Several factors should be considered before the restrictions are lessened. The relaxation of the policy will only be considered if there is an ample amount of evidence showing that low fertility rates will be sustained. Current studies show that China is transitioning into a small family culture. In 30 pilot counties the policy has been lifted, allowing couples to choose their family size (Poston, 2002, p333-47).
However, the National Family Planning and eproductive Health Survey also showed that in urban areas where the one child policy is strictly enforced, 43% of women still preferred two children. Another aspect which needs to be considered is that laws from the past may not be appropriate for the present. During the past 25 years China has drastically changed their socioeconomic infrastructure. (Winckler, 2002, p379-418)
To many the one child policy seems obsolete, because of the immense progress gained from wealth and globalization. Due to…...
mlaReferences
Greenhalgh, Susan (2003): Science, modernity, and the making of China's one-child policy. In: Population and Development Review, Vol. 29, No. 2, 163-196
Greenhalgh, Susan (2003): Planned births, unplanned persons: "Population" in the making of Chinese modernity. In: American Ethnologist, Vol. 30, No. 2, 196-215.
Hardee-Cleaveland, Karen / Xie, Zhenming / Gu, Baochang (2003): Family planning and women's lives in rural China. In: International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 2, 68-76.
Lavely, W. Freedman, R (1990): The origins of Chinese fertility decline. In: Demography No. 27, 89-116.
China's One-Child Policy
In 1981 the Chinese government implemented the reproductive health program, also known as the one-child policy. This policy was intended to limit the number of births per family in order to stem a growing concern about over-population. This paper takes the position that while the population in China has stabilized, the overall effect of the policy has been detrimental to the nation in the long-run.
Chinese officials insist the reproductive health program is fully voluntary. omen are free to voluntarily select the timing and spacing of their pregnancies. There are no targets and quotas for births and sterilizations, abortion is not promoted as a method of family planning, and coercion does not exist (Mosher).
However, according to Steven Mosher the Chinese government sets national targets for family size and total population. These numbers are achieved through bribes and punishments for the officials responsible for enforcing the one-child policy, bribes…...
mlaWorks Cited
Bailey, Ronald. "The Limits of Growth." Reason.com. 18 April 2012. Web. 28 October 2012.
Li, Jiali. "China's One Child Policy: How and How Well Has it Worked? A Case Study of Hebei Province, 1979-88." Population and Development Review, Vol 21, No. 3, September 1995: 563-585. JSTOR. Web. 7 November 2012.
Liu, Lee. "China's Population Trends and their Implications for Fertility Policy." Asian Population Studies, Vol 6, No. 3, February 2010: 289-305. EBSOC. Web. 28 October 2012.
Mayhew, Robert J. "Malthus and the Seven Billion." History Today, Vol 62, Issue 2, February 2012: 4-5. EBSOC. Web. 28 October 2012.
Conclusion
China's growth rate has slowed dramatically in the last 30 years under the auspice of the One-Child Policy. In fact, at this point it is believed that growth rate is under 2% and that the population replacement rate is at 2.1%, meaning that if these numbers are accurate and hold up, the population of China could actually decrease at some point in the future.
Hence, the One-Child Policy could be seen to be an immense success. But at what cost?
The 'side effects' of the Policy have and likely will continue to have a staggering effect on Chinese society. The sterility and abortion atrocities by the government, like the abandonment and infanticide of female infants by the parents, not only scream of a Policy that has lost its moral compass, but it has created a huge disparity between the number of males to females. This disparity means there a fewer women available…...
mlaWorks Cited
BBC NEWS. Chinese Facing Shortage of Wives. 12 January 2007
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/6254763.stm
Fitzpatrick, Laura. A Brief History of China's One-Child Policy.
www.time.com. 27 July 2009
hina's One hild Policy
In the last part of the 20th entury, hina, also known as the "sleeping giant," has transformed itself from a predominantly rural, pre-industrialized society to a political and economic challenger. Since the Maoist Revolution of 1949, also known as the Great Patriotic Revolution, hina has transformed itself from a feudal system to one of the world's faster growing economies globally. hina is huge -- in both geography and population. Over the last few decades it has experienced unprecedented economic growth with an average GDP of well over 10%. Even though the actual per capita income is still within the lower-middle category of global statistics, hina still remains the third largest economy in the world. Modern hina participates with a major role in the global economy, and organizations within the developed world take hina quite seriously. hina's own view of her economy is "Socialism with hinese haracteristics," allowing…...
