Celiac disease is a disorder of the small intestine which adversely affects the immune system of a person. Approximately 1% of Americans are affected by this disease, which translates into nearly 3 million people. Nearly 97% of the people who have celiac disease are aware of this condition and are actively taking steps to live with it with as little discomfort as possible. Before discussing the various symptoms and methods of aggravating and bettering this condition, it is important to note that there is an important genetic component associated with celiac disease. In much the same way that other traits of people are genetic (such as hair or eye color), there is DNA within the genes that are associated with this condition. This genetic element of celiac disease is one of the most important factors in whether or not people will contract it, although there are also other ways in…...

Celiac disease is considered to be one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the bowel. It is caused by a dietary source and occurs in those individuals who are genetically predisposed to be intolerant to gluten. In Celiac disease, the patient is intolerant to a protein that in called gluten, and is commonly found in wheat, barley and oat products. If a patient with celiac disease ingests a gluten containing substance, then he or she immediately has an immune system response that damages the first layer of the small intestine and causes interference with the absorption of nutrients from other foods. To be more specific, there inflammatory response causes damage to the tiny, fingerlike protrusions within the small bowel called villi. The villi function to absorb foods into the bloodstream and when damaged can cause problems for the patient.
The actual prevalence of celiac disease has been shown to be…...

Celiac Disease
A Beginner's Guide to Celiac Disease

An informational guide to help you and your family cope with Celiac Disease from a medical and psychological perspective.

For more information or to find a specialist in your area, please phone us at:

-1Celiac

The Center for Celiac Information is Dedicated to:

Proactively disseminate educational materials on celiac disease for individuals, their families, and other interested parties.

To service as a vehicle for providing support and networking opportunities.

To provide the most current medical, dietary and legal information about the condition.

To act as a conduit for public and private funding and foundational efforts.

To collect information and ideas from patients and care givers that allows for the best and most up-to-date information available for celiac patients around the world.

The Medical Perspective

Celiac Disease is characterized by:

An autoimmune disorder of the small intestine.

Characterized by pain and discomfort in the digestive tract including chronic constipation, diarrhea anemia, and fatigue.

Additional symptoms include bloat, mouth…...

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National Digestive Diseases Information Clearing House.  http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/celiac/ 

WebMS: Celiac Disease Health Center.  http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/celiac-disease/celiac-disease 

What is Celiac Disease? Gluten Free Recipes.  http://www.celiac.com/

Celiac disease is "an inflammatory condition of the small intestine precipitated by the ingestion of wheat in individuals with certain genetic makeups"
From this definition of the disease, we already can see what the two major factors in celiac disease occurrence are: environmental factors (ingestion of wheat, which has gluten) and the genetic factor (a certain genetic predisposition for the disease).

The intolerance to glutton manifests itself in symptoms such as diarrhea, "blistering, burning, itchy rash on the extensor surfaces of the body (dermatitis herpetiformis)"

, bone weakness or tetany.

We have agreed that genetics definitely represent one of the causing factors of celiac disease. According to our primary article, investigation in this sense was performed both on twins and on family relatives. As such, "the concordance rate for celiac disease in monozygotic twins is estimated to be 75%"

, which makes us believe that, at least statistically speaking, genetics plays a large part in…...

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Bibliography

1. Semrad, E. Carol. Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity. 2000, Columbia University Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases. On the Internet at http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/gi/celiac.html

2. Papadopoulos, Wijmenga, Konin; Interplay between genetics and the environemtn in the development of celiac disease: perspectives for a healthy life. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. November 2001. Volume 108.Number 9. Pp. 1261-1266. On the Internet at action=stream& blobtype=pdf& artid=209453http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&

3. Alessio Fasano, MD, et. al., Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:286-292

Semrad, E. Carol. Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity. 2000, Columbia University Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases. On the Internet at http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/gi/celiac.html

The association among celiac disease and these other diseases may be hereditary. The diseases include things like diabetes, autoimmune liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid disease, Addison's disease, which is a circumstance in which the glands that make vital hormones are harmed and Sjogren's syndrome, which is a circumstance in which the glands that make tears and saliva are damaged (Celiac Disease, 2008).
What are some possible treatments for this condition?

A person has to stick to a lifetime diet that is gluten-free. This permits the intestinal villi to get better. One must get rid of foods, drinks, and drugs that contain wheat, barley, rye, and maybe oats. They have to read food and drug labels cautiously in order to find hidden sources of these grains. With instruction and preparation, one can attain the objective of healing. A person must not start a gluten-free diet before being diagnosed. This will influence…...

