The state parent locator service lessens the delay of collection of child support. The child support enforcement agencies in most states have the authority to order genetic testing in order to establish the parentage in cases of paternity. Child support payments can be ordered once the parent is found. ithholding of wages and seizure and sales of properties may be used to enforce child support.
Cash Assistance Programs:
Under the Title IV-a, Assistance for Families with Dependant Children (AFDC), cash assistant or welfare of these families was managed at State level. President Gerald Ford signed into law the Title IV-D of the Social Security Act on January 4, 1975 which created a state-federal child support enforcement program (Morgan par, 2). Through the enforcement of child support, the program had two goals i.e. cost avoidance (helping families on welfare leave the assistance roll while those not on the assistance rolls avoid turning…...
mlaWorks Cited:
Amneus, Daniel. "The Case for Father Custody." Fathermag.com. Fathermag.com. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. .
"Annulment Laws." AboutDivorce.org. AboutDivorce.org. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. .
Canada. Department of Justice. About Child Support. Canada.gc.ca, 3 Sept. 2009. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. .
"Child Custody Rights." Child Suppot Laws. Child Suppot Laws. Web. 8 Mar. 2010. .
Child Support Distribution Act of 2000 (H.R. 4678) overwhelmingly passed the House of Representatives last September 7, 2000 by a vote of 405 to 18. A similar measure, now called the Child Support Distribution Act of 2001 (S. 918) was introduced in the Senate's 107th session but never came to debate.
The need for better enforcement of child support laws were evident in a recent survey that showed that fewer than one-fifth of inner-city children born to single teenage mothers receive child support from their fathers. In fact, half of these children never see their fathers at all. Many fathers are unable to provide support because they are unemployed and do not have any marketable skills. As a result, a great majority of these teen mothers depend on welfare to support their children (Moore).
The Child Support Distribution Act seeks to address these problems such as these, factors that hinder a parent's…...
mlaWorks Cited
Clinton, William J. "Statement on House of Representatives action on the Child Support Distribution Act" Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents; Washington; Sep 11, 2000: 2020.
Erikson, Jan. "Child support linked with Fathers' Rights Bill" National NOW Times; Washington; Winter 2001: 11.
House okays bill to send child support to parents." Chicago Tribune 8 September 2000: 12.
Moore, Melissa. "Children of young disadvantaged women are unlikely to receive consistent support from their fathers" Family Planning Perspectives; New York; Nov/Dec 1998: 291-292.
child support,' Beller (1996) highlights the issue of children being the intellectual capital of the future and suggests that any society, which wishes to safeguard the socioeconomic well being of its future generations needs to ensure that appropriate and adequate investments are made in the education and overall welfare of its children. Having, thus, tabled the enormous stake that society has in its children, Beller then discusses the unfortunately increasing trend in America today of single parent families, which has led to a sizeable number of children who suffer the outcomes from low income and smaller inputs of parental time. To emphasize the enormity of the issue, Beller cites studies that show that present trends, if unchanged, will lead to six out of every ten children who are born today spending part of their childhood in a single-parent family, usually headed by a mother.
Given the objective of insuring the…...
mlaReferences
Beller, A.H. (1996). Small change: Problems and prospects in child support.
Consumer Interests Annual. 42.17.
Another important thing is that the biological basis of the relationship that exists between the child and the parent would also be a basis for child support obligations. In a situation where the biological father of the child who had sexual interactions with the mother of the child just once and never did have any relationship with the mother or the child, the father should have child support obligations on the basis of being the biological father of the child Kargman, 1983()
In a scenario where a same sex partner who has no biological relationship with the child nor legal relationship with the child or their mother but had a long-term emotional relationship with both, should the couple split up, the partner would have child support obligations as a result of the child relying on the partner for provision of his/her needs Meyer & Bartfeld, 1996.
This is based on the…...
mlaReferences
Bartfeld, J. (2003). Falling through the Cracks: Gaps in Child Support among Welfare Recipients. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 72-89.
Carlson, M., Garfinkel, I., McLanahan, S., Mincy, R., & Primus, W. (2004). The Effects of Welfare and Child Support Policies on Union Formation. Population Research and Policy Review, 23(5/6), 513-542.
