It is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer among men and women within North America. And I am sad to say that 90% of all the patients who die because of colon cancer could probably have prevented their deaths, though a combination of healthy diet and simple diagnostic testing.

STATEMENT OF THE THEME: Many people think that they are not at risk for colon cancer. It is true that it is most likely found in those patients…...

Sigmoidoscopy

Screening using sigmoidoscopy usually results in minimal discomfort as it's quick, biopsy is possible in some cases and cleansing of the colon is not detailed while on the other hand it's disadvantageous in that only the lower colon and the rectum is viewed, minimal risk of perforating the lining of the colon and other procedures maybe required if problems are detected Services, 2011()

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy allows for the viewing of the whole colon and rectum plus performance of biopsies is also possible while the risks of perforation are present, the patient in most cases is sedated, colon cleansing is necessary and not all tumors may be detected. Virtual colonoscopy just like colonoscopy allows for the viewing of the rectum and entire colon and there is no risk of tearing the colon since there is no insertion of instruments Services, 2011.

The test may however not detect all tumors, require thorough cleansing of the…...

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References

Fraser-Hill, M.W., Cynthia;Seppala, Rik;Tao, Hardy;Stein, Lawrence. (2008). Computed Tomography Colonography: The Future of Colon Cancer Screening. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal.

Jennifer J. Telford MD, a.R.L.P., Jennifer C. Sambrook MSc, Denise Zou MSc, Robert a. Enns MD. (2010). The cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer. Canadian Medical Association Journal.

Services, U.S.D. o. H. a. H. (2011). Colorectal Cancer Screening. National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet.

Care of Cancer:
In the past few years, cancer has developed to become one of the major leading causes of deaths across the globe. The disease can be described as the uncontrolled growth or development of abnormal cells in the body even as cancerous cells are also known as malignant cells. Since cells are the building blocks of humans and other living things, cancer develops out of the normal cells within the body. Generally, the normal cells multiply when needed by the body and die when the body does not need them. When the growth of the cells in the body is out of control and cells divide too quickly, cancer appears to occur. Nonetheless, cancer also appears to happen when cells in the body forget how to die.

Causes of Cancer:

There are various kinds of cancer because the disease can develop in nearly every tissue or organ like skin, bones,…...

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Reference:

Barraclough, J. (2002). Integrated Cancer Care. Retrieved from Royal College of Psychiatrists

website:  http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/PDF/barraclough.pdf 

"Cancer Complications." (n.d.). Info.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012, from http://topics.info.com/Cancer-Complications_3416

"Cancer Staging." (2010, September 22). National Cancer Institute Factsheet. Retrieved from National Cancer Institute website:  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/staging

In the daily diet; (5) Include cruciferous vegetables in the diet. (russels sprouts, kohlrabi and cauliflower); (6) Consume alcoholic beverages only moderately; and (7) Only moderately consume salt-cured, smoked and nitrate cured foods. (American Cancer Society, 1984, pp. 122-123) What little was understood about nutrition as it relates to cancer rates is summed up in the following specific food categories by the American Cancer Society in its 1984 report:
Food Additives -- chemicals of a variety are added to foods for improving the color and flavor of the foods and to preserve the foods. While some of these have been banned due to having been shown to cause cancer in animals others are believed to protect against carcinogens.

Vitamin E -- Vitamin E is an oxidant and while it may prevent cancer in animals more research is needed of the role Vitamin E plays in preventing cancer in humans.

Selenium -- This…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Cancer Society.: Nutrition for the Person with Cancer: A Guide for Patients and Families. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2000.

Brown, J. (2001) Nutrition During and After Cancer Treatment A Guide for Informed Choices by Cancer Survivors. Ca Cancer J. Clin. 2001; 551: 153.

Doyle, Leonard (2009) New Film Exposes Unsavory Side of U.S. Food Industry. 14 Jun 2009. Telegraph online available at:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/5533075/New-film-exposes-unsavoury-side-of-U.S.-food-industry.html 

Jemal, A. et al. (2009) Cancer Statistics, 2009. Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 27 May 2009.

This is related to bronchitis, asthma and long-term conditions such as lung cancer and bladder cancer (obinson, 2009).
It is estimated that the chances of getting bladder cancer is high for ex-smokers and passive smokers even after thirty years later. This brings us to the question of management of bladder cancer for current and ex-smokers as well as passive smokers.

The management of bladder cancer is a three-pronged approach that involves reducing the progression of the disease, protecting the bladder and increasing the chances of survival. The course of treatment depends to a large extent on the stage of the cancer. During the earlier stages, surgery, trans urethral resection, intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy are used to contain the disease and prevent it from progressing further. The malignant areas are treated with one of the above procedures to remove the tumor. In the case of a more advanced stage, radical cystectomy or…...

