Another theory, posited by Erik Erikson, also focuses on the psychological elements of development. According to Eriksson, all children go through the same psychological stages, and so development occurs the same everywhere. Vygotsky believed development to occur differently within different cultures, dependent on the characteristics of the individuals' children are cared for. Finally, a third theory of attachment, is actually quite similar in that it depends on healthy social interaction to provide normal developmental processes.
One of the primary features of Vygotsky's social theory of development is his concept of the zone of proximate development, or ZPD. According to Vygotsky, "any pedagogy creates learning processes that lead to development," (Gallagher 1999). Thus, the help that children receive from caregivers helps shapes how they will then approach certain situations in the future. esearch states that "It's the concept that a child accomplishes a task that he/she cannot do alone, with the…...

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References

Gallagher, Christina. (1999). Lev Semyonvich Vygotsky.

Vygotsky, L.S. (1929). The problem of the cultural development of the child II. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 36, 415-32

Child Development
The first two years of life, known as infancy, is universally recognized as an extremely important stage of human development, and is therefore distinguished from the later stages. Infancy witnesses the rapid growth of the child's cognitive, psychosocial, and biosocial development, and the infant's increasing responsiveness to the environment and the people within that environment.

Infants grow at a very rapid rate during the first one and a half years of life, developing not only physically, but also mentally, emotionally, and socially. The infant's brain is immature at birth, and the child's early behavior therefore involves the display of a set of reflexes: some that occur in response to the infant's adjustment to its new environment and stimuli and others that are present because the cerebral cortex is not yet mature enough to control them. Infants appear particularly attentive to visual stimuli, such as movement, contrast, color, and symmetry. During…...

Child Development
Humans are born with basic capabilities and distinct temperaments, however, everyone goes through dramatic changes along the way to adulthood, and while growing old (Erikson's pp). According to psychologist Erik H. Erikson, every individual passes through eight developmental stages, called psychosocial stages, and each stage is characterized by a different psychological 'crisis,' which must be resolved by the individual before he or she can move on to the next stage (Erikson's pp). However, if the person cope with a certain crisis in a maladaptive manner, then the outcome will result in more struggles with that particular issue later in life (Erikson's pp). Erikson believed the sequence of the stage are set by nature and it is within these set limits that nature works its ways (Erikson's pp).

The first stage, infancy, involves the crisis in this stage is trust verses mistrust, stage two, the toddler stage involves the crisis of…...

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Work Cited

Eric Erikson.

 http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/erikson.html 

Erikson's Eight Stages of Human Development

 http://psychology.about.com/library/weekly/aa091500a.htm

Instead of being frustrated and depressed because they are not succeeding, these children feel good about themselves and what they have accomplished. They also have the added benefit of doing something they enjoy and that will give them personal pleasure. These are the children who have the self-confidence to try something new on their own.
Understanding child development can also help caregivers and educators recognize when a children are not working to their potential. In such cases, it is not lack of ability that is keeping them from succeeding, but something psychological, emotional or physical that is acting as a barrier to their goal attainment. The earlier such difficulties are noticed, the more chance there is get the children the help that is needed and turn the situation around in a relatively short period of time. Caregivers, teachers and mentors who take the time and effort to consider development are…...

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References Cited

Center for Disease Control (CDC), 2009) Website retrieved November 21, 2009.

 http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/ 

Piaget, J. (1977) "The Mission of the Idea." In H.E.Gruber and J.J.Voneche (Eds) The

Essential Piaget, pp, ix-xlii. New York: Basic Books.

In order to provide an age appropriate program with activities that enhance the numerous stages of growth and development in children, the adult should have a good understanding of where the child is developmentally coming from, where the child is currently, and where he or she is heading to into the near future.

APPENDIX

Checklist

Middle Childhood a. Gross Motor Skills - with a list of specific skills and what those might look like in the child's age range you have chosen.

A a1. Flexibility-Physically more pliable and elastic. ie: Swinging a bat, kicking a ball a2. alance-Improved balance supporting advanced skills in running, jumping, skipping, throwing and rapid change in direction.

A a3. Agility-Quicker and more accurate. Forward, backward and sideways motions.

A a4. Force- Stronger able to propel themselves farther off the ground when running and jumping.

b. Play - what activities might your expect a child in your selected age rage to participate in…...

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Bibliography

Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 56-95.

