Cognitive Psychology
Absolutely nothing interests humans more than humans. For this reason, numerous fields of study have arisen regarding humans. These fields of study include, but are not limited to, anatomy, anthropology, biology, sociology, and psychology. The focus here is the study of psychology, specifically the study of cognitive psychology. The American Psychological Association states that, "Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of human experience-from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. This is true in every conceivable setting from scientific research centers to mental health care services. The understanding of behavior is the enterprise of psychologists" (2012). More specifically, the American Psychological Association defines cognitive psychology as "the study of higher mental processes such as attention, language, use, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking" (2012). Thus, cognitive psychology seeks to understand…...

mla

References

American Psychological Association. (2012). How does the APA define 'psychology'?

Retrieved November 30, 2012 from APA website:

http://www.apa.org/support/about/apa/psychology.aspx#answer

Davenport (2001 April 28) Cognitivism vs. Behaviorism in Learning Theory. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from the Greenspun Family Server website: http://hv.greenspun.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg.tcl-msg_id=0056KI

Cognitive Psychology borrows heavily from the works of Alfred Adler, Albert Ellis, and Aaron Beck. In fact, it is founded on Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology. Freud had insisted that sexual impulses were the chief factor in formation of normal and neurotic personality something that made him part ways with Adler who went ahead and formed a new approach that became the basis for all cognitive psychologies.
Behaviorism formed the basis of the works of most American psychologists from 1920s through to the 1950s. However, during the WWII, there were breakthroughs with regard to communications research and information processing approaches. New concepts and theories were initiated about signal processing and communication (Schacter, 1987). These impacted psychologists of the WWII era. One notable personality during this period was Shannon who came up with Information Theory. The theory postulated that information was communicated by sending signals through myriad stages and that human perception and…...

mla

References List

Chomsky, N. (1959). Review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language, 35: 26 -- 58

Rapee, R.M. & Heimberg, R.G. (1997). A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Anxiety in Social

Phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756.

Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit Memory: History and Current Status.

Cognitive Psychology
This is the branch of psychology that is predominantly occupied by the mental process. These would include how people think, perceive ideas and things, recall and also learn. It is related to other disciplines like philosophy, neuroscience and linguistics.

According to Kendra Cherry (2011), cognitive psychology has to do with acquisition, encoding and storage of information in the human brain.

Milestones in development of cognitive psychology

The history of cognitive psychology development into a discipline dates back as far as 1701 when Yale University which by then was considered to be one of the nest in the world by then. This marked the beginning of the cognitive psychology. This was followed by other universities like University of Pennsylvania that opened a cognitive psychology in 1896.

Later on in 1879 there were several experiments to study how the mind works were conducted Wilhelm Wundt had a keen interest in memory and language processing that…...

mla

References

Christine Webber, (2010). Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Retrieved April 17, 2011 from  http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/depression/cognitivetherapy_000439.htm 

Kendra Cherry (2011). What is Cognitive Psychology? Retrieved April 17, 2011 from  http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/f/cogpsych.htm

If you fail to reproduce my findings, it is not due to some fault in your apparatus or in the control of your stimulus, but it is due to the fact that your introspection is untrained." (1878-1958)
IV. Functionalism

Structuralism resulted in a reaction that became known as Functionalism which was influenced greatly by the work of William James and the theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalism had as its emphasis intelligence tests, aptitude tests and other such techniques and the use of controlled environments in testing learning and abilities related to problem solving. The focus of the Functionalists was explaining the mental processes more accurately and systematically. The Functionalists school of thought had as its focus the purposes of behavior and consciousness rather than on elements of consciousness itself. In regards to functionalism John . Watson stated: "My psychological quarrel is not with the systematic and structural psychologist alone. The last…...

mla

Bibliography

Eysenck, Michael W. And Keane, Mark T. (2000) Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook. Taylor & Francis, 2000.

Leahey, Thomas H. (1986) Wundt on Introspection: Reflection on Current Controversy. Education Resources Information Center ERIC.

