America and China Trade elations
Intellectual property is very important as American business continues to expand and develops. Businesses are now attempting to penetrate foreign markets which are unique in their laws, customers and beliefs. International trade is no different in this regard as business attempts to capitalize on a burgeoning middle class in China. As such, it is important for business to protect the intellectual capital that made their operations thrive and flourish. Too many individuals are now copying or directly replicating American brands in an attempt to garner profits. Brands are in many instances, the most important aspect of an American business. By pilfering or using very similar brands, emerging markets are literally stealing profits that are earned by American business. This is an international trade issue as businesses must now attempt to enforce higher standards of transparency in regards to intellectually capital. Businesses must do so without destroying…...

mla

References

1) Heiberg, Carl Erik. "American films in Kuwait: an analysis of Kuwait intellectual property record and reconsideration of cultural trade exceptions amidst rampant piracy." Minnesota Journal of International Law. 15.1 (Wntr 2006): 219-262. LegalTrac. Gale. Florida International University. 29 Sept. 2010  http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=LT&docId=A220642862&source=gale&userGroupName=flstuniv&version=1.0 

2) "Intellectual Capital and Business Value - The Hidden Resource." Intellectual Capital and Business Value. Web. 08 Apr. 2012. .

3) Jacobson, Anna-Liisa. "The new Chinese dynasty: how the United States and international intellectual property laws are failing to protect consumers and inventors from counterfeiting." Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business. 7.1 (Wntr 2008): 45-63. LegalTrac. Gale. Florida International University. 29 Sept. 2010  http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=LT&docId=A177087358&source=gale&userGroupName=flstuniv&version=1.0 

4) Cheng, Jacqui. "By the Numbers: Piracy Rate in China down 10%." Ars Technica. 22 May 2009. Web. 16 Oct. 2010. .

China Trade Policy
China's agricultural trade policies are driven by its need to feed its massive population. The country has quotas that average 15.8%, with 5.8% of products being duty free and 1087 total tariff lines. These duties sit in line with EU levels, above U.S. levels and below developing world levels. China aims to reduce its agricultural tariff below 15% in the coming years. China supported India's stance on special safeguard mechanisms at the Doha Round, effectively scuttling the deal.

China's manufacturing tariffs are also above developed world levels but below developing world levels. China's tariffs vary significantly on a country-by-country basis; for example 45.4% of non-agricultural trade with the U.S. is duty free. China has become more aggressive with respect to its trade policies in recent years, but generally works within the confines of the TO dispute resolution mechanism..

Agricultural Policies

China has long worked to lower agricultural duties, in part because…...

mla

Works Cited:

Ackerman, K. (1998). State trading enterprises in world agricultural trade. USDA. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from  http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/wrs984/wrs984h.pdf 

Wang, J. & Lim, C. (2009). China and the Doha Round. North-South Institute. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/pdf/China.pdf

Hudson, J. (2010). Dispute raises concerns over China's rare-earth dominance. Atlantic Wire. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from  http://www.theatlanticwire.com/opinions/view/opinion/Dispute-Raises-Concerns-Over-Chinas-Rare-Earth-Dominance-5151 

Lynn, J. (2010). U.S. accuses China of blocking Doha trade talks. Reuters. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from  http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-49607220100624

China Import
China's Importation Documentation equirements, Procedures, Programs, and Policies: An Overview

Every business endeavor has certain legal and procedural requirements that must be known and followed in order for the endeavor to be both successful and viable in the long-term. Embarking on any business or trade venture without first ascertaining the legal requirements and bureaucratic procedure is setting the venture up for outright and immediate failure at the worst, and an increased risk of inefficiency and heightened costs at the best. This is why obtaining pertinent information prior to actually beginning to conduct business is so important -- it will make for a much smoother establishment of the business and its necessary operations, and will also increase the efficiency and cost effectiveness of these operations. When business is conducted on an international basis, the situation becomes complicated by the multiple sources of often differing laws that can affect operations.