2. Erikson, E., (1950). Childhood and Society

3.Piaget, J., (1966).The Psychology of the Child

Child Development
According to McGrath (2003), "In almost every case of significant adult depression, some form of abuse was experienced in childhood, either physical, sexual, emotional or, often, a combination." Child abuse can cause a wide range of deleterious effects in adulthood, impacting the ability to form healthy relationships or develop a sense of self-efficacy (ivers, 2011). The link between child abuse and clinical problems like depression, addiction, and anxiety can be best explained via developmental psychology. Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development demonstrate how abuse at any one stage might predict psychological or behavioral problems later in life. ivers (2011) notes, "Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development show that failing to master early stages -- often because of abuse -- causes maladaptive behaviors and impaired emotional capacity in the adult."

Although abuse can happen at any age and wreak havoc on the psychological health of the individual, it is at…...

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References

Dalcour, J. (2011). Child abuse and its effects on Erikson's third stage of development. eHow. Retrieved online: http://www.ehow.com/info_8417073_child-eriksons-third-stage-development.html

Gallagher, J. (2001). Persistent depression risk 'doubles' in abused children. BBC. August 14, 2011. Retrieved online:  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14503479 

McGrath, E. (2003). Child abuse and depression. Psychology Today. May 7, 2003. Retrieved online:  http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200305/child-abuse-and-depression 

Rivers, M.B. (2011). Psychological effects on adults abused as children. eHow.com. Retrieved online: http://www.ehow.com/info_8365660_psychological-effects-adults-abused-children.html

Child Development
"The quality of the relationship between parents and young children is one of the most powerful factors in a child's growth and development," (Brotherson, 2005, p. 1). esearch unequivocally supports the notion that a young's child's social and emotional well-being is enhanced through the development of positive attachments, especially in the first three years of life. It is important to research and understand the issue of attachment in early childhood because of the social factors that prevent the development of healthy attachments, including the fact that many fathers and mothers work full-time during the first three years of their child's life. Leaving children in the care of secondary caretakers has become an essential means of making ends meet for many families, and yet it might have a strong bearing on the child's eventual psychological growth and development including psychological and emotional well-being. Consistently, research has revealed "negative associations between…...

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References

Belsky, J. & Rovine, M.J. (1988). Nonmaternal care in the first year of life and the security of infant-parent attachment. Child Development. Vol. 59, No. 1 (Feb., 1988), pp. 157-167

Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Han, Wen-Jui & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Maternal Employment and Child Cognitive Outcomes in the First Three Years of Life: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Child Development 73(4): 1052-1072.

Brotherson, S. (2005). Understanding attachment in young children. NDSU Extension. Retrieved online: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:yid4mF2O0HcJ:www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/famsci/fs617.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESipHzJnj3jwaFvNOfadieU9Hm5SGZHZOLg0r9QO1QL-cEdt6_zquVn4pRA0zOQywVbCART3nk-obmfyTHQnM6BNzTMtZxmzHIm7JFloG7PvyA8kblXYcMzqKJJXNJi03g89deu3&sig=AHIEtbTu0NmiNlPIVWfsvozgKv1AwAFeFw

Davis, D. & Clifton, A. (n.d.). Psychosocial theory: Erikson. Retrieved online:  http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.html

I hypothesizes that children at what Piaget would call a preoperational stage do in fact perform complex analysis of numbers and situations, but that they approach this analysis is a tentative and relative way which is open to influence and negation from outside sources. More succinctly:
children at early stages do perform conservation but consider it relative to mitigating factors and prone to correction.

The following few pages will follow an interview with a child. After describing the situation and method of this interview and a summary of the way in which outside influence was controlled as much as possible, the results of the interview will be presented in brief. From these results it is hoped a conclusion as to the application of Piaget's stages to the actual relative task of conservation may be analyzed.

The interviewee for this research is a four-going-on-five-year-old female child, from a white lower-middle class family consisting…...

Child Development and Learning
Child development is the psychological, biological and emotional changes which occur in human beings from birth till when adolescence ends as the individual progresses from being dependent to a state of increased autonomy. Child development is influenced by genetic factors and prenatal events. There are several theories of child development that have been put forth by different people. The first of the two major theories is the theory of cognitive development which was put forth by a Swiss theorist. The second is the theory of cultural-historical psychology which was put forth by Lev Vygotsky who was a ussian theorist. There are also other theories of child development such as Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and the behaviorism theory by John B. Watson. All these theories attempt to explain the processes of child development and the factors that influence the process.