Garfinkel, I., & Lanahan, S.M. (1990). The Effects of the Child Support Provisions of the Family Support Act of 1988 on Child Well-Being. Population Research and Policy Review, 9(3), 205-234.
Harknett, K., & Knab, J. (2007). More Kin, Less Support: Multipartnered Fertility and Perceived Support among Mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1), 237-253.
Child Support Programs and their contribution in making United States a welfare state
The current essay is aimed at exploring the legislations and policies related to child support and welfare and how it helped United States to be a welfare state. The author has analyzed the child support programs and whether these programs have been helpful for the parents of children. The author has also discussed the problems related to these support programs as well as their benefits.
Welfare and Child Support Receipt
In 2005, there were 6.8 million custodial parents in need of child support through either legal awards or unofficial arrangements there were spend an annual average of $5,600 annually, or an average of $465 monthly. "Overall, custodial parents reported receiving $25.9 billion directly from the non-custodial parent for support of their children in 2005." According to the April 2006 Current Population Survey, "sixty-one percent of all custodial parents received…...
mlaBibliographyBlank, R.M., & Ellwood, D.T."The Clinton legacy for America's poor." In J. Frankel & P. Orszag (Eds.), American economic policy in the 1990s. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (2002): 749-800Cabrera, N., & Peters, H.E. "Public policies and father involvement." Marriage and Family Review, 29(4), (2000): 295-314.Edin, K. "Single mothers and child support: The possibilities and limits of child support policy." Children and Youth Services Review, 17(1/2), (1995): 203-230.Farrel, M., Glosser, A., & Gardiner, K. "Child support and TANF interaction: Literature review. Report to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation," U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Falls Church, VA: The Lewin Group. (2003).Garfinkel, I., McLanahan, S.S., & Robins, P.K. (Eds.). "Child support assurance: Design issues, expected impacts, and political barriers as seen from Wisconsin." Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press. (1992)Grall, T.S. "Custodial mothers and fathers and their child support: 2005." (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports, P60-234). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. (2007).Greene, A.D., and Moore, K.A. "Nonresident father involvement and child well-being among young children in families on welfare." Marriage and Family Review, 29(2/3), (2000):159-180.Lerman, R.I., & Sorensen, E. "Child support: Interactions between private and public sectors." Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. (2001)Miller, M. "Through the eyes of a father: How PRWORA affects non-residential fathers and their children." International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family, 20(1), (2006): 237-260.Pirog, M.A., & Ziol-Guest, K.M. "Child support enforcement: Programs and policies, impacts and questions." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 25(4), (2006) 943-990.Sorensen, E., & Halpern, A."Child support enforcement: How well is it doing?" Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. (1999)U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "FY2008 Preliminary Report." Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (2008).U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "Strategic Plan FY2005-2009. Washington, D.C.": U.S. Government Printing Office. (2004)U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. 2008 Green Book. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (2008)Venohr, J.C., Price, D.A., Van Wert, L.D., & Anders, C.M. "Child support pass through in Minnesota: A process and outcomes evaluation." Report to the Minnesota Department of Human Services, Child Support Enforcement Division. Denver, CO: Policy Studies, Inc. (2002)Waller, M.R., & Plotnick, R. "Effective child support policy for low-income families: Evidence from street level research." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20(1), (2001): 89-110.Wisconsin Historical Society. "A brief explanation of the Social Security Act." (April 1936) Retrieved November 18, 2011 from hrrp://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/tp,3891]
Notes
Such a solution, if successfully implemented, would decrease the immense gender gap that still exists in the traditional American family stereotype in which the mother has to take care of the children with a father that has a rather limited implication.