For business that…...

mla

References

FIDI. (2009). Inbound air shipments. Accessed 30 August 2011.  http://www.grospiron.com/medias/documents/reglementations-douanieres/douane-chine.pdf 

Global Trade. (2011). Documentation in China. Accessed 30 August 2011.  http://www.globaltrade.net/international-trade-import-exports/f/business/text/China/Trade-Policy-Import-Requirements-and-Documentation-in-China.html 

Trading Economics. (2011). Documents to Import (Number) in China. Accessed 30 August 2011. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/documents-to-import-number-wb-data.html

Yan, G. & Shen, J. (2008). China; Customs, Taxes, and Documentation Requirements. Accessed 30 August 2011. http://web.ita.doc.gov/ITI/itiHome.nsf/9b2cb14bda00318585256cc40068ca69/3aed69c22069b76185256d07006fe126?OpenDocument

China did not have any debts to pay. However, actually during this era Chinese authority had been so undermined and the prestige of the government with its own people so completely destroyed "that it may well be said to have prepared the ground for the Walpurgis night of imperialism, which was witnessed in the decade following the Sino-Japanese War in 1895."
For example, one major complication that rendered diplomatic relations between China and the Western nations led by Britain extremely difficult was the attitude of the British mercantile community. The chimera of inexhaustible trade had drawn them into the interior. The central highway of China, the Yangtze, had now been opened. "Settlements" and trading establishments existed in every important city. Yet for some reason the results were bitterly disappointing. The fabulous China trade did not materialize.

The mercantile community blamed their failure on the opposition of the Chinese officials. Their remedy,…...

mla

References

Michael, Franz. Taiping Rebellion. Seattle: Washington Press, 1971.

Pannikkar, K.M. Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco Da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498-19 London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953.

Reilly, Thomas. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Seattle: Washington Press, 2004

Shih, Vincent. Taiping Ideology. Seattle: Washington Press. 1967.

S. with the land from which these manufacturing warehouses and factories were to be built. Inevitably, with the establishment of manufacturing companies in China, it had slowly developed and became known as one of the primary producers of technological products and merchandise -- that is, mass production of technological merchandise. China was pitted against its other Asian neighbors, especially Korea, when it comes to manufacturing (since Japan was known as the cradle of technological invention and innovation and not so much for manufacturing technological products and materials.
The third phase involves the integration of China into the world market. With the U.S. As its primary investor, China became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the onset of the 21st century. The country continued its role as provider of foodstuffs to America, especially agricultural products such as edible meat, vegetables, oil seeds, sugar, cocoa, nuts, and tobacco substitutes (McMillion,…...

mla

Bibliography

China in the WTO: An interview with Amb. Charlene Barshefsky." (March 2000). Asia Source Web site. Available at http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=13811.

McMillion, C. (March 2000). "The U.S., China, and WTO: More false promises, debt, and unnecessary instability." Washington, DC: MBG Information Services.

Shambaugh, D. (April 2001). "No easy way forward with China." The New York Times Online. Available at  http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/03/opinion/03SHAM.html .

Worden, R., a. Savada, and R. Dolan. (July 1987). "China: a country study." Library of Congress, Federal Research Division.

S., which has the potential to widen the already gaping trade gap between the two super economies. The U.S. is really in no position economically to begin to demand that China shape up its currency valuation policies and trade agreements toward the west. Crook's argument for action is compelling, and leaves the reader to wonder why the current U.S. presidential administration has really done nothing to remedy the ever-growing problem of U.S. And Chinese trade disagreements.
As far as direct actions that the U.S. could take to fight back against the Chinese trade deficit, it would be quite easy and politically savvy for the Obama administration to begin taxing or discouraging outsourcing of U.S. production jobs to China, and begin to implement tariffs on Chinese goods. This would help reduce the incentives that U.S. companies have to move their labor elsewhere while at the same time raising the bar on imports…...

mla

References

Crook, Clive. (2010). "Time to get tough with China." Financial Times. Published 10

Oct, 2010. Available online at:  http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2b931da6-d49a-11df-b230-00144feabdc0.html .

