Chronic Pain and Its Sequalea
The definition of chronic pain varies from pain that has lingered 6 months after onset of sensation to 12 months after onset of sensation. Chronic pain has long been an intriguing subject to researchers of pain because of its lingering, usually non-eradicable, presence with no visible marker, at times, that seems to be causing the pain. Chronic pain can be a puzzle and frustration to medical practitioners since, occasionally, determinants remain invisible and pain seems to be lingering for no foreseeable reason. Patients of this category, therefore, may often be thought of as fantasizing their feelings (in the attempt, perhaps, to gain attention) when, unfortunately, their pain is more real and aggravating to them than it is to their practitioners. This situation is compounded by the fact that psychological tests (specifically the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)) shows a correlation between neuroticism and chronic pain. Patients…...
Immune System and Chronic PainChronic pain managementDifferences between acute and chronic painAcute pain develops suddenly and is caused by something specific and only lasts for a short duration, usually a few days or weeks, not longer than six months. On the other hand, chronic pain develops slowly and may become worse over a long time, lasting months and, in some cases, years. Pain signals remain active inside the nervous system for an extended period.A multidisciplinary treatment program for chronic painAn interdisciplinary treatment program for chronic pain includes the following treatment categories as discussed below;MedicationsThere are broad categories of medications, including non-opioids and opioids, which are considered for use. Appropriate medication is based on the diagnosis and mechanisms of pain, in addition to related comorbidities resulting from a thorough history, physical examination, and any other relevant procedures. This also involves a risk-benefit assessment indicating the benefits of a medication plan outweighing…...
mlaReferences
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Chronic Pain Management. (2010). Practice guidelines for chronic pain management: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology, 112, 810-833.
Innes, S. I. (2005). Psychosocial factors and their role in chronic pain: A brief review of the development and current status. Chiropractic & Osteopathy, 13(1), 1-5.
Tram?r, D. M., Williams, J. E., Carroll, D., Wiffen, P. J., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (1998). Comparing analgesic efficacy of non?steroidal anti?inflammatory drugs by different acute and chronic pain routes: a systematic qualitative review. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 42(1), 71-79.
chronic pain and resulting depression. Specifically, it will show the connection between chronic pain and depression, how it affects the person and the ones around them, what treatments are available, and ways to break the cycle.
BEAKING THE CYCLE OF CHONIC PAIN AND DEPESSION
There is always hope. Depression blinds us to that fact. If we can somehow hold on to our hope, just maybe we can find a way to get through"(Feinberg, 2002).
Depression - "Depression results when individuals forfeit their personal power. To overcome guilt, insecurity, and anxiety is to conquer frustration and to regain personal power" (Miletich, 1995, p. 1). "Depression is derived from 'deprimere,' a Latin word which means 'to press down'" (Miletich 1995, p. 26).
Chronic Pain - is defined as pain that lasts six or more months. Pain is any type of feeling or hurt that is annoying, hurtful, or causes discomfort. Chronic pain is suffered by…...
mlaReferences
Block, A.R. (1996). Presurgical Psychological Screening in Chronic Pain Syndromes: A Guide for the Behavioral Health Practitioner. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fineberg, Andrew. (2002). Andrew's Depression Page. Retrieved November 12, 2002, Personal Web site: http://www.blarg.net/~charlatn/depression/Depression.html
Kleinman, A. (1988). The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.
Miletich, John J., compiler. (1995). Depression: A Multimedia Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Introduction
From the year 1999 to 2014, the number of prescription opioids in the USA quadrupled. However, even with such an increase, there was no evidence of a reduction of pain the patients experienced. Instead, the number of deaths that resulted from overdoses of opioids increased in the same ratio as the increase in prescription figures. The Center for Disease Control provides safety guidelines for the prescription of opioids for pain alleviation in persons aged 18 years and above, in settings outside medical care facilities such as palliative care centers, and end of life care points(CDC, 2016). This paper provides a summary of the CDC guidelines on the prescription of opioids for chronic pain relief and a regime plan for opioids as APRN.
