According to the text by Sanders (2011), the Venturi Mask is likely to be the most appropriate assistive device in this process. Sanders indicates that this particular apparatus is "advised for patients who rely on hypoxic respiratory drive. This includes, for example, patients with COPD. The main benefit of the Venturi Mask is that it allows precise regulation of the FiO2. It also permits the paramedic to titrate oxygen for the patient with COPD so as not to exceed the patient's hypoxic drive while allowing enrichment of supplemental oxygen." (Sanders, p. 422)
In addition the Venturi Mask which can help to normalize pulmonary activity, the patient is also experiencing a productive cough with thick yellow sputum. The presence of excessive mucus is also likely contributing to Mr. Hay's airway blockages. This would be an appropriate place to use the Yankeur sucker in order to help remove fluids that might be…...

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Works Cited:

Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2006). National competency standards for the midwife. Retrieved from:  http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-and-Guidelines.aspx#competencystandards 

Ambulance Victoria. (2012). Ambulance Victoria clinical practice guidelines for ambulance and MICA paramedics. Retrieved from:  http://www.ambulance.vic.gov.au/Paramedics/Qualified-Paramedic-Training/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines.html .

Courtney, M. (2005). Evidence for nursing practice. Marrickville NSW: Livingstone Churchill Elsevier. Page 19 of 24.

Johnson, R. & Taylor, W. (2010). Skills for midwifery practice (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.

Non-Cardiac Chest Pain
Background- Chest pain is one of the most common reasons people call for or visit the Emergency Room for help. Heart attack education has brought to light the urgency of seeking immediate medical treatment if one suspects they are having heart issues. However, chest pain does not always signal a heart attack, and may be totally unrelated to issues with the cardiovascular system. Often no clear reason for such pain presents itself during examination, but understanding the perception and pain experience can help medical professionals understand different experiences that lead to patient panic about chest pain (Jerlock, Gaston-Johansson, & Danielson, 2005). Typically, if chest pain is related to a cardiac issue it is usually associated with one of the following symptoms: 1) pressure, fullness or extreme tightness in the chest; 2) crushing or searing pain that radiates to the back, upward through the jaw, and especially through the…...

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Works Cited

Unexplained Chest Pain Can be Due To Stress. (2009, February 9). Retrieved from Science Daily:  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090209094551.htm 

Cunha, J. (2011, March). Chest Pain - Overview, Causes, Symptoms. Retrieved from eMedicineHealth:  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/chest_pain/article_em.htm 

Hershcovici, T., Navarro-Rodriguez, T., & Fass, R. (2011). Non-Cardiac Chest Pain: An Update. CML Gastroenterology, 30(2), 37-54.

Jerlock, M., Gaston-Johansson, F., & Danielson, E. (2005). Living with unexplained chest pain. Issues in Clinical Nursing, 14(2), 956-64.

1. Subjective Patient’s chief complaint: A man aged 69 comes to the emergency room with a sharp pain to his chest’s left side, lasting between 30 and 40 mins and then subsiding.
History of present illness: The pain has woken him up thrice in the last 7 days. He claims the pain first started roughly six months ago. Initially, however, the pain used to surface only occasionally, commonly while he was doing gardening. The patient’s past medical history reveals a diagnosis of hypertension twenty-five years back.
Precipitating/alleviating factors: The patient has been smoking a half-cigarette pack daily for the last forty-five years.
Family History: The patient has lost two brothers and his dad to heart disease. The patient does not report any other significant illness history in the family.
Social History: His typical pastimes include sharing a drink with pals and gardening.
Review of Systems: From a physical examination of the patient, no heaves, acute distress,…...