Investment and Trade Over the Next 30 Years
Perhaps the most notable trend in recent economic history has been the falling-away of the influence of the G7 nations of United States, Japan, Germany, ritain, France, Canada and Italy and the explosion of economic clout in the developing world (What is the G7, 2012, Wise Geek). All eyes are looking to China, in terms of the trending of trade and investment patterns. China is the world's largest potential market, and still has untapped growth in terms of its vast consumer marketplace. That is why the Chinese economy is often seen as a barometer of the health of global demand. For example, in the last quarter, "trade was a net drag on growth last year as the world's second biggest economy turned in its slowest rate of expansion since 2009, at 9.2 per cent, with each quarter's growth in 2011 successively weaker…...

mla

Bibliography

Edwards, Nick. 2012. China surprises with March trade surplus. The Globe and Daily Mail.

Viewed 24 Apr 2012 at  http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-news/china-surprises-with-march-trade-surplus/article2396805/ 

Greenblatt, Alan.2011. As Europe ages, its economies look vulnerable. NPR. Viewed 24 Apr

2012 at  http://www.npr.org/2011/09/24/140736119/as-europe-ages-its-economies-look-vulnerable

China's Economic Challenge to the U.S.
The rise of China as an economic superpower has occurred against the backdrop of increased globalization and the explosive growth of the developing world and the other BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, and S. Africa). China's growing prominence in the global financial community manifested itself in 2010 as "Japan ceded its spot as the world's second biggest economy to China. Japan's nominal GDP for 2010 was 479.223 trillion yen, or $5.474 trillion; falling below the $5.879 trillion figure for China in the same year" (Monahan 2011, 1). China and Japan with their respective five trillion economies are still dwarfed by the American economy which boasts a nearly 15 trillion dollar GDP (CIA FactBook N.D.,1 ); however China will continue its growth ascendance, and in terms of GDP all but guarantee that China will surpass the U.S. In the next 30 years, and probably far sooner"…...

mla

What precisely are China's activities on trade, currency, energy, and environment which portent economic uncertainty? The trade and currency issues are the most critical pieces of the China / U.S. engagement and are obverses of the same coin. Despite China running its first trade deficit in seven years "$1.02 billion in the first three months of the year compared with a surplus of $13.9 billion a year earlier" (Bloomberg 2011, 1) the stark reality is that they are the world's largest exporter of goods (Thompson 2010, 1), and China's trade surplus particularly with the U.S. has been growing for years. In 2010 "the gap between U.S. imports from China and what it sold to the country rose to $273.1 billion" (Wearden 2011, 1). This trade surplus with the U.S. And China's large current account surplus is in the opinion of many global policy makers due to the undervalued Yuan.

The Chinese strategy of undervaluing the Yuan in relation to the dollar to boost exports has certainly paid dividends as evidenced from the above data however; this is not the entire story because "since July 2005, when China decided to break away from fixed exchange rate with the dollar, the Yuan has been appreciated by 26%" (Asia News.it 2011, 1). So while according to U.S. officials "the Yuan is artificially undervalued by at least 30%, to the benefit of Chinese exports" (Asia News.it 2011, 1) the evidence of Yuan appreciation is indicative that the U.S. consumer's insatiable appetite for low cost imports is also a prominent reason for the trade deficit. China's point on the value of their currency is that it is "an issue of national sovereignty" (Bergsten 2008, 3) requiring no global IMF agreement to float the Yuan's value.

