Emissions from a new car purchased today are 90% less polluting than a new vehicle purchased in 1970. The Act has been reformed to include a provision that in 2004, all new passenger vehicles, including SUVs, minivans, vans and pick-up trucks, must meet even more stringent tailpipe emission standards. "This marks the first time that light-duty trucks, including SUVs, pickups, and minivans are subject to the same national pollution standards as cars." A common criticism of the Act was that because it had different standards for larger vehicles, a critical component of vehicle-related pollution was being ignored.
Lead

One of EPA's earliest accomplishments was the elimination of lead from gasoline. The use of lead-based gasoline had effects beyond that of air quality. "Elevated levels of lead can damage organs and the brain and nervous system, and affect the heart and blood. Adverse health effects range from behavior disorders and anemia to…...

Despite the fact that the Clean Air Act has obviously evolved over the years to allow more government intervention and increased technological innovation, however, improvements can still be made. For example, the Clean Air Act of 1990 does not make mention of the contribution homes make to the problem. The World Wide Fund for Nature, however, suggests that simple daily living changes can greatly benefit the environment. Indoor air pollution, and smoking, which are harmful to the environment and others' health, is also not addressed.

In conclusion, the environment and air pollution are vital parts of an industrialized society. The clean Air Act attempted to address these problems through several versions. The earlier versions of the act suggest an attempt to solve the problem of air pollution, although the Clean Air Act of 1990 suggests a definite improvement, allowing for alternative fuels and technology. Still, more can be done to improve…...

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Bibliography

Coonan, Clifford. "China catches up with U.S. In greenhouse gas emissions." Irish Times

Ireland] 30 October 2008. n.pag. Online Edition. 5 November 2008.  http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/1030/1225303611534.html 

History of the Clean Air Act Epa.gov. 15 October 2008. United States Environmental

Protection Agency. 5 November 2008.  http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/ caa_history.html

More than 90% of California's population which is estimated to be 33 million residing in areas having bad air quality? The CAB in concert with the local air pollution control districts are in the process of regulating fresh and existing sources of pollution with the aim to control emissions. The Enforcement Division -- ED of the Board has included more and more serious responsibilities in every area of the State inspecting heavy duty vehicles, smoke emissions. Besides, it prevents school buses running on diesel from idling for too long a period very close to the tender lungs of children.
The CAB Enforcement Program during 1997 speaks of its illustrious achievement. These are (i) Closure of citations in 3442 cases (ii) Total penalties collected is $29,850,475 (iii) 3253 cases of mobile source / citations closed for more than $8.7M. (iv) 50 diesel fleet cases terminated for more than $3.1M. (v) 12…...

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References

Air Resources Board. 2007 Annual Enforcement Report. 2008.

Bellenger, Gail. What is the Clean Water Act? 2002.

Skies 2003, etc.
Clear Skies 2003/Clean Air Act of 1990

The issue of clean air has been around probably since the first caveman objected to the smoke from a neighbor's fire. During the Industrial Revolution in England, numerous contemporary novels make reference to the condition of the air in major cities, fouled by the new growth of smokestacks. So, despite having been an issue for public discussion and legislative activity -- followed by the usual rounds of legal tests in the courts -- the issue of clean air officially floated into view in the U.S. only during the term of Richard Nixon. During the administrations of both Jimmy Carter and George Bush, clean air legislation was strengthened, and in 1990, the inclusive Clean Air Act (CAA) became law. (Browner 1997)

At times, the CAA has been touted as the embodiment of a bipartisan desire to protect all Americans form the harmful effects…...

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Works Cited

Air Pollution Battle Heats Up," 15 September 2003. CBS Broadcasting Inc. 10 November 2003.  http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/08/27/politics/main570442.shtml 

American Trucking Associations Web site:  http://www.truckline.com/infocenter/econ/econ_about.html 

Bush Pushes 'Clear Skies,'" 16 September 2003. CBS Broadcasting Inc. 10 November 2003.  http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/23/politics/main574704.shtml 

Browner, Carol and Inhofe, James M., " Q: are more rigorous clean-air standards really necessary?" Insight on the News, 18 April 1997, Vol. 13.