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References

Celiac Disease. (2008). Retrieved October 15, 2010, from National Digestive Disease

Information Clearinghouse Web site:

 http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/celiac/ 

Celiac disease -- sprue. (2010). Retrieved October 15, 2010, from Google Health Web site:

ole of Autoimmunity in Three Endocrine Disorders
A number of endocrine illnesses are immune mediated and can now be reliably predicted. Autoimmune disorders can occur in a person and people related to them. Families with history of autoimmunity, and has had antibody screening done, becomes aware of those that carry such risk. Knowing the prevalence of such disorders and the diseases associated with them can help in early diagnosis and prevent them from becoming more serious. Autoimmunity affects several glands in the body. Studies reveal that alleles are very important in the determination of tissue-specific targeting (Aaron W. Michels & George S. Eisenbarth, 2010).

The Process of Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is necessary for the body to maintain its health by countering effects of external virulent and organic attacks. It involves regulatory networks that provide the body with immunity against infection. It has not yet been determined why instances arise where autoimmunity processes sometimes…...

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References

Aaron W. Michels, & George S. Eisenbarth. (2010). Immunologic Endocrine Disorders. Journal of Allergy, Clinical Immunology, 225-237.

Aleksandra Krzewska, & Iwona Ben-Skowronek. (2016). Effect of Associated Autoimmune Diseases on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents. Biomed Research International.

Heves Kirmizibekmez, Rahime Gul Yesiltepe Mutlu, Nafiye Demirkiran Urganci, & Ayse Oner. (2015). Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Kirmizibekmez H, Yesiltepe Mutlu RG, Demirkiran Urganci N, Oner A. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2015;7(1):80-82. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.1394., 80-82.

Kohei KAKU. (2010). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and its Treatment Policy. Japan Medical Association Journal, 41-46.

diseases in the world are suffered by all children. Babies and adults alike have to endure them at some or other point of their life. Furthermore, those whose immune systems are poor or weak have a greater tendency to contract diseases such as the common cold, infant diaper rash, earaches, stomach aches and diarrhea (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2015)
Common cold

The common cold shows the following symptoms: a sore throat, runny nose, headache, and watery eyes. Up till now, no precise medication exists to 'cure' the common cold. Normally, this viral illness wanes by itself after a period of 5-6 days. However, in the event that symptoms continue for an unusually long time, the patient must stay alert, as severe cases of common cold may result in pneumonia, sinusitis, ear infection, asthma attack, and bronchitis (Justadd, 2015). A study indicates that several individuals suffer each winter from sinusitis, impacting both…...

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References

ADAM. (2015). Earache. Medical Encyclopedia. Medline Plus. U.S. Medical Library. Retrieved from  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm 

Alan, M., Lake, M.D.(1999). Chronic Abdominal Pain in Childhood: Diagnosis and Management. American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved from  http://googleweblight.com/?lite_url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0401/p1823.html&ei=KmJxS8Wk&lc=en-IN&s=1&m=992&ts=1439382771&sig=APONPFkf1k48Ut_Q5SluR0akIscNP1e-gg 

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Overview of Infectious Diseases. USA. Retrieved from  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/Overview-of-Infectious-Diseases.aspx 

Benaroch, R. (2015).Your Baby's Diaper Rash. WebMD, LLC.

Ulcerative Colitis
Initial presentation

The patient is an 18-year-old of the Filipino-American origin. He has no known family history of ulcerative colitis or chronic illnesses similar to colitis. He is a high school senior student.

Historical information

The patient complains of diarrhoea 3-4 times a month although it has been on and off for one year. There is no known allergy that the patient experiences.

Presenting Symptoms

He experienced rectal bleeding, rectal pain and often had an urgent need to empty his bowels. His diarrhoea had bloodstains with mucus at least once a month. This led to few red blood cells due to the low level of iron, which resulted from the bloody stool. He had belly pains, which he described as cramping and his belly felt sore if touched. He experienced constipation, but it was less frequent than diarrhoea. He had no signs of vomiting or nausea, but he had a loss of appetite. Sometimes…...

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References

Baumgart, D. (2012). Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: From epidemiology and immunobiology to a rational diagnostic and therapeutic approach. New York: Springer.

