Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(4): 99-114.
Barrett, David & Melrose, Margaret (2012). Courting Controversy -- Children Sexually Abused Through Prostitution -- Are They Everybody's Distant Relatives but Nobody's Children? Child and Family Law Quarterly, 15(4): 371-382.

McCabe, Kimberly (2007). The Role of Internet Service Providers in Cases of Child Pornography and Child Prostitution. Social Science Computer Review, 26(2): 247-251.

Streetlight USA (2012). The Issue. Accessed 18 July 2012 at http://streetlightusa.org/the-issue/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. (2007). Child Maltreatment 2005. ashington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Roemmele, Melissa & Messman-Moore, Teri (2011). Child Abuse, Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Risky Sexual Behavior in College omen. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(3): 264-283.

Terri L. eaver, Ph.D., Jennifer Allen, M.S., Anita Bazile, Ph.D., Erin Bullet, M.S., Jason Herndon, M.S., Kristen Jackson, Ph.D., Tiffany Nowell Pelletier, B.S., Patrice Pye, Ph.D., Jacquelyn Surrell, M.S., Sucheta Thekkedam, M.S., and Muthumbi wa Kimani,…...

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Works Cited

McGrath MG & Casey E (2002). Forensic psychiatry and the internet: practical perspectives on sexual predators and obsessional harassers in cyberspace. Am Acad Psychiatry Law, 30 (1):81-94.

Tynes, Brendesha (2007). Internet Safety Gone Wild? Sacrificing the Educational and Psychosocial Benefits of Online Social Environments. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(6): 575-584.

Marcum, Catherine (2008). Interpreting the Intentions of Internet Predators: An Examination of Online Predatory Behavior. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(4): 99-114.

Barrett, David & Melrose, Margaret (2012). Courting Controversy -- Children Sexually Abused Through Prostitution -- Are They Everybody's Distant Relatives but Nobody's Children? Child and Family Law Quarterly, 15(4): 371-382.

Children Being Charged as Adults
The Negative Consequences of Treating Minors as Adults in Criminal Cases

"Old enough to do the crime, old enough to do the crime;" this is an old, yet still very controversial statement when contemplating whether or not juveniles should be tried as adults in certain circumstances (Maroney 1). There are many who believe that anyone who knowingly commits a crime must suffer the same consequences, regardless of age, race, or creed. However, treating children as adults in criminal contexts can have incredibly negative impacts on the psychological state and future of any given child. Essentially, it is clear that charging and sentencing children as adults produces more harm than good, despite opposition calling for harsher punishments in an adult system.

In today's legal environment, there have been more and more media reports of cases of heinous crimes being committed by mere children, and thus the demand of treating…...

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References

Cohen, Sharon. "Prosecuting Kids As Adults: Some States Ponder Changes." USA Today. Web. 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2012 from  http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-01-tryingkids_N.htm 

Collins, Bob. "Should More Juveniles Be Charged As Adults?" Minnesota Public Radio. Web. 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2012 from  http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/news_cut/archive/2008/03/should_more_juveniles_be_charg.shtml 

Maroney, Terry A. "Should Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?" Vanderbilt Law School. Web. 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2012 from  http://law.vanderbilt.edu/article-search/article-detail/index.aspx?nid=80 

Roberts, Cynthia H. "Juvenile Delinquency: Cause and Effect." Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Web. 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2012 from  http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/2/00.02.05.x.html

Children and Television
Over time, television has become a must have household item/electronic for most American households. Today, unlike several decades ago, a television viewer has a wide range of channels to choose from. However, the ever increasing relevance of the television set has not come without criticism. In most cases, the criticism that has been leveled against television viewing has largely been founded on the impact it has on its viewers -- most particularly children. Television viewing can be informative and even entertaining. However, the negative impact the same has on young viewers cannot be overstated.

Television and Children: An Overview

In basic terms, the role television plays in our lives today is simply huge. To begin with, it is the most convenient source of news from around the world. However, in addition to keeping us informed, the television also keeps us entertained via a wide range of programs including but not…...

The courts also have a hand when it comes to termination of parental rights and making a child available for adoption. Public agencies can contract private agencies to provide foster care services to children and families. Private and public agencies collaborate to provide the best of services to the children.
The Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997 and Child Family and Services (CFSs) have provided an impetus for reform in the realms of child welfare. Some of the changes the ASFA has introduced with regard to child foster care include shortening of the timeline for making decision about permanency. The ASFA has eliminated long-term foster care as a permanent option (Bass, Shields, & Behrman, 2004). With ASFA there are clarifications on when states do not have to make reasonable efforts to re-unify children with their real parents. The act offers guidance on issues regarding termination of parental rights.…...