Bergsten in the discussion of trade and currencies points to China's recalcitrant attitude toward accepting Doha trade agreements designed to liberalize international trade and lower tariffs; "declaring that it should have no liberalization obligations whatsoever" (Bergsten 2008, 2 ) because of their status as a developing country. Even now the Doha talks, some ten years in process, are in danger of falling apart "amid a rift between developed and developing nations on tariff cuts on industrial goods and farm subsidies" (Times Live, 2011, 1). China's policy instead has been to forge regional trade alliances such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the eventual creation of an Asian trading block (Bergsten 2008, 2). Invariably, the creation of a global free trade compact as envisioned by the Doha would benefit the Chinese economy, as additional markets are opened for exports and the Chinese consumer benefits from cheaper import flows. That

In this probably lies the greatest risk of doing business in China as it is difficult to collect full payment in time. The greatest threat to companies with successful products or brand name is from intellectual property pirates. Any organization planning to do business in China is well advised to take adequate safeguards to protect their intellectual property rights. (Look Before You Leap: Essential Advice for Doing Business in China)
Cultural Considerations:

The business environment in China is very attractive and there are many organizations that have already made use of the opportunities offered there and many others are queing up to enter the business market of China. It is very important for these organizations to understand the cultural and business practices that are prevalent in China to avoid any kind of misunderstanding due to the major differences in the underluing cultural practices between the Chinese and Western cultures. These differences…...

mla

References

Background Note: China. U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.

October 2004. Retrieved at   Accessed on Business Dress: Guidelines for business dress. Executive Planet. May 25, 2003.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm .

Retrieved at Accessed on February 11, 2005http://executiveplanet.com/business-culture-in/132272102392.html

China. The World Fact Book. Retrieved at   Accessed on February 11, 2005http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html .

While at the same time, it will make imports in Hong Kong / China cheaper in relation to goods that are manufactured in both locations. Over the course of time, this will cause the trade surplus that Hong Kong / China enjoys decreasing as both markets begin to buy the cheaper foreign imports. ("The Impact of China's Revaluation of the Yuan," 2005)
Yet, both Hong Kong and China are facing a similar situation as Japan, due to the fact that they rely heavily on foreign trade. Where, many of the different markets are somewhat open to exports, with restrictions. This is similar to a policy that Japan engaged in during the 1970's and 1980's, where once the peg was removed off of the U.S. dollar, the yen appreciated in value. Under normal circumstances, this should have solved Japan's trade surplus problems. However, because their markets were still restrictive to foreign…...

mla

Bibliography

The Impact of China's Revaluation of the Yuan. (2005, July 24). Retrieved March 23, 2010 from Forecast Global Economy website:  http://www.forcastglobaleconomy.com/subscribers/CommentsFiles/Comment022.htm 

Fung, K (2007). China's Renminbi: Our Currency Your Problem.

Of course, consumers knowing the country of origin of Toyota vehicles have done little to harm the dominance of that car over traditional American manufacturers like GM and Ford. But in some instances, if a particular nation has received bad press regarding its labor practices, mandatory labeling as an imported good might act as an additional invisible trade barrier. Also, if a nation is being subject to a particularly damaging round of international publicity regarding other aspects of its international policy, this may lead to a boycott of the nation's goods, and thus invisible tariffs can be constructed through simply the apparently innocuous policy of labeling nation's country of origin, in the supposed interest of consumer information.

orks Cited

Fliess, Barbara Carlos Busquets "The Role of Trade Barriers." OECD Trade Policy

orking Paper No. 45. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. 7 Mar 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/25/37872326.pdf

Jennings, Horace. "Brazilian trade sets new highs as…...

mla

Works Cited

Fliess, Barbara Carlos Busquets "The Role of Trade Barriers." OECD Trade Policy

Working Paper No. 45. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. 7 Mar 2007.  http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/25/37872326.pdf 

Jennings, Horace. "Brazilian trade sets new highs as import barriers are lowered."

Business America.

l billion in 2007. This growth can be seen to represent the increasing interest of Chinese firms in acquiring resources, technology and brands outside of their own country (Carpenter & yman, 2009).
Lenovo was able to seal the deal essentially by acting like a estern firm. It did not approach the deal from the same perspective as say, the way that CNOOC did with its unsolicited bid and ultimately failed bid for Chevron. Lenovo had a strategic alliance with IBM prior to the deal, so that the latter's management and shareholders understood the strategic value of the deal. For Lenovo, it was able to maintain relationships with IBM, including taking some of its talent back to China with it.

