Chronic Kidney Disease
Over the last several years, the issue of chronic kidney disease has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because when someone becomes older, the more likely they will develop this condition. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Kidney Foundation, once someone reaches above the age of 50, there is a 50% of them becoming susceptible to it. As they increase in age, these probabilities rise dramatically, with the most likely individuals having the greatest chances of experiencing chronic kidney disease at 70 years old. ("2014 National Kidney Disease Fact Sheet," 2014) ("Kidney Disease Facts," 2014)
However, in spite of these issues, the CDC determined that there are number of variables which increase the odds of someone developing the condition. They found that lifestyle choices are one of the biggest factors, with the disease steadily progressing in the course of time. Commenting about…...
, Sweet, Starkey, Shekelle, 2013, p. 835). Depending on whether the patient is in early-stage vs. late-stage prognosis, the patient will be offered different treatments and approaches to managing the disease and its effects.
According to Qaseem et al., Stage 1 -- 3 CKD is treated in a variety of methods; different types of medicine, diets, exercise, and other treatments and approaches are all available, some with better results than others of course. Additionally, the problems with screening for CKD are often harbingers of problems that will crop up as the disease progresses. The Qaseem et al. study determined that "expert opinion suggests that the harms of CKD screening include misclassification of patients owing to false-positive test results, adverse effects of unnecessary testing, psychological effects of being labeled with CKD, adverse events associated with pharmacologic treatment changes after CKD diagnosis, and possible ?nancial rami-cations of CKD diagnosis" (p. 837). In other…...
mlaWorks Cited
Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, et al.; (2011) SHARP Investigators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2181-92. [PMID: 21663949]
Chou, C.Y.; Liang, C.C.; Kuo, H.L.; Chang, C.T.; Liu, J.H.; Lin, H.H.; Wang, I.K.; Yang, Y.F. Huang, C.C.; (2014) Comparing risk of new onset Diabetes Mellitus in Chronic Kidney Disease patients receiving Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis using propensity score matching, PLoS, Vol. 9, Issue 2, pp. 1 -- 6
Qaseem, A.; Hopkins, Jr., R.H.; Sweet, D.E.; Starkey, M.; Shekelle, P.; (2013) Screening, monitoring, and treatment of Stage 1 to 3 Chronic Kidney Disease: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 59, Issue 12, pp. 835-848
Tonelli, M. & Wanner, C.; (2014) Lipid management in Chronic Kidney Disease: Synopsis of the kidney disease: Improving global outcomes 2013 clinical practice guideline, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 160, Issue 3, pp. 182-189
Chronic Kidney Disease
CKD, or Chronic Kidney Disease, refers to the impairment a person suffers in his/her kidneys, which may result in their reduced function, as time progresses. Chronic Kidney Disease is used as a replacement for previously held terms, such as the Chronic enal Failure and Chronic enal Insufficiency by the paediatric nephrology specialists. These terms were formerly used to describe the reduction of renal functions, whether to a large extent or otherwise. However, the adoption of the name Chronic Kidney Disease came about because it described the progression of the organ's functional loss (Wong, Warady and Srivastava, 2015).
Chronic Kidney Disease can be detected through various symptoms, which are common to other diseases. However, they point to the disease in its formative stage. Some of these symptoms, which point to the onset of the disease are:
Constant tiredness and feeling ill
The loss of one's appetite
Experiencing nausea
The unexplained loss of weight
egular headaches
Scratching…...
mlaReferences
Arici, M. (2014). Clinical Assessment of a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease. In Management of Chronic Kidney Disease (pp. 15-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Arora, P. (2015). Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Presentation. Retrieved January 23, 2016, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-clinical#b3
Coyne D. W. (2011). CKD Medscape CME Expert Column Series: Issue 3 -- Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Comorbidities. Retrieved 23 January 2016 from http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/736181
Kathuria, P. (2015). Chronic Kidney Disease. Retrieved January 23, 2016, from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/chronic_kidney_disease/page9_em.htm
Health
Baltimore Kidney Health
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a preventable problem. Yet as many as 26 million Americans already have CKD, and many more are at risk (National Kidney Foundation, 2012). Why do so many Americans have CKD if the problem is preventable? The answer is simple: lack of awareness. Americans at risk for CKD do not know that by simple changes to their diet and lifestyle habits, they can become healthier human beings. Moreover, their healthy habits will carry over into how their children and grandchildren live their lives. The purpose of this nutrition program is to highlight the simple changes that can be made to an individual's or family's diet. These changes cost little to nothing, and require only a commitment to health and positive change.