Summary of main concepts
Determining when to start or proceed with opioids for chronic pain
1. Non-first line or routine chronic pain therapy Opioids
Chronic pain is best handled with nonpharmacologic and…...
diagnoses, pain is a common complaint among inpatients. In the U.S. alone, approximately 100 million patients experience chronic pain (Alaloul et al., 2015). Pain negatively affects numerous aspects of an individual's life, such as sleep, quality of life, and physical functioning. Pain is also associated with negative psychological outcomes like depression, extended hospitalization, and a huge economic burden. In the U.S., for instance, pain imposes an estimated cost of $635 billion on patients and the healthcare system as a whole (Alaloul et al., 2015). Ineffective management of pain can have a negative impact on patient satisfaction, underscoring the need for more effective interventions.
Effective pain management is particularly important in postpartum care, where the experience of pain is common (Eshkevari, Trout & Damore, 2013). However, the management of pain in postpartum care remains quite ineffective, with up to 20% of postpartum patients reporting dissatisfaction with pain management (Niemi-Murola et al.,…...
mlaReferences
Alaloul, F., Williams, K., Myers, J., Jones, K., & Logsdon, M. (2015). Impact of a script- based communication intervention on patient satisfaction with pain management. Pain Management Nursing, 16(3), 321-327.
Broeck, J., Cunningham, S., Eeckels, R., & Herbest, K. (2005). Data cleaning: detecting, diagnosing, and editing data abnormalities. PLoS, 2(10), e267.
Brosey, L., & March, K. (2015). Effectiveness of structured hourly nurse rounding on patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 30(2), 153-159.
Bryman, A. (2008). Social research methods. 3rd ed. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain necessitates the maintenance of good extensibility in order for normal functioning to be enhanced. This enhancement results in improvements in strength, endurance, fitness, and psychological well-being (Law et al., 2009). Programs promoting the improvement of movement for people with chronic musculoskeletal pain usually include stretching components. Stretching helps to improve functioning through improved range of motion within joints, and therefore muscle extensibility (Law et al., 2009).
The study by Law et al. (2009) emphasized the importance of tolerance and extensibility for individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The purpose of the study, which was clearly outlined in the report, was to explore whether stretch affects either or both of these factors. The researchers hypothesized that individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain may respond to stretch differently than individuals who do not experience chronic pain. Further to this suggestion, the researchers suggest that individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain may show…...
mlaReferences
Law, R.Y., Harvey, L.A., Nicholas, M.K., Tonkin, L., De Sousa, M., Finniss, D.G. (2009). Stretch exercises increase tolerance to stretch in patieints with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 89(10), 1016-26.
Alternatives to Pain Medication
Given the growing concerns over opioid addictions in recent years and the potential for tolerance, clinicians continue to search for efficacious alternatives to convention pain medications (Moore & Anderson, 2016). Fortunately, a number of alternatives to conventional pan medication are readily available, including cannabis, yoga, hypnosis, mind-body meditation, therapeutic touch, herbal remedies, acupuncture, biofeedback, massage therapy, homeopathic practices (Tan & Craine, 2007) and aromatherapy (Esposito & Bystrek, 2014). To learn more about these alternatives, this paper provides an initial reference list of ten relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly sources concerning pain medication alternatives, followed by a description of clinical guidelines and an implementation plan for these alternatives. A discussion concerning the manner in which the implementation of the intervention should be tested is followed by an assessment of potential barriers and strategies intended to gain cooperation from individuals who will be implementing the change. Finally, a timeline with…...
mlaReferences
Clinical practice guidelines. (2016). U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved from https://nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/clinicalpractice.htm .
Levin, R. F. & Feldman, H. R. (2006). Teaching evidence-based practice in nursing: A guide for academic and clinical settings. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Moore, B. A. & Anderson, D. (2016, Janury). Stepped care model for pain management and quality of pain care in long-term opioid therapy. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 53(1), 137-141.
Pain management guidelines. (2016). U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from https://www.guideline.gov/summaries/summary/9744 ?.