P2 and the PPAIntroductionThe article, Can Adoption of Pollution Prevention Techniques Reduce Pollution Substitution? by Lee and Bi (2019), examines the extent to which pollution prevention techniques can actually reduce overall pollution. The authors use the 1990 Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) as a basis for their research, and they analyze data from U.S. industries to assess the effectiveness of P2 programs. The authors premise is that P2 practices can reduce pollution, but that they may not always be effective in reducing all types of pollution. The significant points of the article include the findings that adoption of P2 techniques generally leads to decreases in air, water, and hazardous waste pollution. However, the authors also note that P2 practices may lead to an increase in other forms of pollution, such as waste substitution, which can be just as detrimental to the environment. The article provides valuable insight into the effectiveness of…...

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References

Dupont, R., Ganesan, K., & Theodore, L. (2016). Pollution prevention: Sustainability, industrial ecology, and green engineering (2nd ed.). CRC Press.

Lee, S., & Bi, X. (2019). Can adoption of pollution prevention techniques reduce pollution substitution? PLOS ONE, 14(11), e0224868.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224868 

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2020, August 6). Summary of the Clean Air Act. US EPA.  https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act

Commuting for Clean Air
Commuter choice programs are noble efforts to reduce air pollution and they will certainly help to improve air quality. For example, one study of fifty-eight pilot projects in southern California concluded that financial incentives/disincentives are the most consistently effective and cost effective group of projects (Commuter Choice Primer). And, according to the Commuter Choice Primer, the Transit Cooperative Research oard studied fifty employers throughout the United States and found that employers that combined both enhanced alternatives such as vanpool provision with incentives or disincentives such as vanpool subsidies realized an average trip reduction of 24.5%. However, it's naive to believe that commuter choice programs are a total solution for curbing automobile use. Non-work travel, the ubiquity of automobiles in the United States, and the total amount of the problem that commuter choice programs can reasonably address are issues that require additional measures.

Focusing on work travel alone is…...

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Bibliography

Commuter Choice Primer. Retrieved November 23, 2004 from U.S. Department of Transportation Highway Administration Web site: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_PR/ccp/section08.htm

Pisarski, A.E. Life in the not-so-fast lane. Blueprint Magazine. Retrieved November 23, 2004 from Sacramento Transportation and Air Quality Collaborative Web site:  http://www.sactaqc.org/resources/literature/transportation/Not_So_Fast_Lane.htm 

Wald, M. (2003, August 29). One vehicle on the road, two others in the garage. New York Times. Retrieved November 24, 2004 from Web site:  http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/30/business/30TRAF.html?th

Air pollution pertains to substances and gases in the air that threaten health and life. Among these are pollutants and irritants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide; particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic substances and some natural substances, like pollen. ut most of the pollution comes from the by-products of industrialization - fossil fuel combustion, transportation, transportation, power plant emissions and those from other industrial processes. The burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity alone is the greatest source of air pollution in the U.S.A. These outdoor pollutants can undermine health and cause environmental disturbances, such as acid rain, and are toxic.
Studies show that we now spend more than 90% of our lives inside buildings and other constructed environments. ecause of this, such structures - including homes and office buildings - are constructed with energy efficiency and comfort foremost in mind. The installation of central heating, cooling…...

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Bibliography

1. Alpha nutrition Programs. Indoor Air-More Contaminated Than Outdoor Air?

Medical Information

2. Ammann, Harriet M. Is Indoor Mold Contamination a Threat to Health?

Office of Environmental Health Assessments, Washington State Department of Health

The solution that Hardin proposes is that of a coercive method; as always he gives a lucid example to support the point that he proposes. Hardin reminds the reader that society mutually agreed to make it illegal to rob banks, rather than appeal to the sense of responsibility to those who wish to rob banks as a means of deterring them. Bank robbers (real and potential) know that very immediate consequences await them, such as police chases which could end in injuries or fatalities, jail time and other comparable results. These consequences are real and immediate because they're reinforced by the state, the judicial system and by the police force. This form of coercion prevents more people from attempting to rob banks. Our natural resources of water need to be treated as though they're as valuable as banks filled with money. Dumping chemicals such as fertilizers, pharmaceuticals and personal care…...