Bayless, T.M., & Hanauer, S.B. (2010). Advanced therapy of inflammatory bowel disease: Volume 1. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Hanauer, S.B., & Marteau, P. (2001). Ulcerative colitis: Focus on topical treatment. Paris: J.

Libbey Eurotext.

patient is a 35-year-old (male?), he was diagnosed with diabetes twenty five years ago at the age of ten years old, he claims that this is hereditary in his family. He has one sister who has Type 2 diabetes and a brother who has type 1 diabetes. He manages his diabetes and other illnesses from home and through a medical clinic; for most of his life he has known he has diabetes and manages to regulate it through insulin shots, glucose tablets as well as through the right nutrition, however he claims that this is difficult and there are most days where he experiences draw backs. Many complications have arisen from his diabetes. This patient was selected because of the certain case he has in regards to his diabetes and other complications which had developed from it. His treatment and management also includes an extensive study. At the young…...

The research thus concludes the essence of having quality and effective legislation addressing the aspects of overall oral health of the people.
Additionally, the Canadian Dental Association also relates several issues of the overall body health to the oral health of the individual. In view of the article on the relation "oral health -- good life," the article gives information on the essence of good oral health, indicating some of the illnesses of ill oral health (Chattopadhyay, 2011). In this article, the relation between the ill oral health and the overall health of the body is that the mouth is the ingress to the body. Therefore, an individual with ill oral health is at the highest risk of having infection that affects the whole body system severely. According to this article, it emphasizes the need for dentists-patient relation as the dentists is the only person with the skill, expertise and…...

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References

Chattopadhyay, a. (2011). Oral health epidemiology: Principles and practice. Sudbury, Mass:

Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Ramseier, C.A., & Suvan, J.E. (2010). Health behavior change in the dental practice. Ames,

Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.

Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Religious and Ideological Movements: The Effects of Nationality and Ideological Preference
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a very common illness. Research shows that the large bowel or colon is the site of a lot of various beneficial bacteria. Also, may many may be aware that a good colon gives a lot of detail on the way the colon and its bacteria work in unison in order to provide our bodies with particular health profits. On the other hand, the colon is the site for numerous of the symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients. Because this organ is where all fiber and other food leftovers arrive, it would seem rational that some parts of food we eat could play a part in the signs of IBS, which for the majority, are a reflection of an excessively complex colon that is sensitive. As stated by the International Foundation for…...

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Works Cited

Anand, Bhupinder. Irritable Bowel Syndrome. 8 June 2013.   29 September 2014.http://www.emedicinehealth.com/irritable_bowel_syndrome/page10_em.htm .

Cunha, John P. MedicineNet.com. 7 May 2012.   29 September 2014.http://www.medicinenet.com/irritable_bowel_syndrome_ibs/page6.htm .

Vorous, Heather Van. "The First Year: IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) -- An Essential Guide for the Newly Diagnosed." New York City: Da Capo Press; 2005 edition, 2001. 1-242.

Zuckerman, M.J., Nguyen, G., Ho, H., Nguyen, L., & Gregory, G.G. "A survey of irritable bowel syndrome in vietnam using the rome criteria." Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 51.5 (2009): 946-51.

Clinical Test for Celiac Disease
The sensitivity of a clinical test designed to discriminate between individuals with or without celiac disease would be based on its ability to correctly identify patients with the disease (Lalkhen & McClusky, 2008). In the example provided, 200 patients known to have celiac disease and 200 controls known not to have the disease were used to test the efficacy of the new clinical test. The results are as follows:

True positives = 190/200 = 0.95 or 95%

False positives = 50/200 = 0.25 or 25%

True negatives = 150/200 = 0.75 or 75%

False negatives = 10/200 = 0.05 or 5%

Sensitivity is determined by dividing true positives by the sum of true positives and false negatives (Lalkhen & McClusky, 2008), or in this example [190/(190+10)] = 0.95 or 95%.

The specificity of a clinical test describes its ability to exclude individuals from false positive results (Lalkhen & McClusky, 2008). Specificity…...

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References

Celiac Disease Foundation. (n.d.). Poorly responsive celiac disease. Retrieved from http://celiac.org/celiac-disease/poorly-responsive-celiac-disease/.

Lalkhen, A.G., & McCluskey, A. (2008). Clinical tests: Sensitivity and specificity. Continuing Education in Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain, 8(6), 221-3.