Another proposal to increase consistency of noncustodial fathers paying their child support relates to punitive measures (revocation of driver's license, etc.) and direct withholding from paychecks and income tax returns. Empirical data shows that these measure have had a mixed success. In many cases "paycheck withholding is effective" (3) but most of the times work for fathers who believe that the decision to pay child support is not fair, whilst in the case of those that agreed to this decision, such measures are not successful on the long run. Other punitive measure have proved successful over the years like immediate withholding, criminal penalties, tax intercepts, and the ability to…...
mlaBibliography
Lin, I.-F. (2000). Perceived fairness and compliance with child support obligations.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62
McElroy, W. (2004) In Defense of "Deadbeat" Dads. FoxNews. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,127958,00.html
Meyer, D.R., & Bartfeld, J. (1998). Patterns of child support compliance in Wisconsin. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60
payment of child support is universally recognized as a responsibility of parents engaged in the process of divorce. Ordinarily the obligation of paying child support terminates for parents on the eighteenth birthday or graduation from high school of the involved child but this is not the case for children who qualify, legally, as disabled children. Under Texas law, child support for disabled children is treated much differently. Not only is such support calculated differently, it is also terminated differently.
Child support in Texas is ordinarily calculated in accordance with guidelines that are based simply on the number of children and the combined incomes of the divorcing parents. In calculating child support for disabled children, however, consideration is given to the special needs that accompany the care of such children. Texas law has taken such factors into consideration and allows the Family Court to take such special needs into account when…...
Family Law Midterm
Rachel Faybyshev
Ally, Esq.
Instructions: Please respond to each question in essay format. Each question highlights the week in which the subject matter was covered but please do not forget to include the subject matters (and themes) covered in week 2. Also, please include "practice points" wherever practical. Please read each question first before starting to answer. For each question, you should assume that you have told your client that he/she should consult a lawyer but you are giving advice learned from this class.
Each question is worth 25 pts.
We learned about the laws of child support in New York State. You have a client who is 21 years old who has been dating a woman who is also 21 years old. Your client tells you that his girlfriend is pregnant. The couple is not married and do not live together. Your client has mixed emotions regarding being a father. He…...
Conclusion:
In the end, the epidemic of out of wedlock children by professional athletes is a serious concern. These athletes, whether they like it or not, are role models to the youth of today, and as such, they need to be especially concerned with the moral implications of their actions. By using Kantian morality, one easily begins to see that at no point is having an out of wedlock child a moral decision. From conception, when the mother-to-be is used as a means for the ends of sexual gratification, to the lack of consideration for the effects the stress of paternity suits will have on the team in general, to the complete disregard for the child who had no voice in the decision at all and relied on the two parents to make the best decision possible, each step was fraught with immorality.
eferences
Chan, S. "The Confucian Notion of Jing." Philosophy East…...
mlaReferences
Chan, S. "The Confucian Notion of Jing." Philosophy East and West 56(2) Apr. 2006: pp. 229-253. Academic OneFile database. Thomson Gale. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. December 5, 2006 http://find.galegroup.com .
Crane, P. "This Week's SI: An Inside Look." Sports Illustrated. 29 Apr. 1998. Sports Illustrated. December 5, 2006 http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/1998/weekly/980504/insidelook.html.
May, L., Collins-Chobanian, S., & Wong, K. Applied Ethics: A Multicultural Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005.
Rachels, J. & Rachels, S. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill, 2006.
Of course, besides child sponsorship programs, many other programs must be developed in a poor region, programs that address more fundamental issues of poverty. Child sponsorship only does its part in supporting the development of a region, country, and of the international community. It is not the most fundamental form of aid for development, but it does its part, which can be quite significant at the level of a community. Through this method, more and more communities can benefit from the child sponsorship program, in the same time participating in other international aid programs. "Sponsorship is not the only way to help poor people, but it is one important way" (Endersby, 2006).
What made child sponsorship very debated in the past decades is the involvement of specific religious organizations into such programs. This can put some pressure on the child in a specific religious or lifestyle sense, but such practices…...
mlaBibliography
Brehm, Vicky, and Gale, Julie, NGO funding and policy bulletin, Bulletin no.3, November 2000, available at http://danny.oz.au/politics/poverty/child-sponsorship.html ;
Child Sponsorship, Frequently Asked Questions, available at http://www.dontbuyicecream.com/9425.html;
Endersby, Alastair, Sponsoring a child, January 19, 2006, available at http://www.idebate.org/debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=472;
Preslar, Andy, a Child-Centered Approach to Child Sponsorship, June 2003, available at http://www.ministrywatch.org/mw2.1/F_FullRpt.asp?EIN=362423707 ;
The author notes that little research is accorded to children's diminished psychosocial behavior following divorce. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohort (n=10,061), he examines the associations between divorce and children's outcome and suggests that divorce is associated with diminished psychosocial well-being in children thereby explaining the connection between divorce and lower academic achievement.