mlaChinese Government. (2010). Official Web Portal. Information. Retrieved from:
http://english.gov.cn/2005-08/16/content_23691.htm
Fong, V. (2004). Only Hope: Coming of Age Under China's One-Child Policy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Child Policy in China
Button, G. (2011). China's One-Child Policy and the Population Explosion. Indian Journal of Economics and Business, 10(4), 467-474.
Button is an accomplished author of various scholarly texts and is a holder of a masters of science in education and a bachelor's degree in international studies. In the past, Button has worked as a Research Assistant at the University of Denver, and more recently, he assumed the position of Volunteer at Peace Corps. Button is therefore qualified to comment on topical issues revolving around history, political science, as well as economics.
In his article, Button explores not only the genesis of the One-Child Policy but also its implementation and relevance. The author also critically analyses the criticism that has been leveled against the One-Child Policy in the past. He concludes that although the said policy has contributed significantly to the country's economic growth, it has also been somewhat detrimental…...
Ethnographic/Social Considerations
Hall (1987) examined the effects of the one child policy from a cultural/anthropological and ethnographic perspective. Her study revealed that such policies unwittingly result in a cultural change in attitudes, beliefs and even behaviors exhibited by children. For example, couples may lean toward the decision that having more than one child "cramps their economic style" and that may lead to the one child being spoiled and the 'babyhood' period being drawn out (Hall, 1987).
The author suggests that a country full of only children will result in children who grow into adults that will be self-centered and less likely to be concerned with the welfare of the country as a whole, and more likely to be concerned with their own personal satisfaction. This goes against the Chinese ideology that it is important to serve the country rather than oneself, and Hall suggests that "a citizenry made up of only children…...
mlaReferences
Banghan, H.; Johnson, K.; Liyao, W. 1998. "Infant Abandonment in China." Population and Development Review, 24(3):469
Greenhalgh, S. (2003). "Science, modernity and the making of China's one-child policy." Population and Development Review, 29(2):163
Hall, E. (1987). "China's only child: This strict policy is controlling China's population problem, but will only children make unwilling socialists." Psychology Today,
Johnson, D. Gale. 1994. "Effects of institutions and policies on rural population growth with application to China. Population and Development Review 20 (3): 503-531.
" Deng's one child policy, moreover, had been one of the most important insurance plans put in place to insure the speed and power of Chinese capitalist development.
What this mean was that Deng chose to channel the capital surplus of the Chinese people into factories, railroads, power plants, and the damming the Yangtze River with the massive Three Gorges Dam, rather than into an ever larger Chinese population.
Deng's One Child Policy: Positive and Negative
As often happens in periods of massive change in human history, the results of Deng's one child policy were partly good and partly bad. Let's begin with some of the negative consequences of Deng's policy. Most noticeable is the fact that there are more "little emperors" than there are "little empresses" in China today. Because another aspect of Deng's population policy was abortion on demand, many young Chinese who were about to become parents decided to abort…...
Advanced technology played a big role in infanticide as it allowed couples to check the gender of the child before it was born. Ultrasounds helped couples check the sex of their child and allow them to make a decision on abortion easier. Infanticide managed to unbalance the sex ratio in china as there were far too many males and not so many females. Women do not have a big role to play in determining the gender of their children as the husbands are the ones who make the decisions. There have been cases where a husband has beaten his wife to abort her child. Then are cases where the wife has to go into hiding so that people won't be able to know if she is pregnant. This helps a lot if they are expecting a girl and they need to abort it. There have been a lot of…...