Logan, G.D. (2009) Cognitive Psychology. Elservier Online available at  http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description#description 

Wagner, Kendra Van (2009) Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychology Online available at  http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/structuralism.htm

There are also instances where the cognition comes in first before emotional response though the two often happen in tandem. For instance, one gets into a coffee shop and sees another person munching a chocolate cake. H recognizes that as a health risk and processes the various risks an associated with eating it, but still goes ahead to ask for a small piece just to taste. The cognition came in first but accompanied closely with the emotional response to the situation here and the result was the emotional response sufficed. It is also worth noting that at times, there can be emotional response without necessarily there being a cognitive process. This is exemplified in an infant who will smile at the face of the mother or any person and also show anger on the face by the time the infant is eight weeks old. Here, the infant is responding to…...

mla

References

Harris, P. (1983) 'Infant cognition', in M.M. Haith and J.J. Campos (eds), Handbook of Child Psychology: Infancy and Developmental Psychobiology (pp. 689-782). New York:

Wiley. Retrieved August 4, 2013  http://www.society-for-philosophy-in-practice.org/journal/pdf/3-3%2019%20Woolfolk%20-%20Cognition%20and%20Emotion.pdf 

Kendra Cherry (2011). What is Cognitive Psychology? Retrieved August 4, 2013 from  http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/f/cogpsych.htm 

Zajonc, R.B. (1984) 'On the primacy of affect', American Psychologist, 39,117-123. Retrieved August 4, 2013

Cognitive psychology is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.
Cognitive psychology was shaped by several milestones but four of its most significant transitions that I will focus on are: Functionalism, Behaviorism, Psychobiology, and Computer Engineering (including Artificial Intelligence (AI)).

Functionalism: Functionalism was a popular approach to the first school of psychology, Structuralism, that sought to understand that structure of the mind and its perceptions by breaking those down into elemental pieces. The perception of a flower, for instance, was studied by analyzing the constituent colors, geometric forms, size relationship, and so forth.

Functionalism, on the other hand, insisted that it was the process of the mind - the way the mind operated these thoughts and perceptions - that was more important than studying the structure of these thoughts. Functionalism, in other words, sought to understand why the mind acted the way it did rather than to study…...

mla

References

Sternberg, R.J. (2006). Cognitive psychology. USA: Thomson / Wadsworth

Wilson, R.A. & Keil, F.C. (1999). The MIT encyclopedia of cognitive sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Cognitive Psychology
The term Psychology can be described as the science of behavior as well as mental processes. The immediate goal for it is to understand individuals as well as groups by researching specific cases and established general principle. Cognitive psychology can be said to be sub-discipline of psychology discovering internal mental processes. It is the study of how people remember thinks, solve problem and speak. Previous psychological approaches is different from cognitive psychology in two major ways such as cognitive psychology clearly recognize the presence of internal mental states like desire, belief, ideas and knowledge as well as it allows the application of the scientific method and commonly decline introspection to be a legitimate.

The means of conserving processes of mental has generally pervaded psychology over the few decades that have passed. It is common to get cognitive theories in personality psychology, social psychology, development psychology as well as abnormal psychology.…...

mla

Work cited

Anderson, J.R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 98 (4), p. 369-406.

Anderson, J.R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Anderson, J.R. (1985). Cognitive psychology and its implications. 2nd Ed. New York: Freeman.

Anderson, J.R. (1996). ACT: A simple theory of complex cognition. American Psychologist, 51 (4), 355-365.

Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive therapy psychology is a proven, effective theoretical psychological approach. Its focus on guided self-improvement and underlying assumption that individuals are capable of change fits well with my personal belief system. Identifying and changing negative thoughts and perceptions, and changing underlying behaviors can all be useful techniques in treating a depressive patient using cognitive therapy.

Cognitive theory is based on the idea that previous experiences and perceptions can affect and color current attitudes, emotions and self-perceptions. As such, cognitive therapy helps the client to first identify, and later change negative and unhelpful self-perceptions and thoughts. The therapist works with the client to help change these thoughts, thus later changing habitual responses to stimuli and behavior.