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References

Environmentalgraffitti, n.d. 7 Extinct Animals: Rare Photographs. [Online]

Available at: http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/rare-photographs-

now-extinct-beasts/14727?image=2

Magnuson, M.L. et al., 2005. Responding to Water Contamination Threats. [Online]

Speech Is a Carefully Crafted Act of hetoric
Introduction and Biographical Background

An effective speech is a carefully crafted act of rhetoric. The most artless speechless are quite often those that in reality are the most studied in their preparation. We can ourselves come to understand the reasons underlying the effectiveness -- or lack of efficacy - of a speech by studying its structure through careful rhetorical analysis. That is the purpose of this paper, to provide just such an analysis of Hillary odham Clinton' speech, "Women's ights are Human ights."

Clinton's speech can be seen as belonging to a line of similar speeches in American history, include speeches urging women's enfranchisement given by Frederick Douglass and Susan B. Anthony. She relies heavily on the idea of enfranchisement, which lies at the heart of democracy - so much so that we tend to use the word as synonymous with empowerment.

We hear in…...

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References

http://douglass.speech.nwu.edu/clin_a64.htm

 http://www.suffragist.com/docs.htm 

 http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html

The Unseen Fallout: Investigating Air Quality Deterioration in Oakridge Town Construction SiteIntroductionOakridge Town, an idyllic community known for its peaceful atmosphere and clean air, is currently grappling with an unexpected adversary: severe air pollution caused by a large-scale construction project situated in the heart of the community. A new mall and high-rise apartment complex, touted as the spearhead of urban development in the town, are ironically turning into sources of increasing public health concern. The construction activities, employing a multitude of heavy equipment, have led to an alarming surge in dust and exhaust emissions, inundating the surrounding homes and businesses with a virtually invisible, yet profoundly harmful, shroud of air pollution.The Unique ScenarioThe uniqueness of this situation stems from the confluence of several factors: the location of the construction site, the scale of the project, and the number and nature of the pollutants involved. Typically, construction activities are confined to…...

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ReferencesLanzi, E., Dellink, R., & Chateau, J. (2018). The sectoral and regional economic consequences of outdoor air pollution to 2060. Energy Economics, 71, 89-113.Newby, D. E., Mannucci, P. M., Tell, G. S., Baccarelli, A. A., Brook, R. D., Donaldson, K., ... & Storey, R. F. (2015). Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease. European heart journal, 36(2), 83-93.Smith, R. A., Cokkinides, V., von Eschenbach, A. C., Levin, B., Cohen, C., Runowicz, C. D., ... & Eyre, H. J. (2002). American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 52(1), 8-22.Sutcliffe, K. M., Lewton, E., & Rosenthal, M. M. (2004). Communication failures: an insidious contributor to medical mishaps. Academic medicine, 79(2), 186-194.World Health Organization. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2. 5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization.

Criteria of buyer/investor on project type and location

A huge variety of CDM project locations, types and sizes exists and these are open to potential CDM investors. The national investment climate plus factors at the national level influence decisions on where, what type of projects to undertake as well as whether they ought to be developed as CDM projects. The investor's role in CDM project influences the physical spread of the CDM market. For instance, a technology provider who is offered payment partly via CE revenues may have a broad list of options of potential areas where to locate the project but a smaller choice of project type to engage in. Some funds set aside and intended for CDM funding have been decided upon as intended for specific project types and specific geographical areas. For example, the Spanish Carbon Fund directs its energies towards establishment of CDM projects in North Africa,…...

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References

Austin, D. And Faeth, P (2000). Financing Sustainable Development with the Clean

Development Mechanism. World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C.

Banuri, T., Gupta, S., (2000). The Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainable

Development: An Economic Analysis. Asian Development Bank, Manila.

..as long as those programs were at least as effective as the federal program." (the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act)
The passing of this Act by congress is therefore aimed at ensuring adequate health and safety standards for all workers. In terms of employers, the Act was designed to make sure that the place of employment was free of any hazards that might be injurious or detrimental to safety and health. This may include aspects such as the exposure to toxic chemical and materials as well as other environmental factors, for example excessive noise levels. (Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act) the Act cover a wide range of possible health and safety measures and is also intended to ensure that physical and mechanical dangers in the workplace are avoided, as well as unsanitary conditions. (Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act)

An important part of this act and…...