mlaBibliography
Greenhalgh, Susan. June 2003. "Science, Modernity, and the Making of China's One-Child Policy," Population and Development Review 29-Page.165
Hardee, Karen. (2004) Family Planning and Women's Lives in Rural China, International Family Planning Perspectives. Volume: 30 Issue
Johnson, Kay Ann. (2004)Wanting a Daughter, Needing a Son. Yeong and Yeong Book Company
Faison, Seth. (2004) South of the Clouds: exploring the hidden realms of China, St. Martin's Press
S. intelligence and military analysts expected, prompting fears that Beijing will attack Taiwan in the next two years, according to entagon officials." However, the Taiwanese spokesman, Chang Jung-kung, says this report is inaccurate, noting that the entagon does not take into account the latest development between Taiwan and China, who have entered a new phase since Chairman Lien Chan's journey of peace to China in 2005. China also responded by reporting that the entagon "viciously exaggerated Chinese military outlay, spreading a 'China threat theory.'"
In conclusion, it appears as if the growing differences in economic and political policies between the United States and China have increased watchfulness and suspicion on the parts of both major countries, leading to the possibility of another "Cold War" between the U.S. And another new, threatening communist country, China.
Biography
Clark, Matthew, "China a Security Threat to U.S. " the Christian Science Monitor, 28 Jun 2005.
Manthrope, William H.J.,…...
mlaPhillip Saunders, Chinese Views of Its Military Modernization, Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2000.
Ibid. page 58.
Matthew Clark, "China a Security Threat to U.S. " the Christian Science Monitor, 28 Jun 2005.
This is called "reproduction worship." According to this belief the world originated from Yin and Yang life force. This has had a great impact on Chinese culture and its view of reproduction. Yin is considered a male life force with many powerful positive attributes while Yang is assigned mainly weaker attributes. eproduction is given much importance because of its power to move the universe ahead and to expand the same. The forces of Yin and Yang are both needed for actions to have impact. There are other beliefs that seem to have an impact on reproductive behavior among Chinese couples. (Tang, 1995)
Since Confucianism advocates sexual restraint and asceticism, marriage is seen as a vehicle for reproduction rather than a means of enjoying sex. Secondly families are considered very significant because of ancestor worship. Since ancestors are revered in Chinese culture, having a family is always the motivating force behind…...
mlaReferences
Tang Z. Confucianism, Chinese culture, and reproductive behavior
Journal Population & Environment Issue Volume 16, Number 3 / January, 1995
Infanticide in China
In 2007, the United Nations Population Fund published a study that argued there were 60 million "missing" girls in Asia, a direct result of female infanticide (Karabin, 2007). Infanticide, by definition, is the unlawful killing of very young children, and in some cultures this practice is conducted against female babies in particular. The result is that countries like China have a serious population imbalance, with many more males than females (BBC, 2012). This paper will examine the issue of female infanticide in China, its causes and what potential solutions there might be to this serious problem.
Confucianism
Lee (1981) notes that female infanticide has long been practiced in China. riting just after the introduction of the one-child policy in China, Lee notes that "this form of discrimination against women…persisted in varying degrees over hundreds of years." She outlines the techniques used to commit the crime: "drowning in 'baby-ponds', immersion in…...
mlaWorks Cited:
BBC. (2012). Female infanticide. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 31, 2012 f rom http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/medical/infanticide_1.shtml
Goodenough, P. (2008). China's 'one-child policy' results in forced abortion, infanticide. CNS News.com. Retrieved October 31, 2012 from http://cnsnews.com/news/article/chinas-one-child-policy-results-forced-abortion-infanticide
Kane, P. (1999). China's one child family policy. British Medical Journal. Vol. 319 (7215) 992-994.
Karabin, S. (2007). Infanticide, abortion responsible for 60 million girls missing in Asia. Fox News. Retrieved October 31, 2012 from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,281722,00.html
China & India: Rapid Economic Growth -- Additional pages
Additional Introduction / Conclusion Copy
How did China and India emerge so rapidly as enormous economic powers? This paper reviews the circumstances of the economic advancement that both countries have made, and establishes that these nations became economic powerhouses due to the sheer size of their economies -- along with the strategies they employed.
The Indian economy has been among the "fastest growing economies" in the world since the late 1980s, according to Kunal Sen, writing in the peer-reviewed journal Contemporary South Asia. He insists that most experts (in "the international financial press") are incorrect when they assert that the Indian economy began to accelerate following the "radical economic reforms of 1991" (Sen, 2009, p. 364).