According to the National Kidney Foundation (2012), early detection can help the progression of kidney disease to kidney failure. Moreover, hypertension and heart disease…...
mlaReferences
Lin, H.Y. (2012). Chronic kidney disease. PubMed Health. Retrieved online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001503/
National Kidney Foundation (2012). Chronic kidney disease. Retrieved online: http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/ckd/index.cfm
Acute Kidney InjuryThe treatment of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) has changed dramatically with the change in the management of comorbidities associated with it, such as hypertension. With this change, the rationale applied in the approach taken to treat these changes has also evolved. The use of pharmacologic treatment of AKI has been tried with varying success rates due to inefficiencies in implementing approaches used in trials with animals in humans or the effectiveness of some of the tries (1). Some of the experimental therapies used today are hypoperfusion, and the preventative intervention has been the intravenous administration of isotonic saline (3). The lack has informed intravascular volume expansion using isotonic saline of sufficient evidence that colloids are more effective for this purpose and evidence that some colloids may result in AKI. The high cost of colloids also limits their use.Action Mechanisms of the Drugs Used for TreatmentIn some patients, colloids…...
mlaReferences
1. Basile DP, Anderson MD, Sutton TA. Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Comprehensive Physiology (2012).
2. Chen TK, Parikh CR. Management of presumed acute kidney injury during hypertensive therapy: Stay calm and carry on? American Journal of Nephrology 51: 108–115, 2020.
3. Jo SK, Rosner MH, Okusa MD. Pharmacologic treatment of acute kidney injury: Why drugs haven’t worked and what is on the Horizon. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2: 356–365, 2007.
However, Harvard Medical School (HMS) reports that in that study of 1,400 patients, 222 "composite events occurred." Those "events" included 65 deaths, 101 "hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, 25 myocardial infarctions and 23 strokes."
In an understatement, the HMS report - written by Dr. Singh - concluded that while improving the lives of patients with CKD is "of paramount importance," this particular study reveals, "...Aiming for a complete correction of anemia is associated with increased risk, increased cost and no quality of life benefits." The study was published in the November 16, 2006 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
Meantime, the National Institutes of Health / Medline Plus (www.nim.nih.gov) explains that epoetin alfa is also used with people who have HIV, it is used prior to surgery and after surgery "to decrease the number of blood transfusions needed" in the predicable loss of blood during surgery. It is also…...
mlaWorks Cited
Harvard Medical School. (2005). Blood test can accurately diagnose heart failure in patients
With kidney dysfunction. Retrieved February 10, 2008, at http://www.hms.harvard.edu .
Harvard Medical School. (2006). Higher Doses of Anemia Drug for Chronic Kidney Disease
Does Not Improve Quality of Life and Increases Risk for Cardiovascular Events. Retrieved February 9, 2008, at
For example, in these procedures it is often difficult to open the patient's mouth wide enough for laryngoscopy and intubation, thus creating the possibility that cardiopulmonary changes may be present and the "probability o lesions in oesophagus, bowel, kindneys, skin and joints." This information would not be known if not for this study and its reported findings.
The study's conclusion is that the use of thoracic epidural anesthesia to sevoflurane based inhalation "may be a suitable technique for thoracic surgery in achalasia due to sclerodermic patients." The reason for this conclusion is that the study found that this procedure "can provide a smooth anesthesia course and a rapid recovery, with hemodynamic stability, and also having pain-free postoperatively." More so, the study found that providing anesthesia without neuromuscular blockade and non-intravenous opioids has "provided a shorter recovery time."
Clearly this specific case study has important and practical implications to the practice of…...
mlaBibliography
Erol, Demet Dogan, M.D. (2006): "Thoracic Epidural Blockade in an Elderly with Achalasia Due to Scleroderma for Thoractomy, Esophageal Myotomy and Cystotomy-Capitonnage. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. Vol. 11, Number 1.
Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease commonly develops alongside diabetes and/or high blood pressures. Patients who suffer from either are at risk of also developing chronic kidney disease. This is because high blood sugar can cause damage to the kidneys in the same way that a car exposed to wintery weather conditions is impacted by the salt that the city will dump on the road to control for ice. The car will be ruined if not properly cleaned and maintained—and the same goes for the body’s kidneys. To prevent chronic kidney disease the patient must first address the issues of diabetes and/or high blood pressure. Obesity is also a factor in the progression of kidney disease. Additionally, chronic kidney disease can lead to hypertension if this is not already a factor. The reality is that an individual who suffers from chronic kidney disease is likely to suffer from stress, poor diet,…...
(2012) conducted a cohort study in which a large (over three million) group of patients had their renal activity monitored. The study ultimately came to focus on the subgroup who had undergone kidney stones: these were followed up with and examined, at a median follow-up period of eleven years, in Alberta, Canada. The goal was to examine patients who had experienced at least one episode of kidney stones and to see if that correlated with any other forms of kidney disease (up to and including end stage renal disease) later in life. The basic measure used for examining the patients on the follow-up visit was the level of serum creatinine, the most basic measure of kidney health that is available to physicians. Those patients who had double the expected serum creatinine level were judged to have chronic kidney disease.
The most unexpected finding from the cohort study was the effect…...
mlaReferences
Alexander, RT, Hemmelgarn, BR, Wiebe, N, et al. (2012). Kidney stones and kidney function loss: A cohort study. British Medical Journal 2012 Aug 29-345:e5287. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5287. PMID: 22936784
DuRant, E and Leslie, NS (2007). Polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of current knowledge. Journal of Nurse Practitioners 3(3):180-185.
Chronic Illness: Coronary Heart Disease
Outline of Coronary Heart Disease
The Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) has been on the increase of late across the globe and this disease, alongside stroke have been the top causes of death in many countries like Australia (Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 2017). There have been cases of people succumbing to complications occasioned by the CHD hence the need for any medic or clinician to fully furnish themselves with the CHD and the causes and effects as well as how it can be managed.
CHD is a disuse characterized by the development of a waxy substance called plaque building up in the inner walls of the coronary arteries. These are the arteries responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles. The buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries results into atherosclerosis and this takes many years to pile up to harmful quantities. Over the…...
mlaReferences
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, (2017). Heart disease and stroke are the top two causes of death -- and among the leading causes of disability -- in Australia. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from https://baker.edu.au/health-hub/fact-sheets/cardiovascular-disease?gclid=Cj0KEQjwt6fHBRDtm9O8xPPHq4gBEiQAdxotvNmN_YV05am6ts6wLgbbEPubE3I2Z6wwGSNl0AaycX0aAnFy8P8HAQ
Cleveland Clinic, (2017). Coronary Artery Disease Symptoms. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/cad-symptoms
Mayo Clinic, (2017). Coronary Heart Disease: Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/dxc-20165314
Southern Cross, (2017). Coronary heart disease - causes, symptoms, prevention. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from https://www.southerncross.co.nz/group/medical-library/coronary-heart-disease-causes-symptoms-prevention
Alcoholic Liver Disease
CAUSES AND IMPACT
Causes, Incidence, Risk Factors, Impact
Alcohol use has been linked with liver disease mortality and increased social and economic costs (NCI, 2014; ruha et al., 2009). Most recent statistics say that disorders in alcohol consumption afflict millions of people worldwide. The incidence has been increasing along with increasing alcohol consumption. Alcohol liver disease takes the form of acute alcoholic hepatitis and chronic liver disease, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Seriousness and prognosis depend on the amount consumed, the pattern of drinking and the length of time of consumption, the presence of liver inflammation, diet and nutritional and genetic disposition. While steatosis is virtually benign, morbidity and mortality are both high in liver cirrhosis. Survival rate for advanced cirrhosis is 1 to 2 years and 50% mortality risk for those with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis have as much as 50% mortality (NCI, 2014). Long-term intake of…...