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Works Cited

Background: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: RCRA. http://www.chemalliance.org/tools/background/back-rcra.asp

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Superfund. February 7, 2009.  http://www.answers.com/topic/superfund 

Clean Air Act. February 4, 2009. ( http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/ )

Clean Water Act (CWA). February 4, 2009.  http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/lcwa.html

Environmental egulations in Public Transit
The negative effects of air pollution are that it can force illness on us. It can produce burning eyes and nose and an itchy, irritated throat, in addition to difficulty in breathing. The cause for certain diseases like cancer, birth defects, brain and nerve injury and long-standing wound to the lungs and breathing passages is found to be some chemicals in polluted air. Severe injury or even death can happen if some hazardous air pollutants are released by mistake. Air pollution affects environment. Air pollution also affects trees, lakes and animals. Air pollutants are contracting the shielding ozone layers above the Earth. This loss of ozone can lead to alterations in the environment in addition to more skin cancer and cataracts in people. By soiling buildings and other structures, air pollution spoils properties like home, offices, etc. Damages to stone-based structures like buildings, monuments and statues…...

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References

Background on Air Pollution. Retrieved from   Accessed on 28 May 2005http://www.nsc.org/ehc/mobile/acback.htm 

Background Sheet: The Clean Air Act. 4 November, 2000. Retrieved from   Accessed on 28 May 2005http://www.deq.state.la.us/assistance/educate/readdat4.htm 

Clean Air Act. Retrieved from   Accessed on 28 May 2005http://www.answers.com/topic/clean-air-act 

Economic aspects of sustainable development in India. Retrieved from   Accessed on 28 May 2005http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/india/eco.htm 

tension between businesses interests in maximizing profits and the public's interest in receiving complete, truthful, and non-misleading information about products that they purchase.
The dangers against greenwashing are that consumers will have no confidence in the products or services they are buying. This means that they will not purchase specific items. As they feel they are being deceived and cheated through false labeling / misrepresentation. At the same time, there is the possibility that a firm could face penalties from government regulators who feel that they are engaging in false advertising. This will have a negative impact on the image of the organization and their ability to address the needs of customers in the future. ("Six Sins of Greenwashing," 2007)

For an executive; it is advisable to not practice these kinds of policies. The reason why is because it will hurt the brand image of the products they are selling and…...

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References

Clean Air Act Summary. (2013). EPA. Retrieved from:  http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act 

Environmental Protections Rules and Regulations. (2012). Federal Register, 77 (32), 9304 -- 9513.

EPA To Set Modest Pace. (2010). EPA. Retrieved from:  http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/6424ac1caa800aab85257359003f5337/d2f038e9daed78de8525780200568bec!OpenDocument 

New Source Litigation. (2013). Southern Company. Retrieved from:  http://www.southerncompany.com/about-us/suppliers/fuel-services/environmental.cshtml

The 1980s (the period when onald eagan was the U.S. President) witnessed a series of government measures targeting environmental regulations. This resulted in public outrage against the anti-environmental policies of the government leading to a renewed interest in nature clubs and groups and the formation of radical groups who led strong movements to protect the environment. (vii) the post- eagan resurgence (1990s onwards) - President Bush and President Clinton did not take the radical stance of their predecessor. However, President George W. Bush has taken many measures which have weakened the environmental movement instead of strengthening it. This includes opposing curbs on greenhouse emissions via the Kyoto Protocol, supporting oil drilling in the ANW or Arctic National Wildlife ange, weakening clean air standards and lifting the ban on logging in forests.
3) How does economics determine the public's opinion regarding environmental issues? Discuss the values of the dominant social paradigm…...

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References

Bocking, Stephen. Nature's Experts: Science, Politics, and the Environment. Rutgers University Press. 2004.

Palmer, Mike. Pathways of Nutrients in the Ecosystem - Pathways of elements in ecosystem.  http://www.okstate.edu/artsci/botany/bisc3034/lnotes/nutrient.htm 

Redclift, M. R; Woodgate, Graham. The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2000.

Schmidtz, David; Willott, Elizabeth. Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, what Really Works. Oxford University Press U.S., 2002.