About two thirds of major chest trauma cases are associated with motor vehicle accidents. About 25% of injuries from motor vehicle accident related to chest trauma. The outcome out of the study made by the North American Major Trauma Outcome Study indicated that about 70% of trauma cases are blunt in nature. About 50% of chest trauma injuries are associated with chest wall. The initial recovery from chest trauma concentrates on the ABCs-airway, breathing, and circulation- subject to all major trauma resuscitation instances. After completion of initial resuscitation and stabilization a concurrent evaluation of a patient is done with suspected chest trauma. Normally chest injuries are diagnosed by chest radiograph alone. The recognition of treatment of chest trauma mostly relies upon a high index of suspicion mixed with the appropriate diagnostic tests. (Lesson 18: Blunt Chest Trauma)
The rate of recovery varies from person to person at various rates. The…...

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References

Athletic & Sports Injury Treatment" Retrieved at   Accessed 26 October, 2005http://www.scotiachiropractic.co.uk/treatment/sporting-injury.html .

Rib injuries" Retrieved at   Accessed 26 October, 2005http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Rib_injuries-open .

Rib Injury" Retrieved from   Accessed 26 October, 2005http://www.fairview.org/healthlibrary/content/sma_ribinjur_sma.htm .

Sako, Edward Y. "Lesson 18: Blunt Chest Trauma" PCCU Update. Vol: 15.

History of RSD
The history and the discovery of RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Syndrome and its symptoms have typically been associated with wars. While there is no doubt that RSD from physical stress and injury existed earlier, it was left up to war physicians to assign pathology to it. Silas Weir Mitchell, an army doctor during the Civil War, described the symptoms of "burning pain" left in soldiers long after the bullets have been removed. He attributed these residual and long lasting pains to major nerve injury. Weir was the first to call RSD causalgia (currently, specifically known as CRPS-2), which is Greek for "burning pain." He wrote that, "Under such torments, the temper changes, the most amiable grow irritable, the soldier becomes a coward, and the strongest man is scarcely less nervous than the most hysterical girl." Weir accurately reflected the symptoms. (PARC, 2004). Mitchell accurately described the symptoms associated…...

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Bibliography

Allen, G., Galer, B.S., & Schwartz, L. (1999). Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients. Pain, 80(3), 539-544.

Aronoff, G.M., Harden, N., Stanton-Hicks, M., Dorto, A.J., Ensalada, L.H., Klimek, E.H., Mandel, S., & Williams, J.M. (2002). American Academy of Disability Evaluating Physicians (AADEP) Position Paper: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I (RSD): Impairment and Disability Issues. Pain Med, 3(3), 274-288.

Bakewell, S. (1995). The Autonomic Nervous System. Update in Anesthesia, 6(5), 1.

Barolat, G., Schwartzman, R., & Woo, R. (1989). Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 53(1), 29-39.

Perception of Pain
Uses of Pain in nursing

Definitions of Pain from Dictionaries

Uses of Pain in psychology

Defining attributes

Model case

elated Case

Contrary Case

Antecedents and Consequences

CONCEPT ANALYSIS OF PECEPTION OF PAIN

The aim of this paper is to increase the understanding of the perception of pain. The researcher purpose to clarify describe the characteristics of pain and recognize antecedents that effect the idea of pain and the likely outcomes of pain by utilizing Avant's and Walker (2005) theory of study. Also, a model case shows how pain is connected to these serious characteristics contrary case and a borderline case are shown to distinguish the perception of pain from other notions. Empirical referents show the current point-of-view of the perception of pain. (Akyol & Salmond, 2009)

Concept Analysis of Characteristics of Pain

Introduction

The goal of this paper is to expand the understanding of the concept of the perception of pain. The researchers intention is to illuminate the essential…...

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References:

Akyol, O., Karayurt, O., & Salmond, S. (2009). Experiences of pain and satisfaction with pain management in patients undergoing total knee replacement. Orthopedic Nursing, 28(2), 79-85.

Chan, S., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Carleton, R.N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. (2012). Predicting adjustment to chronic pain in older adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 44(3), 192-199.

Eggermont, L.H.P., Bean, J.F., Guralnik, J.M., & Leveille, S.G. (2009). Comparing pain severity vs. pain location in the MOBILIZE Boston study: Chronic pain and lower extremity function*. The Journals of Gerontology, 64A (7), 763-70.