mlaBIBLIOGRAPHY
Bruha, R., et al. (2009). Alcoholic liver disease. Vol. 110 # 3m Prague Medical Report:
PubMed Central. Retrieved on April 6, 2014 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19655694
EASL (2012). EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. Vol. 51 # 1, Journal of Hepatology: European Association for the Study of the liver. Retrieved on April 6, 2014 from http://www.easl.eu/assets/application/files/5e1b5512fb2cabb_file.pdf
Frazier, T.H. (2011). Treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Vol. 4 # 1, Therapeutic
Diabetic Vascular Disease state caused by the deficiency of a chemical in the body called insulin which is a hormone is called Diabetes. There are two forms of diabetes. In the type-one diabetes no insulin is formed and people require insulin injections for existence. This was once thought it would affect only children, but now it can occur at any age. The type2 diabetes is due to the resistance of the body towards the effects of insulin. This also includes insulin which is insufficient. ut in this type there is some amount of insulin produced. In both the types the blood glucose levels is increased. When compared to people without diabetes, people with diabetes are prone to certain problems. These problems occur in the nerves (neuropathy), kidney (nephropathy) and eye (retinopathy). These people are prone to early heart attacks and stroked due to the hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis). With…...
mlaBibliography
Diabetes Basics-About Diabetics," Retrieved from www.orthop.washington.edu/faculty/Hirsch/diabetesAccessed on March 3, 2004
Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research" retrieved from www.medstv.unimelb.edu.au/Research/DCVDR/. Accessed on March 3, 2004
Haptoglobin: A major susceptibility gene for diabetic vascular complications," retrieved from www.pulsus.com/europe/07_02/szaf_ed.htm. Accessed on March 3, 2004
Pathophysiology of Diabetes" retrieved at Accessed on March 3, 2004http://www.dhss.state.mo.us/diabetes/manual/DMOverview.pdf.
A way to better distribute the information that is being taught in the classrooms is also through the community so that the changes are also effecting the parents to the students, as a change on their part as well would be helpful in the battle against obesity. It would be useful to initially target pamphlets, an informational booth or table at grocery stores, where the foundation of the problem lies. It would be effective if information is given before families go grocery shopping so they are more conscious of the items that they are purchasing. Furthermore, information should also be initially presented on TVs, in newspapers and magazines and other mediums that would likely be used in the more low-key and sedentary setting in order to galvanize individuals to get outside. Once outside, in order to sustain the physical activity, it would be nice to have water and juice at…...
mlaBibliography
Ahuja, Gitika, & Salahi, Lara. (11, February 2010). School nutrition program takes up obesity fight. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/OnCall/school-nutrition-program-takes-obesity-fight/story?id=9802468
CausesofChildhoodObesity.org, Initials. (2010). Causes of childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://causesofchildhoodobesity.org/
Facts about obesity in the United States. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pdf/facts_about_obesity_in_the_united_states.pdf
Mayo Clinic Staff, Initials. (2011, May 06). Risk factors. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=risk-factors
CKDIntervention
There are a number of interventions that are effective in treating (not curing) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Many of the interventions, however, are based solely on how far along the CKD has progressed in specific patients. This is how it should be, of course, but such a scenario causes one to wonder exactly what particular intervention to use in order to lower the incidence of CKD overall. That's what this paper is searching for; a possible intervention that will be successful in lowering the overall rate of CKD in the United States. In order to achieve that objective, the different stages of CKD and the most prevalent interventions currently in use should be examined and understood.
The stages aren't necessarily named but are designated as stages; hence Stage One shows signs of mild kidney diseases with Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) otherwise known as kidney function at greater than 90% and stage…...
I. Introduction
II. Body
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health issue that affects millions of people worldwide. Hemodialysis is a common treatment for end-stage renal disease, but it is associated with various complications, including inflammation. Inflammation is a key mediator in the progression of CKD and is linked to the development of complications such as cardiovascular disease and protein-energy wasting. Dietary patterns play a crucial role in modulating inflammation and may impact the outcomes of hemodialysis patients.
Several studies have investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. One study by Mafra et al. (2014) found that a....
Findings on the Relationship between Dietary Patterns and Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients
Inflammation is a complex biological process that plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of various chronic diseases, including end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hemodialysis patients are particularly susceptible to chronic inflammation due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, oxidative stress, and impaired immune function.
Dietary patterns have been implicated in the regulation of systemic inflammation, and several studies have investigated the association between specific dietary patterns and inflammation in hemodialysis patients.
Observational Studies
Observational studies have consistently demonstrated a positive association between pro-inflammatory dietary patterns and elevated inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients.....
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