Lenovo traded on the Hong Kong exchange, giving it the transparency needed by estern investors. Moreover, this also lent liquidity to Lenovo shares, allowing them to be used in the deal. Furthermore, Lenovo…...

mla

Works Cited:

Wong, J. & Chan, S. (2003). China's outward direct investment: Expanding worldwide. China: An International Journal. Vol. 1, 2, 273-301.

Schuller, M. & Turner, A. (2005). Global ambitions: Chinese companies spread their wings. Im Fokus. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from  http://www.giga-hamburg.de/ifa/kostenlos/ca/0504/Fokus-Schueller.pdf 

Hamm, S. (2005). Lenovo and IBM: East meets west, big time. Business Week. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from  http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_19/b3932113_mz063.htm 

Fuhrman, P. (2009). Private equity and strategic M&A transactions in China. China First Capital. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from http://www.chinafirstcapital.com/blog/archives/202

China
The Dilemma of a Ethical Practices and Profitability of Trading with China

China continues to have one of the world's strongest and most resilient economies, achieving a 10.3% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate in 2010 compared to the world average of 4.2% and the United States' 2.9%. U.S. Lawmakers continue to question the $4M in foreign aid that Congressional budgets are requesting for one of the fastest growing economies globally today (Pennington, 2011). Despite the rationalization that this significant amount of investment is necessary for clean energy primary research, the rationalization is weak when compared to the many economic challenges and hardships the U.S. continues to face (Pennington, 2011). As of October, 2011 the cumulative 2011 trade deficit with China is today at $217B, down from a high of $270B earlier in the year. Arguably China could more afford to provide foreign aid to the U.S., not vice versa.

Analyzing how…...

mla

References

Ho, C., & Redfern, K.. (2010). Consideration of the Role of Guanxi in the Ethical Judgments of Chinese Managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(2), 207-221.

M Islam, & M. Gowing. (2003). Some empirical evidence of Chinese accounting system and business management practices from an ethical perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 42(4), 353-378.

Lawrence, W., & Sun, W.. (2010). A Cluster Approach towards Enhancing Chinese- American Trade Opportunities. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(2), 44-51.

Pennington, M. (2011, November 15). Lawmakers scrutinize u.s. foreign aid to china. Washington Times. Retrieved from  http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/nov/15/lawmakers-scrutinize-us-foreign-aid-china/

(Hill, 2008, pg. 371)
Under what circumstances might a decision to let the yuan float freely destabilize the Chinese economy? What might the global implications of this be?

If the there is outside pressure from Western governments and Chinese trading partners. Where, they will begin to impose tariffs and duties in an effort to force the Chinese to change their policy. This would destabilize the Chinese economy, resulting in a collapse of their export markets. The global implications would be that this kind of action would result in China retaliating with tariffs and duties of their own, resulting in a worldwide depression. (Hill, 2008, pg. 371)

Do you think the U.S. government should push the Chinese to let the yuan float freely? Why?

Yes. The reason why, is because the inability of China to let the yuan float freely, is creating imbalances in the global economy. If this is allowed to continue, it…...

mla

Bibliography

Hill, C. (2008). China's Managed Float. Global Business Today. (pg. 371). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Conclusion

China's growth rate has slowed dramatically in the last 30 years under the auspice of the One-Child Policy. In fact, at this point it is believed that growth rate is under 2% and that the population replacement rate is at 2.1%, meaning that if these numbers are accurate and hold up, the population of China could actually decrease at some point in the future.

Hence, the One-Child Policy could be seen to be an immense success. But at what cost?

The 'side effects' of the Policy have and likely will continue to have a staggering effect on Chinese society. The sterility and abortion atrocities by the government, like the abandonment and infanticide of female infants by the parents, not only scream of a Policy that has lost its moral compass, but it has created a huge disparity between the number of males to females. This disparity means there a fewer women available…...

mla

Works Cited

BBC NEWS. Chinese Facing Shortage of Wives. 12 January 2007

 http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/6254763.stm 

Fitzpatrick, Laura. A Brief History of China's One-Child Policy.

www.time.com. 27 July 2009