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References List

Bilaver, L.A., Jaudes, P.K., Koepke, D., & Goerge, R.M. (1999). Note on research: The health of children in foster care. Social Service Review, 73(3), 401-417.

Barber, J.G., Delfabbro, P.H., & Cooper, L.L. (2001). The predictors of unsuccessful transition to foster care. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 42(6),

785-790.

Bass, S., Shields, M.K., Behrman, R.E. (2004). Children, Families, and Foster Care: Analysis

Children's Safety On The Internet
How safe are children when it comes to online use? hat are the most important issues when comes to Internet safety for children? hat is being presented in the literature when it comes to protecting children who use the Internet? These issues and others will be addressed in this paper.

hat are the dangers for children while using the Internet?

An article in the peer-reviewed journal BMC Public Health describes research that includes the ongoing problem called cyberbullying, which impacts about a third of youthful Internet users. And cyberbullying has been linked to "…a variety of health concerns," including suicidal ideation (Moreno, et al., 2013). The other danger for young adolescents is that they "…frequently display personal and identifiable information" linked to their private lives, and this personal information may include: home address; "revealing photographs"; or descriptions of "sexual behavior and substance use" (Moreno, 1).

In the peer-reviewed publication,…...

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Works Cited

Chang, Charlotte. "Internet Safety Survey: Who Will Protect The Children?" Berkeley

Technology Law Journal. Vol. 25 (2010): 501-525.

Endicott-Popovsky, Barbara. "Seeking a Balance: Online Safety for Our Children." Teacher

Librarian, 37.2 (2009): 29-34.

These may include the parental workplace, school boards, social service agencies, and planning commissions." (Strengthening the Family: Implications for International Development, nd)
Four: The Macro-system

Macro-systems are 'blueprints' for interlocking social forces at the macro-level and their interrelationships in shaping human development. They provide the broad ideological and organizational patterns within which the meso- and exo-systems reflect the ecology of human development. Macro-systems are not static, but might change through evolution and revolution. For example, economic recession, war, and technological changes may produce such changes." (Strengthening the Family: Implications for International Development, nd)

CHILDREN RAISED by STEPPARENTS

OF DIFFERENT RACE or CULTURE

LITERATURE REVIEW

The work entitled: "Same-Sex Parenting: Results of Some Studies" states: "With the exception of studies at a few universities with very close connections and conservative Christina denominations, essentially all research studies into same-sex parenting reveal that children of these families develop normally. There is some indication that boys are less sexually…...

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Bibliography

Whitehead, Sandra (2002) Bicultural Families: Meeting the Challenges of Raising Children with Two Cultures

United Parenting Publications, November 2002. Parenthood Online available at http://topics-az.parenthood.com/articles.html?article_id=3366

Culture' (2007) Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Available online at  http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/culture .

Trumbull, E. And Pacheco, M. (nd) Leading with Diversity: Cultural Competencies for Teacher Preparation and Professional Development. Part II: Culture

The model of the "social structural child" sees the childhood as a social system comparable to the other social categories. Though, the childhood system is different from the others and even marginalized, fact well pointed out in the "minority group child" model. The model of the "tribal child" is more concentrated on the children's world, which is considered to have its own separate culture. The "socially constructed child" model is an alternative to the others, more flexible because of the continuous process of construction and development, according to the different social contexts in time and the relations between them.
James, Jenks and Prout (1998), treat the subject of the childhood socialization with different views, the past, present and the future theories.In the first section of the book they treat the theoretical and historical childhood studies, based, beside sociology, on the psychological and philosophical contexts.

In the final section of the book,…...

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Bibliography

Alanen, Leena (1990). "Rethinking Socialization, the Family and Childhood' in Patricia Adler and Peter Adler (eds), Sociologocial Studies of Child Development, JAI Press Inc., London, 1990,Vol.3, pp.13-28.

Alanen, Leena (12-13 November 2004), Therorizing children's welfare, paper presented at WELLCI Network Workshop 1: New perpectives on childhood, the Centre for Research on Family, Kinship & Childhood, University of Leeds (UK) in Ashe and others (1999). Contemporary Social and Political Theory: An introduction. Buckingham: Open University Press, MacKenzie, Iain.'Power'pp.69-87

Ashe, Fidelma. 'The Subject' pp.88-110.

Lloyd, Moya. 'The Body' pp.111-130.

What, then, should play encompass for children? Most psychologist believe it should be a combination of activities that offer children the physical (running, jumping, etc.), intellectual (social skills, norms, ethics, knowledge), and emotional (compassion, empathy, friendships) tools to become successful (Dixon, 2010). Structured play, team sports and organized events, allows children to engage with other children and adults with whom they might not normally interact. Unstructured play encourages creativity, imagination, and the ability to experiment without fear of reprisal. It is through these two kinds of activities that children learn to interact, and to engage overtly and covertly, with their environment.