Gelinas, C., Fortier, M., Viens, C., Fillion, L., & Puntillo, K. (2004). PAIN ASSESSMENT AND Management IN CRITICALLY ILL INTUBATED PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. American Journal of Critical Care, 13(2), 126-35.

Personal Health History
Yes (Please list medications and reasons for usage below)

Medication

eason for usage

Tiotropium Breathlessness

Emsam Depression

Are you taking any vitamins or dietary supplements?

Yes (If yes then please list supplements and reasons for usage below)

I am taking Vitamin C through consuming multitude of fruits in order to fight muscle spasms, fatigue, and joint pain.

Do you now, or have you had in the past: Yes No

History of heart problems, chest pain or stroke?

Increased blood pressure?

Any chronic illness or condition?

Do you ever get dizzy, lose your balance or lose consciousness?

Difficulty with physical exercise?

Advice from physician not to exercise?

ecent surgery (last 12 months)?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

History of breathing or lung problems? No

Swollen, stiff, or painful joints? Yes

Foot problems? No

Back problems? Yes

Any significant vision or hearing problems? No

14. Diabetes or thyroid condition? No

15. Cigarette smoking habit? Yes

16. Do you ever drink alcoholic beverages? Yes

17. Increased blood cholesterol? Yes

18. History of heart problems in immediate family? No

19. Hernia, or a…...

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Reference Article

National comprehensive cancer network (NCCN). NCN clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Myeloid growth factors. Version 1. 2006

Psychological Perspective Scenario
Anyone can experience stress in his or her life, but how the person responds to that stress is affected by the person's personality and upbringing, as well as other factors (Fernald, 2008). For someone like Lester, the issues he is facing are serious and immediate, but they also appear to have been (and will continue to be) ongoing. That is highly significant, because there is no "quick fix" for Lester. Despite that, he will be able to move forward if he addresses the issues he has and learns how to face them more clearly and in a way that is healthier for him. Psychological distress can have physical causes, but the reverse can also be true in that physical issues can be manifestations of what is taking place psychologically (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2010; Overskeid, 2007).

In Lester's life, he faces several causes of stress. The main one is the…...

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References

Fernald, L.D. (2008). Psychology: Six perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Hockenbury, DH & Hockenbury, S.E. (2010). Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

O'Neil, H.F.; cited in Coon, D. & Mitterer, J.O. (2008). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Overskeid, G. (2007). Looking for Skinner and finding Freud. American Psychologist 62(6), 590 -- 595.

pneumothorax.We identify the two main types of Pneumothorax with its causes and possible treatments. We also analyze a case study involving a 33-year fruit vegetable merchant, who, while delivering merchandise a mini supermarket developed chest pain difficulty breathing. And then subsequently admitted to casualty and diagnosed with pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax which is defined by Light (1995) as the unprecedented entry of air into an individual's pleural space is a serious ailment. Its pathophysiology described by Combulsier in 1747 (Mohebbi and ad, 2007). This was after realizing that the noted reduction in the pulmonary function was as a result of lung compression caused by air present in the pleural space as outlined by Sadiron et al., (1997).

Types and causes of Pneumothorax

Simple pneumothorax

This type of pneumothorax is caused by the presence of air within a victim's pleural space. It is a consequence of a blunt or a penetrating trauma with 90% of such…...

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References

Al-Tarshihi, MI, Khamash, FA, Al Ibrahim, AEO (2008). Thoracostomy tube complications and pitfalls: an experience at a tertiary level military hospital http://www.rmj.org.pk/ram_july_dec_08/original_articles/thoracostomy_tube_complications/pdf.pdf

American Thoracic Society (2004). Chest Tube Thoracostomy.

 http://patients.thoracic.org/information-series/en/resources/chest-tube-thoracostomy.pdf 

Gupta, D., Hansell, A. And Nichols, T. et al. 2000. Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England.