The study is useful for my research since it mentions psychosocial factors. Nonetheless, I find author's conclusions shaky for at least three reasons: firstly, author limited his study to children of kindergarten age therefore conclusions cannot be generalized to children of all ages; secondly, many more variables must taken into consideration regarding resulting low academic achievement; thirdly, children's academic level prior to divorce must be considered too.
. Amato, P. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 650-666 .
I found this article helpful for my research since…...
mla3. Amato, P. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 650-666 .
I found this article helpful for my research since it connects past and present material on divorce concluding with gaps and research questions that still need to be addressed.
The author observes that research on divorce during the past decade focused on a range of topics that included associations between divorce and the well being of children and former spouses, interventions for divorcing couples, and predictors for divorce. Methodology generally employed longitudinal studies, genetically informed designs, and statistical models that controlled for possible confounding variables. Current trends are to focus on the number of family transitions (e.g. quantity of divorce, remarriage etc.). The author concludes with description of existent gaps in the literature and suggestions for new directions in research.
Child Poverty and Its Effects on Education and Development
Beyond problems of financial inequality that occur when countless young children reside in poor as well as persistently inadequate households, poor children can easily perpetuate the never-ending cycle when they achieve adulthood. Prior study implies that children who're born poor as well as are constantly poor are considerably much more most likely to remain poor as grownups, quit school, give teenage premarital births, and also have spotty employment details than all those not very poor at birth (atcliffe and McKernan 2010). This previous research focused on the earliest cohort of youngsters reviewed here-children born in between 1967 and 1974 as well as who turned Thirty amid 1997 and 2004. An important query is whether or not this link has endured with time. Even though information aren't accessible to see outcomes via age 30 for children born within the subsequent two cohort groups…...
mlaReferences
Duncan, Greg, W. Jean Yeung, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Judith Smith. 1998. "How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?" American Sociological Review 63(3): 406 -- 23.
Ratcliffe, Caroline, and Signe-Mary McKernan. 2010. "Childhood Poverty Persistence: Facts and Consequences." Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
Ratcliffe, Caroline, and Signe-Mary McKernan. 2012. "Child Poverty and Its Lasting Consequence." Washington, DC: Urban Institute
Vericker, Tracy, Jennifer Macomber, and Olivia Golden. 2010. "Infants of Depressed Mothers Living in Poverty: Opportunities to Identify and Serve." Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
Gradually, there are lesser desired adoptive kids as society have come to accept single mother who parent their children compared to earlier. The disgrace of giving birth to a child outside marriage has lowered and hence, the bulk of single moms prefer to have their kids with them in place of "relinquishing them" for being adopted. Besides, thanks to advanced technology, "birth control" pills are instantly accessible to the fertile populace, and, as abortion has been legalized, a pregnancy which is unplanned could be stopped. A new dimension to the problem has emerged because of the decrease in the supply of desirable adoptable infants and the rising infertility among Americans. (Infant Adoption is Big Business in America)
It is anticipated that out of every six couples, one couple has problems in conceiving and total infertile couples may number 5.3 million. A lot of adopters who are presently desirous of adoption…...
mlaReferences
Adoption is big business: Rationalizations for Adoption. http://www.adoption-articles.com/adoption_business.htm
Adoption: The Child Commodities Market is Big Business. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/224728/adoption_the_child_commodities_market.html?page=2
Avery, Rosemary. J. Adoption Policy and Special Needs Children. Auburn. Westport: CT.
Cahn, Naomi R; Hollinger, Joan Heifetz. Families by Law: An Adoption Reader. New York
Child Labor
Define child and labor separately.
Child labor in the United States has long been a subject of concern. The U.S. enacted strict child labor statutes in 1938 (Labor, 2009), and has continued to enforce that law. However, there remain problems at home in the U.S. And abroad. The United States seeks to enforce the law, but there are times when it is difficult to catch perpetrators of violations. However, the U.S. has trade restrictions against countries that do not have strict enforcement of international standards. This research examines statutes in the United States (including their historic antecedents), what is being done to violators, and how trade is affected by citizen outcry against human rights violators and compliance with international law.