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References

Cancer Research UK. (2011). Cancer in the UK: April 2011. Retrieved from  http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/mortality/ 

Friedman, Howard. (1990). Personality and Disease. Publisher: New York, John Wiley & Sons.

Abrahamson; Seligman; Teasdale. (1978). Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation. Abnormal Psychology. Vol 87. pp 49-74.

McAllister, Robert. (May 1974). Viral Etiology of Cancer: Two Hypotheses with relevance to chemical exposure. Pediatrics. Vol 53 (5). pp826.

Cancer in the Uterus: Endometrial CancerCancer in the Uterus: Endometrial CancerIntroductionCancer comes about when some cells within the body grow out of control. Cancer starting in the uterus is referred to as uterine cancer. There are two categories of uterine cancer: endometrial cancer, the most common cancer of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, a rare kind of uterine cancer found in the muscles of other uterine tissues. Every woman is at risk of uterine, provided they have a uterus. The risk, however, increases with age and is most common among women who have undergone or are going through menopause2.Endometrial CancerIt is the most common type, and it starts in the womb. This type of cancer starts forming in the layer of cells forming the uterine lining, also called the endometrium. Sometimes, endometrial cancer is called uterine cancer since its the most common. Often, it is detected at its early stages…...

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ReferencesAmant F, Moerman P, Neven P, Timmerman D, Van Limbergen E, Vergote I. Endometrial cancer. The Lancet. 2005 Aug 6; 366(9484):491-505.Arora V, Quinn MA. Endometrial cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2012 Jun 1; 26(3):311-24.Burke WM, Orr J, Leitao M, Salom E, Gehrig P, Olawaiye AB, Brewer M, Boruta D, Herzog TJ, Shahin FA, SGO Clinical Practice Endometrial Cancer Working Group. Endometrial cancer: a review and current management strategies: part II. Gynaecologic oncology. 2014 Aug 1; 134(2):393-402.Modugno F, Ness RB, Chen C, Weiss NS. Inflammation and endometrial cancer: a hypothesis. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2005 Dec 1; 14(12):2840-7.Ryan AJ, Susil B, Jobling TW, Oehler MK. Endometrial cancer. Cell and tissue research. 2005 Oct; 322(1):53-61.

HEALTH
COLON CANCE

Colon cancer is defined as a cancer that begins in the rectum or colon. The cancers are referred to as colon or rectal cancer with reference to their orientating point. Colon and rectal cancers share different features and ultimate diagnosis procedures. The disorders are discussed collectively in this paper including their treatment approach.

In case cancer forms within polyps, they eventually start growing into the colon or rectal walls. While cancer cells attach to the wall, they continue growing within blood and lymph vessels. The lymph vessels are relatively thin, and tiny channels are carrying away fluid and waste (Acton, 2013). They occasionally drain into subsequent lymph nodes that are bean-shaped structures and contain immune cells to helping fighting the infections. Immediately the cancer cells start spreading to lymph or blood vessels, they travel to the lymph nodes and other distant body parts like the liver. The process of cancer…...

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References

Acton, Q.A., (2013). Colon Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013. New York: ScholarlyEditions.

Peterson, E., (2014). The Colon Cancer. New York: Sea Salt.

Young, A., Hobbs, R., & Kerr, D., (2011). ABC of Colorectal Cancer. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

[Donaldson S, 2004] A diet rich in refined sugar creates a high glycemic load. The present culture of eating packaged and fast foods on a regular basis implies the consumption of high levels of refined sugar in our diet. This results in induced dysregulation of glucose metabolism, which is reported as a high risk factor for cancer. [Donaldson S, 2004] A recent European study by Dr. Par Stattin et.al (2007) has confirmed abnormal glucose metabolism as a high risk factor for cancer. Red meat is associated with cancer. Many recent studies such as Bingham SA (2002) and Norat T. et.al (2002) have attested this correlation between red meat consumption and cancer.
In conclusion we can say that the chemopreventive effects of a diet comprising of vegetables and fruits is due to the synergestic effects of many plant-based nutrients. While most of the phytochemicals act as effective antioxidants, some nutrients such…...