Nurses are considered the backbone of the medical care-giver community. Good quality patient care centers on having a competent educated nursing labor force. There is a wealth of empirical evidence that has demonstrated Baccalaureate (BSN) nurses are associated with fewer medication errors, lower mortality rates, and greater overall positive patient outcomes than nurses at lower levels of educational achievement. For example, Brady, Malone, and Fleming (2009) performed an extensive literature review and found that BSN nurses made fewer medication errors than their less educated counterparts. Aiken and associates (2003) found a strong link between N education level and patient outcomes. Their findings indicated that for every ten percent increase in the proportion of BSN nurses in a surgical unit there was a four percent decrease in the risk of death to patients. In a large study of nearly 47,000 patients conducted at the University Toronto it was found that hospital…...

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References

Aiken, L.H., Clarke, S.P., Cheung, R.B., Sloane, D.M., & Silber, J.H. (2003). Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 1617-1623.

Brady, A.M., Malone, A.M., & Fleming, S. (2009). A literature review of the individual and systems factors that contribute to medication errors in nursing practice. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(6), 679-697.

Friese, C.R, Lake, E.T., Aiken, L.H., Silber, J.H. & Sochalski, J. (2008). Hospital nurse practice environments and outcomes for surgical oncology patients. Health Services Research, 43(4), 1145-1163.

Profetto-McGrath, J. (2003). The relationship of critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(6), 569- 577.

Cardiology Nursing
This is a 12 lead ECG taken for Mr. Long at the Emergency Department. He presented with a two hour history of chest pain radiating to his left arm. The ECG is suggestive of an antero-septal Myocardial infarction. Further scrutiny of the ECG displays a normal sinus rhythm, with a rate of 75 bpm that is regularly regular. There is no axis deviation with a P interval of 200 ms and normal qrs complexes. Leads I and aVL also show a q wave which may be suggestive of an old high lateral wall MI. Leads I, V1, V2, V3 and aVL show ST segment elevation of greater than 2 mm and ST segment depression in leads II and III. Mr. Long is suffering from a fully evolved ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

A correlation can be made with the area of myocardium involved and the vessel involved. The antero-septal wall is…...

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REFERENCES:

B, Deborah, Diercks. (2010). Mission Lifeline: Developing a STEMI regonal care. American Heart Association. -. Print.

Jois, P. (2011). Nstemi and stemi: therapeutic updates 2011. The Practical Journal for Emergency Physicians, 32(1), 1-7.

Katzung, B., & Masters, S. (2011). Katzung's pharmacology. (9 ed.). United States of America: Mc-Graw Hill.

Kumar, V., & Robbins, (2007). Basic pathology. (8 ed.). London: Saunders Company.

Since they have experience, they would serve as a great source and wealth of information for her as well as a sounding board when she is frustrated about certain aspects of the job. There will also be greater opportunities to meet, converse with and work with people from a variety of backgrounds.
The new cardiologist would also fare well by working in a clinic right after training. The pace of a clinic may sometimes be slower than that of a hospital and the patients treated there are usually not in a state of emergency. This does not diminish the importance of any cardiologist choosing to work in a medical clinic over a hospital. This slower pace may give the new cardiologist ample time to get acclimated to the procedures that she will be performing. It will also give her a longer time to perfect her surgery skills. Because clinics are…...

health promotion strategies that can be implemented upon the predictive characteristics of the family.
My health promotion strategy program will center around a Cuban-American family called the Garcias whose primary health issues center on hypertension, and the need for greater information about the importance of establishing a healthy lifestyle. This includes the importance of screening, exercise, establishing healthy habits, and monitoring one's lifestyle. Several members of the family indicate stress and hypertension whilst the grandmother also has cardiac disease and osteoarthritis, but is resilient to receiving information on how to alleviate her symptoms. In a similar way, Angelo, an addicted smoker, refuses to stop smoking and to deal with his chronic cough and mild chest pain, stating that, as man of the family, he has to continue working his overwhelming hours. Gerardo, the son, being active homosexually, seems to be vulnerable to AIDS; it is unclear whether or not he…...