Interstitial Cystitis
In addition to the therapeutic armamentarium, CAM reported to have a great role to treat interstitial cystitis (IC). It is multimodal and individualized and includes various treatment methods including: Neuromodulation, dietary modification, acupuncture, surgical methods, medications etc. The objective of this literature review is to discuss the possible causes of the IC, diagnosis, prevalence, the symptoms, and CAM treatment options.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) also called as painful bladder syndrome is an inflammatory disease of the bladder wall with typical ulceration of the urothelium. The interstitial cystitis (IC) is generally regarded as an elusive disease picture with inadequate therapeutic options. Critical to improving the prospects for therapy is the early diagnosis of the disease, which may involve only a careful history taking and clinical examination. CAM suggests multimodal treatment strategies in the early stage of disease (Abrams, Cardozo, & Fall, 2002).

Due to definition similarity, IC is often referred to as IC/PBS…...

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References

Ahrams, P., Cardozo, L., & Fall, M. (2002). The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the Standardization Sub-Committee of the International Continence Society [Electronic version]. Neurourology & • Urodynamics, 21(2), 167-178.

Astroza Eulufi, C, Velasco, P.A., Watson, A., & Guzman, K.S. (2008). Enterocistoplastia por cystitis intersticial: Resultados diferidos [Enterocystoplasty for interstitial cystits: Deferred results] (Electronic version]. Actas Urologicas Espanolas, .32(10), 1019-1023.

Elizawahri, A., Bissada, N.K., Herchorn, S., Aboul-Enein. H., Ghoneim, M., Bissada, M.A.Glazer. A.A. (2004). Urinary conduit formation using urinary diversion of intestinal augmentations: II. Does it have a role in patients with interstitial cystitis? The Journal of Urology, 171, 1559- 1562.

Fall, M., Oberpenning, F.. & Pecker, R. (2008). Treatment of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis 2008: Can we make evidence-based decisions? European Urology, 54, 65-78.

When processed by a transglutaminase enzyme, it can interact with immunological cells and produce cytotoxic inflammation. In autism, it is believed that peptides from gluten and casein cross the intestinal microvillus barrier and enter the blood stream. They also cross the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, certain amino acid sequences of these peptides compete with natural peptides, which bind to opioid receptors. These receptors are G-protein receptors in cell membrane surfaces of neurons. inding to these receptors disturbs the neuronal function and ultimately leads to or contributes to autism (Department of Pediatrics Staff).
Limited Reliable Scientific Evidence

UK researchers investigated more than 30 scientific articles on the effectiveness of the gluten-free, casein-free diet on autistic children (astian, 2004). They found one, which provided reliable scientific evidence that the diet works. The particular study, however, was conducted on only 20 children aged 5-10 who had high levels of protein in their urine.…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atwood, K.C. (2003). Naturopathy: a critical appraisal. 5 (4) Medscape General

Medicine. Retrieved on June 23, 2010 from  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465994 

Bastian, H. (2010). Can a diet avoiding gluten and milk proteins reduce autism?

Medicine News Today: MediLexicon International Ltd. Retrieved on June 23,

"
The public commenting period is near the end of the promulgation process, after a bill has become law. The public comments are taken into account by the agency affected by the law when the agency is putting together its regulations to comply with and enforce the law. There is little that can be done to change the law at this point, other than to challenge it in the courts. However, earlier in the promulgation process, when a proposed regulatory change is still before Congress, it is possible to get invited to give testimony on the proposed change before a Congressional hearing, if a person is familiar with the subject at hand and intimately involved with it.

In order to set aside the regulatory changes, the court must determine that the change is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and/or otherwise not in accordance with federal law. Agencies must provide substantial evidence…...

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References

Administrative Procedure Act, Report of the House Judiciary Committee, No. 1989, 79th Congress. (1946). Federal Administrative Procedure Act. Retrieved March 7, 2012, from  http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Courses/study_aids/adlaw 

Gluten in Drug Products. (2011). Federal Register Volume 76, Number 245. Retrieved March 7, 2012 from  http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2011-N-0842-0001

Malabsorption syndrome refers to a group of disorders characterized by the bodys inability to absorb nutrients properly. This can lead to deficiencies in essential macro and micronutrients, impacting overall health and well-being. In this essay, we will explore how malabsorption syndrome affects the absorption of both macro and micronutrients in the body, and the consequences it can have on an individuals nutritional status.

Macronutrients are nutrients that provide energy to the body and include carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. When malabsorption syndrome occurs, the ability of the body to properly digest and absorb these macronutrients is compromised. For example, in conditions....