Pain and Suffering
Pain is an abstract and complex topic, which is influenced by a serious of psychological and environmental variables. We all have experienced pain although at varying intensities. Since the psychological factors play a great role in influencing how we perceive pain, therefore, it renders pain a highly subjective experience. esearchers have tried to differentiate between physical and mental pain (Campbell & Edwards 2012). In this essay, I describe physical pain from mental pain. I also show how various people respond to pain, contrast two different responses to pain. I also highlight how Asian culture compares with Hispanic culture in responding to pain.
Describe physical pain from mental or soul pain.
The two major types of pain can be classified as physical and mental. Since physical and mental pains are subjective, complex phenomenon, defining them seems to be a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain offers the…...
mlaReferences
Campbell C. M & Edwards, R. R. (2012). Ethnic Differences in Pain and Pain Management. Pain Management. Vol. 2(3): 219 -- 230.
Edwards RR, Moric M, Husfeldt B, Buvanendran A, & Ivankovich O. (2005). Ethnic Similarities and Differences in the Chronic Pain Experience: A Comparison of African-American, Hispanic, and White Patients. Pain Medicine. Vol. 6(1):88-98.
However, he questions the research that has been done in this area. First, he wonders whether the exercise is a placebo effect based on the anticipation of improvement. The second question is the acceptability of this treatment. Many CFS patients actively avoid exercise and many healthcare providers in fact recommend rest at all costs rather than a concern of relapse. However, the positive aspect of the CBT and the exercise is that it has the patients question their fears. In both cases, there is a psychotherapeutic affect that may be beneficial.
The use of antidepressants is another approach that has been suggested and studied. However, the results on this have also been mixed. As Demitrack (1996, p. 282) states, "At the present time, it is unrealistic to present medication as a sole treatment for this disease." It may be that medications could work in the short-term and provide enough symptomatic…...
mlaReferences
Center for Disease Control (2006, May 9). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Retrieved January 30, 2007 http://www.cdc.gov/cfs/cfsbasicfacts.htm .
Demitrack, M. And Abbey, S. (1996) (Eds) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. New York: Guilford Press.
Hyland, M.E. et. al. (2006) Letter to the Editor. The Lancet 367 (9522), 1573-1576
Komaroff, a., & Fagioli, L. (1996) Medial Assessment of Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In M. Demitrack and S. Abbey (Eds) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (pg. 154-181). New York: Guilford Press,.
Combining these two methods is one effective strategy in mitigating pain in children (Cohen).
Additional strategies that involve both the patient and family are evident, particularly when dealing with chronic pain. Children sometimes internalize pain, believing that they must restrict their activity, particularly when parents worry and hesitate to allow them to be active. Parents see play as worsening of the situation or a relapse, contributing to an overprotectivness. This, in turn, reflects on the self-image of the child. In any case, experts recommend that parents not react in a negative way -- either by thinking the child is faking pain or becoming so overprotective that the child is a virtual prisoner. Instead, the psychological strategy should be to set realistic and evolving strategies so that there is not a continue pessimism regarding future health outcomes. This, for adolescents, is critical since there is also a self-esteem issue that goes…...
mlaREFERENCES
The Handbook of Chronic Pain. (2007). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Handbook of Pediatric Chronic Pain. (2011). New York: Springer.
Carter, B., & Threlkeld, M. (2012). Psychosocial perspectives in the treatment of pediatric chronic pain. Pediatric Rheumatology, 10(15), 1-11. Retrieved January 2013, from Pediatric Rheumatology: http://www.ped-rheum.com/content/pdf/1546-0096-10-15.pdf
Christie, D., & Wilson, C. (2005). CBT in Pediatric and Adolescent Health. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 8(4), 241-47.
reduce the amount of pain perceived. Many people have the ability to reduce perceived pain through psychological thought and understanding. Not all people can handle their pain in this manner, but it can help many chronic pain patients deal with their illnesses and their constant pain.