In many ways, cognitive therapy fits neatly with my personal belief system. I believe strongly that humans are fully capable of influencing their own lives and perceptions, and that this ability is absolutely necessary to living…...

mla

References

British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. Explanation of theoretical approaches. 23 March 2004. www.bacp.co.uk/seeking_counsellor/seeking_find_counsellor/new/theoretical-approaches.htm

CouncellingResource. An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy & Cognitive Behavioural Approaches. 23 March 2004.  http://counsellingresource.com/types/cognitive-therapy

However, just like Maslow, Rogers is just as interested in describing the healthy person. Positive regard is self-esteem, self-worth, and a positive self-image which are achieved through experiencing the positive regard that others show us over our years of growing up; without this, we feel small and helpless. Under Roger's theory, this "small" and "helplessness" is exactly what John is feeling, most likely as a result of the manner in which he was treated growing up. He is feeling anxious and lacks self-discipline because he does not like himself personally, as he feels that he does not meet up to the standards set for him by others. Under Roger's theory, John's actions demonstrate that he does not have a positive image of himself, a result of low self-esteem inflicted on him over the years of receiving negative feedback while he was growing up.
Freud's theory is also a clinical theory,…...

The midbrain also referred to as mesencephalon contain the cranial nerves that stimulate the muscles which are responsible for the control of the movement of the eye, the shape of the lens as well as the diameter of the pupil. It is this part that joins the spinal cord and the forebrain. It is the part that is also charged with controlling voluntary movements and moods. It controls the respiratory muscles, the vocal cords, it also controls the pharyngeal, the oral as well as the nasal passage that facilitate resonance. It is the part that enables articulation control as it controls the tongue, palate, lips and mandibles. It is this part that controls the laughing and crying of an individual (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). In the artificial brain, there would be cells that allow for the articulation of more languages than it is at the moment. The artificial brain will also…...

mla

References

Encyclopedia Britannica, (2013). Midbrain. Retrieved August 11, 2013 from  http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380850/midbrain 

General Psychology, (2013). What Are the Parts of the Brain and Their Functions? Retrieved August 11, 2013 from  http://general-psychology.weebly.com/what-are-the-parts-of-the-brain-and-their-functions.html 

Serendip, (2013). Brain Structures and their Functions. Retrieved August 11, 2013 from  http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/Structure1.html

Perception
Cognitive Psychology

Perception and attention questions

Q1.Explain the relationship between perception and attention. Provide specific examples in your explanation.

Attention is defined as the "selection of information for specialized processing usually in the context of some goal or task" (Attention lecture, n.d., PSY 394). It is impossible to focus on everything within our sensory field; we must be selective, either consciously or unconsciously. Perception can be defined as "the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses" (Psychology class notes: Sensation and perception, 2012, Class notes). Attention applies the principle of selectivity to what we perceive.

It has been noted in several experimental psychology studies on working memory that "individuals with higher scores in such tasks also are better at controlling their attention, in ways such as counteracting the impulse to look toward a suddenly-appearing object or ignoring one's own name spoken in a channel…...

mla

References

Attention lecture. (n.d.) PSY 394. Retrieved:

http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/psy394U/hayhoe/cognitive%20science%202011/readings/geisler/AttentionLecture.pdf

Brain filter found for irrelevant data. (2007). Times of India. Retrieved:

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-12/science/27968222_1_functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-working-memory-filter

Cognitive psychology is the study of the mental processes that contribute to behavior, including the internal behaviors of thinking and feeling (Kellogg, 1995, p. 4-5). Much of what the mind does can be compared to a computer processing sensory information and responding by moving the muscles of the body; however, the mind also performs other important functions such as assigning meaning to events and objects and reacting emotionally to external and internal stimuli. An important assumption in cognitive psychology is that the mind is a product of biological processes that have emerged during evolutionary history. Given this grounding in empirical science, it should come as no surprise that cognitive psychologists are interested and engaged in the discoveries being made using modern brain imaging technologies (Parsons, 2001). To better understand the roots of cognitive psychology this essay will review several key milestones in the history of this discipline and discuss the…...

mla

References

Kellogg, R.T. (1995). Cognitive Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Parsons, L.M. (2001). Integrating cognitive psychology, neurology and neuroimaging. Acta Psychologica, 107(1-3), 155-81.

Such issues are indispensable in cognitive psychology.
The Emergence of Cognitive Psychology as a Discipline

A Proper understanding of the appearance of cognitive psychology as the mandated approach in psychology comes when a person critically studies the history of psychology. Contemporary psychology is apparently young. As in most sciences, it has not firmly developed into one path but divided into many subdivisions. The field has evidenced remarkable shifts in what are significant disciplines and which is the best and precise method and procedure to study behaviors of people.