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References

Boswell, T.D. & Curtis, J.R. (1984) The Cuban-American Experience. Culture, Images and Perspectives. NJ: Rowman & Allanheld Publishers

Cuban Americans  http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr./Cuban-Americans.html

Interventions
Home health visits can be a useful method of identifying potential and actual health issues. Visiting the patient's home may provide the opportunity to identify issues which may not be readily apparent at a medical office. The home health visit is meant to assist in the promotion of the patient's health maintenance; limit further disability, and increase baseline health.

The visiting nurse will gain the ability to build a caring, professional, trusting, patient focused relationship. The home health nurse will be able to assist the patient by identifying, procuring and providing education for interventional items. The nurse will also know how to facilitate the communication of identified patient needs, in the home, to interdisciplinary members of the health care team (Liebel, Powers, Friedman, & Watson, 2012, p. 80).

Problem #1

The patient has been prescribed oxygen for home use by her physician. The patient states the she has not arranged oxygen in…...

Heart Disease
elationship between cardiac arrest and coronary cardiac disease

The heart is an essential organ in the human body, it keeps the individual alive. Understanding how the heart operates and functions is essential to help protect your heart from heart disease. Cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease are significant heart related illness that has a high mortality rate. It is important for individuals with pre-existing heart disease to understand the symptoms of cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease, since these are both leading causes of fatality in the United States. Understanding how the heart works, the individuals risk for heart disease, and how to prevent or delay heart disease is essential. In this paper I will address the relationship between cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease. I will also explain how the heart functions and discuss some ways of preventing cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease.

Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest is a condition…...

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References

Antonini-Canterin et. al. (2009). Association between carotid and coronary artery disease in patients with aortic valve stenosis: an angiographic study. Angiology 60 (5) 596-600

CDC. (2010). Heart disease. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/ 

Dewey et. al. (2004). Coronary artery disease: new insights and their implications for radiology. European Radiology. 14 (6) 1048-1054

Escolar et. al. (2006). New imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 174 (4) 487-495

Key Symptoms of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Guide for Easy Identification

Introduction

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global pandemic, affecting millions worldwide. Understanding the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate management. This outline provides a detailed overview of the key symptoms associated with COVID-19, guiding healthcare professionals and individuals in recognizing and seeking medical attention when necessary.

Common Symptoms

Fever or Chills: A temperature above 100.4°F (38°C) or a subjective feeling of fever.
Cough: A new, persistent cough, either dry or producing mucous.
Shortness of Breath or Difficulty Breathing: A perceived lack of air or....

Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety: Manifestations in the Body

Anxiety is a normal human emotion characterized by feelings of unease, nervousness, or worry. However, when anxiety becomes excessive or chronic, it can manifest as a range of physical symptoms that can significantly impact daily life. Understanding these physiological manifestations is crucial for effectively managing and treating anxiety disorders.

Cardiovascular Symptoms

Increased heart rate: Anxiety triggers the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which cause the heart to beat faster and more strongly.
Palpitations: Rapid, irregular heartbeats can be a common symptom of anxiety, often accompanied by chest discomfort or shortness of breath.
High....

## The Body's Silent Language: Understanding Physical Sensations

The human body is an intricate symphony of systems, each communicating its needs and functioning through a complex network of physical sensations. These sensations, ranging from subtle throbs to sharp pains, are the body's way of conveying messages about its well-being or distress. Understanding these signals is crucial for maintaining optimal health and taking appropriate action when necessary.

### Hunger and Thirst

Hunger and thirst are essential signals that indicate the body's need for nourishment and hydration. When blood sugar levels drop, the body releases hormones that stimulate hunger pangs in the stomach. Similarly, when....

It can sometimes be difficult to differentiate between normal everyday stress and symptoms of an anxiety disorder, as both can have similar physical and emotional effects. However, there are some key differences that can help distinguish between the two:

1. Duration and intensity: Normal everyday stress is typically temporary and resolves once the stressor is removed or the situation improves. In contrast, symptoms of an anxiety disorder are usually more intense, persistent, and can interfere with daily functioning.

2. Physical symptoms: While both normal stress and anxiety can cause physical symptoms such as headaches, muscle tension, and difficulty sleeping, the physical symptoms....