Purpose Statement
Current thinking on human rights dictates that children reach a certain age before they are to be put into the workforce. However, different cultures have different ideas about what constitutes…...
mlaReferences
Browne, M.N., Frondorf, A., Harrison-Spoerl, R., & Krishnan, S. (2004). Universal moral principles and the law: The failure of one-size-fits-all child labor laws. Houston Journal of International Law, 27(1), 1-37.
Bullard, M.G. (2001). Child labor prohibitions are universal, binding, and obligatory law: The evolving state of customary international law concerning the unempowered child laborer. Houston Journal of International Law, 24(1), 139-171.
Cox, K. (1999). The inevitability of nimble fingers? law, development and child labor. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 32(1), 115-146.
Donald, C.G., Ralston, J.D., & Merker, S.L. (2002). Results of opinion surveys related to Kentucky's child labor laws. International Journal of Public Administration, 25(7), 859- 876.
Child Abuse in England
Initial Information
The bruises on Clara's upper arms are indicative of something serious that the health visitor, if she, indeed, has been seeing her for two and a half years, should have noted or anticipated. The account given is so scanty that the general information can hardly be gleaned. The other family members should have been asked or given in the account, even if the health visitor does not know the family very well. The barest family statistics could still have been obtained.
esides Christine, who are the other adults in the family? And how many more children are in it? What is the socioeconomic status of this family? Its culture mix? Christine's educational achievement, her family and work background, her current aspirations and view of her present condition must be obtained. So too the views of the other members be secured.
The bruises on Clara's shoulders would not be…...
mlaBibliography
1) Ananova. 2002, UN Urges Government to Outlaw Smacking
2) Allen, N. 1992, Making Sense of the Children act 1989, Longman
3) BBC News. 2002. Dentists Asked to Diagnose Child Abuse, UK
4) -, Church Tackles Child Abuse, England
I. Introduction
A. Background information on teenage pregnancy
B. Thesis statement
II. Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
A. Lack of sex education
1. Insufficient knowledge about contraception methods
2. Misinformation about pregnancy prevention
B. Peer pressure
1. Influence from friends and social groups
2. Desire for acceptance and popularity
C. Absence of parental guidance
1. Lack of communication within the family
2. Deterioration of family values and morals
III. Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy
A. Health risks for the mother and child
1. Increased likelihood of complications during pregnancy and childbirth
2. Higher rates of preterm birth and low birth weight babies
B. Education....
1. Financial strain: Single parents often struggle to make ends meet as they are responsible for the sole financial support of their family. This can lead to stress, anxiety, and difficulty providing for their children's needs.
2. Lack of support: Single parents may feel isolated and overwhelmed by the demands of parenting without the support of a partner. They may also lack access to resources and services that could help them navigate parenting challenges.
3. Balancing work and caregiving responsibilities: Single parents often face challenges balancing their work responsibilities with their caregiving duties. This can lead to feelings of guilt and exhaustion,....
Common Challenges Faced by Single Parents in Today's Society
Single parenting has become increasingly prevalent in contemporary society, posing unique and formidable challenges for these individuals. The 2018 article, "The Evolving Landscape of Single Parenting: Challenges and Opportunities," sheds light on the myriad difficulties that single parents navigate on a daily basis.
1. Financial Instability:
Single parents often face significant financial struggles due to limited earning capacity, childcare expenses, and the absence of a second income. They may juggle multiple jobs, work long hours, and live on a shoestring budget. Access to affordable housing, healthcare, and other essential services can be particularly challenging.
2.....
Societal factors can have a significant impact on the stability of family structures within a community. These factors can include:
1. Economic conditions: Economic instability can put stress on families, leading to financial strain and possibly divorce or separation. Lack of affordable housing, job insecurity, and low wages can all contribute to instability within families.
2. Cultural norms and values: Cultural expectations and traditions can influence the way families function within a community. For example, in some cultures, divorce may be stigmatized, leading to couples staying together even if they are unhappy. On the other hand, in other cultures, divorce may be....
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