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9. Padayatty SJ, Sun H & Wang Y et.al (2004), 'Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use', Ann Intern Med 2004, 140:533-537

10. Butt M.S & Sultan MT, (2009), 'Green tea: nature's defense against malignancies', Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 49(5): 463-73

11. OSU, 'Cruciferous Vegetables', Accessed Apr 27th 2009, Available at,  http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/foods/cruciferous/

Care of Cancer
Cancer diagnosis

In many cases the sooner cancer is diagnosed and treatment begins the better the chances of a person recovering fully. If one develops cancer they can improve the chance of early detection if they have regular medical checkups and do some self-exams. Doctors often find early cancer during a physical exam or when carrying out routine tests even when there were no symptoms presented.

There are several methods that are used to diagnose cancer .with technological advancement these methods are now better as they help in a better understanding of cancer .there are now many diagnostic tools that can be used in cancer detection. Once cancer I suspected a diagnosis is made by pathologists and oncopathologists and imaging radiologists. The common diagnostic methods are;

Biopsy

This test involves a small tissue sample being taken from the area where cancer is suspected using a fine tipped needle, surgical excision or…...

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References

Mandal, A.(2010). Cancer Diagnosis.Retrieved September 24,2013 from  http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cancer-Diagnosis.aspx 

American Society of Clinical Oncolog.(2013). Stages of Cancer. Retrieved September 24,2013 from  http://www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/treating-cancer/stages-cancer 

Armstrong, B.(2012).What are the different stages of cancer and what do they mean? Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://www.cancerinstitute.org.au/patient-support/what-i-need-to-know/about-cancer/what-are-the-different-stages-of-cancer

Info.com.(2013).Cancer complications. Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://topics.info.com/Cancer-Complications_3416

This then leads to the activation of a number of genes whose products trigger cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, or DNA repair" (Lakin 1999, p. 7644).
In research led by Hussain, he investigated the targets of free radicals, which are DNA, proteins, NA, and lipids. He noted that, "mutations in cancer-related genes or post-translational modifications of proteins by nitration, nitrosation, phosphorylation, acetylation or polyADP-ribosylation-by free radiacals or lipid peroxidation byproducts…are some of the key events that can increase the cancer risk" (Hussain 2003, p. 276). Furthermore, changes in DNA occur when the person has been exposed to high levels of nitric oxide or NO. p53 plays a role in that it acts as a mediator to stress but NO "causes p53 accumulation and post-translational modifications that inhibit cellular growth" (Hussain 2003, p. 278). His research has revealed that when exposed to NO during chronic inflammation sans wild-type p53, there might be increased…...

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References

American Cancer Society (n.d.) Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, [online] Available at:   [Accessed: April 19, 2011].http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsfigures/cancerfactsfigures/cancer-facts-and-figures-2010 

American Cancer Society (n.d.) What Causes Cancer?, [online] Available at:   [Accessed: April 19, 2011].http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/index 

Croce, C. (2008) Oncogenes and Cancer, N Engl J. Med, 358, p. 502-511.

Hasty, P. (2005) the impact of DNA damage, genetic mutation and cellular responses on cancer prevention, longevity and aging: observations in humans and mice, Mech Ageing Dev, 126(1), p.71-77.

Working Night Shift and Getting Cancer
The increasing rate of women acquiring breast cancer disease has been an alarming issue in the medical history of cancer prevention and studies. The many research and studies conducted by medical professionals on breast cancer disease have found a number of cancer-causing habits and lifestyles. Among those that have been examined and found as risk factors of breast cancer on women is night-shift work.

Regularly working in night shift as a health-hazardous cause of breast cancer has been investigated by several studies of different cancer research institutions. Almost all studies were carried out based from employment histories of women diagnosed of breast cancer. In a population-based study conducted by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, it was found that women who regularly work at night are at 60% risk of developing breast cancer. The most significant risk factor to this is the exposure to bright lights…...

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Bibliography

Davis, Jeanie Lerche. (2001). Breast Cancer and the Night Shift: Is There a Link?

Retrieved December 08, 2003, from Web MD Health.

Web site:  http://my.webmd.com/content/article/35/1728_91195 

DeNoon, Daniel. (2003). Hormone Melatonin Slows Breast Cancer.

How Radiology Specialists Harness Imaging Techniques for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment

Radiology specialists, including radiologists and radiation oncologists, play a crucial role in modern healthcare by utilizing advanced imaging techniques to diagnose and treat medical conditions with precision. These techniques allow for non-invasive visualization of the body's internal structures, providing valuable information for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.

Imaging Modalities

Radiology specialists utilize a range of imaging modalities to obtain detailed images of the body. These modalities include:

X-ray: Creates two-dimensional images of bones and some soft tissues.
Computed tomography (CT): Uses X-rays and sophisticated computer processing to generate cross-sectional images of....