Piaget's cognitive development theory

The child development theory…...

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References

Das, J.P. (1999). Some Thoughts on Two Aspects of Vygotsky's Work. Educational Psychologist, 30(2), 93-99.

DeVries, R. (1997). Piaget's Social Theory. Educational Researcher, 26(2), 4-17.

Glidden, L.M. (2000). Adopting Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Long-Term Perspective. Family Relations, 49(4), 397-405.

Holland, D.C., & Valsiner, J. (1988). Cognition, Symbols, and Vygotsky's Developmental Psychology. Ethos, 16(3), 247-272.

I don't recall ever feeling that way but now my chest expands and contracts continuously all by itself and I can't stop it; nor would I want to because it was very uncomfortable the last time my chest wouldn't expand properly.
It's unbelievably cold and bright out here and I don't like it at all; I really want to go back home where I was always warm and usually pretty comfortable. Those rude things are grabbing at me and holding me again. They're wrapping me in something that is warm and pretty comfortable considering that it's not wet at all. Finally, I have something covering my eye too; it is shielding my eyes from the incredible brightness outside there. What are they doing with all that light anyway? Cutting diamonds?

Now I'm pretty comfortable except for the residual light and all the noise. The one good thing is that I can…...

Unlike six-year-olds, whose development is much the same in both sexes, ten-year-old girls and ten-year-old boys develop differently, especially in terms of physical development. Ten-year-old girls begin to experience more growth spurts, growing faster than boys ("Well Child" 2006). Like six-year-olds, ten-year-olds will be awkward and energetic in their physical development. They are also still engaged with their own bodies, and excited about learning how their bodies work (McKesson Corporation 2006). A child at age ten differs from a child at age six in physical development, though, with a new appreciation for physical fitness and a curiosity in drugs, alcohol and tobacco, as well as an appreciation for "bathroom humor" (McKesson Corporation 2006).

While the six-year-old's recent start in school marks their social and intelligence development, the ten-year-old is an old pro-at school by this time. Socially, the need to show off is replaced for the need for approval and acceptance…...

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References

Child Development Guide: Nine to Ten Years." (2006-2009). Retrieved March 6, 2009 from education.com. Web Site:  http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Child_Center_Nine/ 

Child Development Guide: Six to Seven Years." (2006-2009). Retrieved March 6, 2009 from education.com. Web Site:  http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Child_Guide_Six/ 

Child Development Tracker." (2003-2008). Retrieved March 6, 2009, from PBS. Web

Site:  http://www.pbs.org/parents/childdevelopmenttracker/six/index.html

Child Development:
Children proceed through various stages of literacy development as they move from reading readiness to fluency and high levels of comprehension. Parents and others can influence literacy development by offering opportunities for literacy experiences. Parents, teachers, siblings, and others can help support early literacy development through various ways including modeling fluency while reading, asking children questions after reading every book, reading aloud with the child on a daily basis, playing with language, and spending time in conversation. Modeling fluency while reading helps to bring excitement for the child to read while playing with language helps children listen to letter sounds and rhymes. One of the stages in literacy development is beginning literacy phase where children demonstrate minimal or no receptive or productive reading and writing skills. During this stage, a child is not confident to build his/her vocabulary and requires time to read and write. Educators can support this…...

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References:

"Early Reading Strategy." (2003). The Report of the Expert Panel on Early Reading in Ontario.

Retrieved from Ontario Ministry of Education website:  http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/reports/reading/effective.html#assessment 

"Ideas and Activities for Developing Phonological Awareness Skills." (1998, June). Virginia

Early Intervention Reading Initiative. Retrieved from Virginia Department of Education website: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/instruction/virginia_tiered_system_supports/resources/ideas_activities_develop_phonological.pdf

Rogers lists these qualities of experiential learning: personal involvement, self-initiated, evaluated by learner, and pervasive effects on learner.
To Rogers, experiential learning is equivalent to personal change and growth. Rogers feels that all human beings have a natural propensity to learn; the role of the teacher is to facilitate such learning. This includes: (1) setting a positive climate for learning, (2) clarifying the purposes of the learner(s), (3) organizing and making available learning resources, (4) balancing intellectual and emotional components of learning, and (5) sharing feelings and thoughts with learners but not dominating.

The theory of .F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a…...