One famous child psychologist in fact, Yuri Bronfenbrenner, developed an entire child development theory around the manner in which the external environment shapes a child's development by allowing certain interactions that are central in that child's appropriate development and integration into society (Bronfenbrenner, 1981). Some competition, as in "who can…...

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REFERENCES and WORKS CONSULTED

Barthlow, J. (September 30, 2009). "Pros and Cons of Competitive Youth

Football." AssociatedContent. Cited in:

 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2225177/pros_and_cons_of_competitive_youth.html 

Bronfenbrenner, Y. (1981). On Making Human Beings Human. Sage.

Though some have called for the abolition of the substitute parent juvenile justice system, Gardner argues that the punitive model need not result in such an abolition or in the reincorporation of the juvenile justice system into the adult system (Gardner 1987, pp. 129-151).
The earlier American system was based on similar concerns raised more recently about the UK system and was also based on a view of protecting children. The change to a more punitive system came out of fear of youth crime. The UK case followed a series of official reports, including the Department of Health and Social Security review of childcare law in 1985 and the Law Commission report on guardianship and custody in 1988: "The message of these reviews was that the current law was unclear, unnecessarily complicated and characterized by procedural and substantive injustice. The government White Paper described its purpose in bringing forward proposals…...

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References

Bennett, G. 1989, Crimewarps, New York, Anchor Books.

Children Act 1989-2008. Office of Public Sector Information, the National Archives,  http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_1.htm .

Curran, D.J. 1988, October, Destructuring, Privatization, and the Promise of Juvenile Diversion: Compromising Community-based Corrections, Crime and Delinquency, 363-378.

Franklin, B. 2001, the New Handbook of Children's Rights: Comparative Policy and Practice, London, Routledge.

Children and Bereavement
How do healthcare professionals, psychologists and others help a child transition to a life without its mother or father? hat are the best support methods for children when they are dealing with bereavement? This paper sheds light on the best practices -- and the less-than-ideal practices -- when helping a young person or a child get through this painful experience in their lives.

A scholarly article in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing uses the results of several studies to emphasize that children grieving the death of a parent that committed suicide tend to experience "…even higher rates of anxiety, depression, poor school adjustment" than children who lost a parent resulting from natural causes (Mitchell, 2006, pp. 130-31). hen a child is forced to deal with the suicide death of a parent, that child is not only asked to try to understand why the parent died by…...

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Works Cited

Germain, Alison. (2011). How to help children and young people understand death. Primary Health Care, 21(1), 22-23.

Mitchell, Ann M., Wesner, Susan, Brownson, Lynn, Dysart-Gale, Deborah, Garland, Linda,

And Havill, Allyson. (2006), Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 19(3),

130-136.

"
However surprisingly, there have been arguments for pornography and have stated that it encourages experimentation with new media and any act to censor it would go against the First Amendment which has not only intellectual, moral, political, and artistic value, but practical and economic value as well. It is believed that the First Amendment supports accepting adults, unrestrained by censorship, to search for innovative ways to use new media and find inventive ways to make money. Another reasonable argument is that censoring the Internet will only lead to complacency on the part of the parents who ought to be the first responsible censors of any unsuitable material. ith no regulation by the government and the potential dangers of the Internet around, they will be forced to become computer-literate. A healthy discussion between parent and child on these matters is also expected, something which otherwise would probably be swept under the…...

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Works Cited

Huycke, D. (1997) Protecting our children: U.S. Customs Service Child Pornography

Enforcement Program. Police Chief Journal (February):34.

Kaplan, D. 1997. New cybercop tricks to fight child porn. U.S. News and World Report (May 26):29.

Rimm, M. (1995) Marketing pornography on the information highway. Georgetown Law Journal 83:1849.

Children and Television
Television may be an almost universal feature on the domestic scene, however it is not sued I the same way by everyone who has access to a set (Gunter 1). The television set has become an integral piece of the household furniture, and practically every house has at least one set, if not more, which means that children are born into a world in which television is present from the start (Gunter 4). According to reports by parents, their children begin viewing television between the ages of two and three, and ilbur Schramm and his colleagues report that the medium age is 2.8 years when children begin viewing television (Gunter 4). Although television has its good side, by giving children a chance to see educational shows, learn about different cultures, and be entertained, many professionals and parents believe that television also has a bad side for children (Television).

According…...