One technique is using positive coping mechanisms to deal with the pain, and the psychologist may be able to work with the patient in developing these coping mechanisms. Experts note, "People who feel that they have a number of successful methods for coping with pain may suffer less than those who behave and feel helpless, hopeless, and demoralized" (Turk, Monarch & Williams, 2004, p. 222). If the patient has a history of coping well with other stressful events, then they may be a good candidate for using coping mechanisms. Some of these coping mechanisms include relaxation, pain medication, and psychological counseling to help increase…...
mlaReferences
Bruehl, S., & Chung, O.Y. (2004). Chapter 9 Psychological interventions for acute pain. In Pain: Psychological perspectives, Hadjistavropoulos, T. & Craig, K.D. (Eds.) (pp. 245-264). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved October 13, 2005, from Questia database: d=104331529http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o& ;
Turk, D.C., Monarch, E.S., & Williams, A.D. (2004). Chapter 8 Assessment of chronic pain sufferers. In Pain: Psychological perspectives, Hadjistavropoulos, T. & Craig, K.D. (Eds.) (pp. 209-239). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved October 13, 2005, from Questia database:
Perception of Pain
Uses of Pain in nursing
Definitions of Pain from Dictionaries
Uses of Pain in psychology
Defining attributes
Model case
elated Case
Contrary Case
Antecedents and Consequences
CONCEPT ANALYSIS OF PECEPTION OF PAIN
The aim of this paper is to increase the understanding of the perception of pain. The researcher purpose to clarify describe the characteristics of pain and recognize antecedents that effect the idea of pain and the likely outcomes of pain by utilizing Avant's and Walker (2005) theory of study. Also, a model case shows how pain is connected to these serious characteristics contrary case and a borderline case are shown to distinguish the perception of pain from other notions. Empirical referents show the current point-of-view of the perception of pain. (Akyol & Salmond, 2009)
Concept Analysis of Characteristics of Pain
Introduction
The goal of this paper is to expand the understanding of the concept of the perception of pain. The researchers intention is to illuminate the essential…...
mlaReferences:
Akyol, O., Karayurt, O., & Salmond, S. (2009). Experiences of pain and satisfaction with pain management in patients undergoing total knee replacement. Orthopedic Nursing, 28(2), 79-85.
Chan, S., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Carleton, R.N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. (2012). Predicting adjustment to chronic pain in older adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 44(3), 192-199.
Eggermont, L.H.P., Bean, J.F., Guralnik, J.M., & Leveille, S.G. (2009). Comparing pain severity vs. pain location in the MOBILIZE Boston study: Chronic pain and lower extremity function*. The Journals of Gerontology, 64A (7), 763-70.
Gelinas, C., Fortier, M., Viens, C., Fillion, L., & Puntillo, K. (2004). PAIN ASSESSMENT AND Management IN CRITICALLY ILL INTUBATED PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. American Journal of Critical Care, 13(2), 126-35.
43). The pain assessment guidelines set forth in this article will have an immediate effect on my first encounter with a patient, particularly if that patient is a chronic pain sufferer or end-of life patient. The sixth defined responsibility in the INPA is also of particular importance in regards to the information contained in this article; this is the responsibility to "evaluate with the patient/client the status of the goal achievement as a basis for reassessment" (INPA, 2007, p. 43). The evaluation of pain and the assessment of necessary and reasonable care in end-of-life patients is a complex task, as this article points out, so the implications of this article's information on this task of the registered nurse are huge.
Its affects on the practical nurse are similar, though heightened. Many of the basic responsibilities of the registered nurse and the practical nurse are the same; for instance, the language…...
mlaReferences
Indiana Code and Indiana Administrative Code. (2007). Indiana nurse practice act.
Sherman, D., Matzo, M., Pace, J. & R. Virani. (2004). "Learning pain assessment and management: A goal of the end-of-life nursing education consortium." The journal of continuing education in nursing, 35 (3), pp. 107-120.