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Bibliography

Flavell, J.H. (1963). The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget. NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Rogers, C.R. (1969). Freedom to Learn. Columbus, OH: Merrill

Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Skinner, B.F. (1950). Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57(4), 193-216.

Virtual Child
My parenting philosophy has been formed as a conglomeration and synthesis of research. Each theory of child development has something to offer, and there is no one right or universal theory. Situational, psychological, biological, and cultural variables will all impact which theories work, when, and why. Two principles that have most often guided my personal philosophy of parenting include social learning theory and Piaget's theories of cognitive development. In particular, I appreciate Piaget's explanation of the stages of development. Any parent or anyone who works with children can observe the often dramatic changes in the ways children manipulate objects, make inferences and judgments, and develop ethical schemas. Understanding stages of development can help parents be more patient and tolerant of certain phases their children go through. Social learning is, I believe, of the utmost importance because children do model their behavior after adults, and it is not just the…...

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Reference

Kail, R. (2011). Children and Their Development. 7th Edition.

CHILD" DEVELOPMENT
Health

eflections on "Whole Child" Development

eflection on "Whole Child" Development

My current thinking regarding the importance of helping the "whole child" develop is that it is essential and that this theory should be applied in a way that it is more widespread. The "whole child" theory is one of the theories that made the most sense to me and it made sense almost immediately. Having had a chance to understand it further, I think that it should be a theory to which all teachers and educators should be exposed. I do not think that one domain is more important than the other, but I do think that there are some cultures that are suffering in one or more areas over others, in a general way. For example, in American culture in the 21st century, I would argue that there is significant deficiency in emotional intelligence -- likely caused in part…...

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References:

Gardner, H. (2003). Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years. Harvard Graduate School of Education, American Education Research Association, 1 -- 15, Chicago: IL.

Piramide. (2012). Educating the Whole Child. The Piramide Approach to Early Learning, Web, Available from:   2014 February 19.http://piramideapproach.com/theory-educating.html .

1. The Influence of Cognitive Distortions on Mental Health:

- How do cognitive distortions, such as catastrophising, overgeneralisation, and black-and-white thinking, contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and PTSD?
- Explore the role of cognitive restructuring techniques in challenging and modifying dysfunctional thought patterns, thereby improving mental health outcomes.

2. Attachment Styles and Their Impact on Relationships:

- Elaborate on the different attachment styles, including secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant, and their formation during childhood.
- Analyse the effects of attachment styles on romantic relationships, focusing on how they influence communication, trust, intimacy, and....

Impact and Consequences of Child Abuse

The Long-Term Psychological Effects of Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse on Child Development
The Socioeconomic Consequences of Child Abuse: Impacts on Education, Employment, and Income
Exploring the Intergenerational Transmission of Child Abuse: Breaking the Cycle of Violence
The Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Childhood and Adult Health: A Comprehensive Analysis
Ethical Considerations in Child Abuse Research: Balancing the Need for Knowledge with Protecting Victims

Prevention and Intervention Strategies

Identifying and Addressing Risk Factors for Child Abuse: A Community-Based Approach
The Effectiveness of Home Visitation Programs in Preventing and Reducing Child Abuse
Multidisciplinary Collaboration....

I. Introduction
A. Thesis statement: Define family structure and development and provide a brief overview of its importance.
B. Background information: Discuss the historical evolution of family structures and the factors influencing their development.

II. Types of Family Structures
A. Nuclear family: Characteristics, advantages, and challenges.
B. Extended family: In-depth analysis of kinship networks, living arrangements, and the role of grandparents.
C. Blended family: Formation, dynamics, and the unique challenges faced by stepfamilies.
D. Single-parent family: Prevalence, causes, parenting strategies, and the well-being of children.

III. Stages of Family Development
A. Honeymoon stage: Romantic attachment, adjustment to marriage, and starting a family.
....

I. Introduction
A. Background information on paternity leave
B. Thesis statement: Men should receive more paternity leave for several reasons.

II. Benefits of paternity leave for men
A. Bonding with the child
B. Sharing childcare responsibilities with the mother
C. Preventing caregiver burnout for the mother

III. Benefits of paternity leave for family
A. Strengthening family relationships
B. Providing a sense of security for the child
C. Encouraging gender equality in parenting roles

IV. Benefits of paternity leave for society
A. Promoting work-life balance
B. Improving child development outcomes
C. Reducing gender disparities in the workplace

V. Arguments against extending paternity leave for men
....