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Work Cited

Alexander, Allison. "Children and Television." Retrieved November 04, 2005 from The Museum of Broadcast Communication Web site:

 http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/childrenand/childrenand.htm 

Bower, Bruce. "Social channels tune in TV's effects." Science News. September 14, 1985. Retrieved November 04, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

"Children and TV Violence." Retrieved November 04, 2005 from the American

Children's Social Competence
Research has shown that one of the most important aspects of a child's development is with regard to socialization. Children need to have conversations and interactions with other people. This allows the child to learn to walk, to speak, to feed itself, and other behaviors which are only learned by modeling from other human beings. Conversely, it has been shown that children who have less socialization in their formative years are more likely to develop abnormally (Brower 2001). They might become introverted teens and adults or even descend into acts of violence. Interaction with other people is what establishes our feelings of empathy and sympathy. ithout these emotions, we are unable to relate to other people and as we get older only look for ways to satisfy our own needs and not considering the consequences to others.

This is seriously concerning because bullying has become a rampant problem in…...

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Works Cited

Bardin, J. (2012). Social deprivation hurts child brain development, study finds. Los Angeles

Times. Retrieved from  http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/24/science/la-sci-orphan-brains-20120724 

Brower, M.C. & Price, B.H. (2001). Neuropsychiatry of frontal lobe dysfunction in violent and criminal behavior: a critical review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 71. 720-26.

Children and CIS
Describe one of the special issues of children and adolescents who are exposed to critical incident stress. What is one of the developmental issues involved when considering an intervention?

One of the special issues that children and adolescents are exposed to during critical incident stress is trauma reactions. Where, they are dealing with a series of events that have occurred in their lives. A few of the most notable include: denial, anger, rage, shock, confusion, sadness, terror, humiliation, shame and depression. This is problematic, because these kinds of situations can have an impact upon how effectively the child or adolescent is able to develop. As, they could become withdrawn from others and will often engage in activities that are considered to be antisocial including: acting out, substance abuse along with the inability to concentrate on different tasks. If left unchecked, this can have dramatic impact upon how the child…...

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Bibliography

Davis, J. (1998). Providing Critical Incident Stress Debriefing. AAETS. Retrieved from:  http://www.aaets.org/article54.htm 

Reyes, G. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

In addition, they tend to be more prone to special education placement (Altshuler 2003). The researcher concluded that Public schools and child welfare agencies must begin to work together to support students' educational functioning. Professionals in both systems appear eager to work together more collaboratively, but need to resolve the historical mistrust. Schools of social work can help by teaching their students ways to break down the chasms that separate the various professionals. Administrators in both child welfare and education can help by creating systemic change through a commitment to joint planning and goal setting. Individual workers in both systems can help by committing themselves to working collaboratively and overcoming the mistrust that keeps them apart (Altshuler 2003).

ecent History: When Children Are removed from their Homes

It is evident that those working in the protective services must have a strong desire to do their jobs. Throughout the history of the organization,…...

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References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000647007 

Altshuler, S.J. (2003). From Barriers to Successful Collaboration: Public Schools and Child Welfare Working Together. Social Work, 48(1), 52+.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002650955 

Bass, S., Shields, M.K., & Behrman, R.E. (2004). Children, Families, and Foster Care: Analysis and Recommendations. The Future of Children, 14(1), 4+.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000231619 

Bridgeland, W.M., & Duane, E.A. (1993). Child-Abuse Intervention: The Accused, the Schools and Protective Services. Education, 114(1), 113+.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102653511

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There are several different ways you could approach this. For your thesis statement, consider which direction you want to take. If you\'re looking to show how this is bad for the environment, you\'ll want to consider statements regarding how the mercury gets into the fish. If you\'re focused on how mercury in fish is bad for human consumption, focus your statement on how much mercury (if any) is safe, how much fish can (or should) be eaten, or pick a particular group on which to focus (such as children or pregnant women). Then you can narrow it to something such....

The topic of violence is a broad one because violence is persuasive in our society, there are competing theories about the causes of violence, and violence begins to impact people at a very young age.  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there are eight types of violence children may be exposed to or experience: bullying, child maltreatment, community violence, domestic and intimate partner violence, school violence, sexual abuse and sexual violence, sex trafficking, and teen dating violence. These different types of violence not only impact children, but also adults in the community,....

One of the reasons that Frederick Douglass was an effective anti-slavery advocate was because he was a powerful speaker and writer who mastered rhetorical tools and was able to use them to convey the realities of slavery to people who had either never experienced or had experienced slavery from the perspective of the slaveholder, rather than the perspective of the slave. 

Douglass uses simile, comparing most slaves’ knowledge of their birthdays to what a horse would know of its birthday.  Given that slaves were often compared to beasts of burden; this may not seem like a rhetorical device....