In fact, Sen writes, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita began to rise "…in the late 1970s, and has kept on steadily increasing over the last two decades…...
mlaBibliography
Mallick, Hrushikesh, and Mahalik, Mantu Kumar, 2008, 'Constructing the Economy: The Role of Construction Sector in India's Growth', Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, vol. 40, 368-384.
Sen, Kunal. 2009, 'What a long, strange trip it's been: reflections on the causes of India's growth miracle', Contemporary South Asia, vol. 17, 363-377.
Tyers, Rod, and Golley, Jane, 2010, 'China's Growth to 2030: The Roles of Demographic Change and Financial Reform', Review of Development Economics, vol. 14, 592-610.
Zhang, Wei, and Liu, Xiaohui, 2009, 'Introduction: Success and challenges: an overview of China's economic growth and reform since 1978', Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, vol. 7, 127-138.
Parenting Styles and their Effect on Children Behavior
Different Parenting Styles
This research paper is based on Baumrind's theory of parenting and covers the impact and consequences of different parenting styles on children's development extensively. Four parenting styles named authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved are discussed in detail. This paper also discusses parenting style of Canada, Japan and China in contrast with Baumrind's theory of parenting. All the impacts and influences on parenting style are deeply studied and discussed.
Early years of learning in a child's life is believed to make a significant difference in the way they develop and go on to learn throughout their lives (Kim, 1999). Developmental psychologists have been making research about the role played by parents and its impact on child development. However, developing a cause-and-effect link between parents behavior and brought up and its impact on child behavior and attitude is a relatively tough task. This…...
mlaReferences
Golombok, S. (2000). Parenting: What Really Counts? new york: Routledge.
Kim, M. (1999). Parental Involvement, Family Processes, and Parenting Styles of First Generation Korean parents on early childhood education. New York: Umi.
Nevid, J.S. (2009). Psychology: Concepts and Applications. New York: wadsworth.
Pressley, M., & McCormick, C.B. (2007). Child And Adolescent Development for Educators. New York: Guilford Publications.
AFICA'S PETOLEUM AND CHINA'S ECONOMIC GOWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
How Africa's Petroleum Supply Is Important to China's Economic Growth and Development
While China continues to grow, its oil demand is poised to grow rapidly. For China to ensure its oil security, it must obtain oil from the global world because it lacks adequate domestic resources to quench the thirsty appetite of the country's rapid economic development. Any approach for growth that the country takes in its demand for oil is likely to affect the global oil market and influence existing system and order of international oil. As one of its oil strategy, China's firms are reaching every corner of the world to purchase oil or invest in oil fields showing to have opportunities disregarding the possible enormous risks. Some of China's national oil enterprises have made outstanding investment activities in African countries (Ma, 2010). Today, China's largest imports from Africa continue to attract…...
mlaReferences
Bhaumik, T.K. (2009). Old China's new economy: The conquest of a billion paupers. New Delhi: SAGE.
Brewer, J. & Miklancic, M. (2013). Convergence: illicit networks and national security in the age of globalization. Published for the Center for Complex Operations Institute for National Strategic Studies By National Defense University Press Washington, D.C.
Buss, T.F. (2011). African security and the African command: Viewpoints on the U.S. role in Africa. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press.
Cheung, Y.-W., & Haan, J. (2013). The evolving role of China in the global economy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Business Environemnt of China
Main issues in the case
The case points to China's unprecedented growth and expansion on the world stage vis-a-vis business performance. Many observers expect China to become the economic superpower of the future replacing America in that role. China started off with supreme difficulties and it was only in the post-Deng period that it has overcome its challenges. Problems that it faces however exist in conjunction with its political and democratic system. The question of whether these elements will or will not impede China from achieving world dominance is one that occupies many observers.
China is more than 10,000 years old. During much of that time, it has lived in tumultuous change and poverty with effective reform only occurring in the post-1980s. Since then, it has reduced the number of its citizens living in poverty by over 200 million people as well as achieving a sevenfold increase in…...
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