These remarkable changes are paradigm shifts where "paradigm" means a unified and acceptable method of study. A tally of occasions and events resulted into the emanation of cognitive psychology. Broadbent and a panel of psychologists were to advise engineers within the military on ways of creating a panel that would accrue flying and performance with the buttons and numbers on their dashboards (Goldstein, 2008).

This…...

mla

References

Keane, M.T., & Eysenck, M.W. (2005).Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

Goldstein, B.E. (2008). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience. Supplement. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Course Reflection Discussion: Cognitive PsychologyFrom the onset, it should be noted that the role cognitive psychology plays when it comes to the further enhancement of our understanding of human interactions and behavior cannot be overstated. It is important to note that thanks to cognitive psychology, it is possible to formulate information processing cognitive models that enable us to not only assess but also evaluate the minds of people. It is in so doing that we are able to map human behavior and cognition by way of having better understanding of consciousness, thinking, as well as memory and perception. Towards this end, cognitive psychology effectively focuses our attention on internal processes as opposed to external behavior (a behaviorist approach).In essence, thanks to cognitive psychology, we now have in place cognition improvement strategies that are largely socially responsible. This is more so the case given that the receipt and interpretation of information…...

This essay discusses cognitive psychology and a specific scenario within that scientific term. It starts out with an introduction or definition of cognitive psychology, then discusses a specific scenario, and perspectives of the scenario. The body of this essay covers treatments, therapies, and interventions for the scenario, as well as effectiveness of therapies, before summing up the paper with a conclusion. Titles:
Cognitive Psychology: Modern Approach to Human Behavior

Cognitive Psychology Advancements
Topics:
Introduction to Applied Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Psychology of Planning
Outline:
I. Introduction

II. Body
A. Scenario
B. Psychological Perspectives
C. Treatment, Therapies, Interventions
D. Effectiveness of Therapies
III. Conclusion
Title: Cognitive Psychology Scenario Essay

Introduction
Cognitive psychology is a relatively new or modern approach to human behavior whose main focus is how people think. This approach in psychology focuses on how people think because of the belief that thought processes affect peoples behaviors. In essence, an individuals behavior is largely influenced by how he/she processes information. Unlike other approaches in psychology, cognitive psychology is…...

1. The Neurobiology of Near-Death Experiences (NDEs):

Explore the scientific evidence behind the subjective experiences reported by individuals who have had NDEs.
Analyze the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these experiences, including altered brain activity and the release of neurochemicals.
Discuss the implications of NDE research for understanding the relationship between consciousness and physical death.

2. The Anthropology of Afterlife Beliefs and Practices:

Compare and contrast the afterlife beliefs and practices across different cultures and historical periods.
Examine the social and cultural factors that shape these beliefs, including religious traditions, social structures, and environmental conditions.
Analyze the role that afterlife beliefs play in....

The Science of Information Retention

The ability to retain information learned during training sessions is crucial for effective knowledge acquisition and application. Research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience has identified several key factors that influence retention, including:

Attention: Focused attention during training enhances the formation of strong memories.
Active engagement: Participating in hands-on activities, discussions, or problem-solving exercises promotes deeper processing of information.
Rehearsal: Regularly reviewing and practicing the material learned facilitates memory consolidation.
Chunking: Breaking down large amounts of information into smaller, manageable chunks improves retention.
Spaced repetition: Distributing learning over multiple sessions with increasing intervals between reviews strengthens memories.
....

The theory of artificial intelligence (AI) is based on the idea that machines can be designed to mimic human intelligence. AI aims to develop computer systems and technology that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-solving, decision-making, language understanding, and perception. The goal of AI is to create systems that can learn from data, adapt to new situations, and make decisions without human intervention. AI is founded on principles from various fields including computer science, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics.
One key aspect of the theory of AI is the concept of machine learning, which....

1. Educational psychologists play a crucial role in understanding and managing learning behaviors in students. By applying psychological perspectives to teaching, educators can create effective strategies to address various challenges that may arise in the classroom. These perspectives help educators identify the underlying factors influencing behavior, tailor instruction to meet individual needs, and create a positive learning environment conducive to student success.

2. One key psychological perspective that educators often utilize is behaviorism. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the external factors that influence them. Educators can apply behaviorist principles by using reinforcement and punishment to shape students behaviors. For example,....