Conclusion:
The changes in the age demographic of the U.S. As well as the need to reduce overall spending in health care are significant reasons why advanced practice and specialty provision practitioner's skill sets and demands have changed. It is for this reason as well as for patient efficacy that such a subspecialty should be offered at a postgraduate level to AAs. These advanced practice alternative providers can be successfully and efficiently trained to provide services at a significantly lower rate, creating a potential opportunity for more people to receive advanced pain management care in a broader setting. This could only improve outcomes for chronic pain sufferers and broaden the scope of opportunity for AAs and possibly other advanced practice alternative providers. As need continues to rise alternatives must be sought within the system to provide care to patients who will likely need pain management service in growing numbers in the…...
mlaReferences
American Board of Pain Medicine Website. Retrieved February, 21, 2008 at http://www.abpm.org/
Bandlow, D. (1995). M.D. Monopoly: How Nurses Can Help Relieve Spiraling Health-Care Costs. Policy Review, (74), 89.
Block, a.R., Kremer, E.F., & Fernandez, E. (Eds.). (1999). Handbook of Pain Syndromes: Biopsychosocial Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Block, a.R. (1996). Presurgical Psychological Screening in Chronic Pain Syndromes: A Guide for the Behavioral Health Practitioner. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
History of RSD
The history and the discovery of RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Syndrome and its symptoms have typically been associated with wars. While there is no doubt that RSD from physical stress and injury existed earlier, it was left up to war physicians to assign pathology to it. Silas Weir Mitchell, an army doctor during the Civil War, described the symptoms of "burning pain" left in soldiers long after the bullets have been removed. He attributed these residual and long lasting pains to major nerve injury. Weir was the first to call RSD causalgia (currently, specifically known as CRPS-2), which is Greek for "burning pain." He wrote that, "Under such torments, the temper changes, the most amiable grow irritable, the soldier becomes a coward, and the strongest man is scarcely less nervous than the most hysterical girl." Weir accurately reflected the symptoms. (PARC, 2004). Mitchell accurately described the symptoms associated…...
mlaBibliography
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Aronoff, G.M., Harden, N., Stanton-Hicks, M., Dorto, A.J., Ensalada, L.H., Klimek, E.H., Mandel, S., & Williams, J.M. (2002). American Academy of Disability Evaluating Physicians (AADEP) Position Paper: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I (RSD): Impairment and Disability Issues. Pain Med, 3(3), 274-288.
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With so many states legalizing marijuana, whether recreational marijuana, medical marijuana, or both, the idea that medical marijuana is still being withheld from many patients, including nursing home residents, who are experiencing pain and could get relief from the treatment is ridiculous. Marijuana remains illegal on a federal level, however, and this complicates it usage for pain in nursing homes. That is because many people in nursing homes are dependent upon both state and federal aid for their medical care and there could be issues with funding if they were treated with....
There are so many interesting topics to discuss surrounding the opioid epidemic, There are debatable discussions about its root causes and questions of whether public response has been different given the impacted demographics. Therefore, looking at any of the questions can provide opportunities for debate. Before debating the topic, it is important to understand some of the facts about the epidemic. In 2019, over 70,000 people died from drug overdose, 1.6 million people had an opioid disorder, 745,000 used heroin, 1.6 million misused prescription pain relievers for the first time, and 0.1....
1. The link between childhood trauma and the development of anxiety and depression in adulthood
2. The role of genetics in predisposing individuals to anxiety and depression
3. How cultural factors influence the expression and treatment of anxiety and depression
4. The impact of social media on mental health and its contribution to feelings of anxiety and depression
5. The relationship between sleep disorders and the development of anxiety and depression
6. The efficacy of alternative therapies such as mindfulness, acupuncture, and yoga in treating anxiety and depression
7. The correlation between gut health and mental health, specifically the role of the gut-brain axis in anxiety....
1. The Interplay between Anxiety, Depression, and Loneliness: A Hidden Connection
Anxiety, depression, and loneliness are often considered separate entities, but they share a complex and interconnected relationship. Explore how these three conditions can feed off each other, creating a vicious cycle that can be difficult to break free from. Discuss the unique challenges faced by individuals who struggle with this combination of conditions and suggest strategies for addressing them effectively.
2. The Role of Creativity in Managing Anxiety and Depression: A Therapeutic Outlet
While anxiety and depression can be debilitating, they can also serve as catalysts for creativity. Examine the ways in....
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