The first heart sound is generally longer and lower than the second, producing a heartbeat that sounds like lub-dup, lub-dup, lub-dup.
Blood pressure, the pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels by the flowing blood, also varies during different phases of the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure in the arteries is higher during systole, when the ventricles are contracting, and lower during diastole, as the blood ejected during systole moves into the body's capillaries. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters (mm) of mercury using a sphygmomanometer, an instrument that consists of a pressure recording device and an inflatable cuff that is usually placed around the upper arm. Normal blood pressure in an adult is about 120 mm of mercury during systole, and about 80 mm of mercury during diastole. Blood pressure is usually noted as a ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure for example, 120/80. A person's blood pressure…...

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References

Anaemia. (2007). Retrieved 3 March 2008, at  http://www.homehealth-uk.com/medical/anaemia.htm 

BLOOD TYPES and COMPATIBILITY. (2005). Retrieved 3 March 2008, from: BLOODBOOK.COM  http://www.bloodbook.com/compat.html 

Cardiac Conduction System Diagram. (1996). Retrieved 3 March 2008, at  http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/mml/ecg_ccs.html 

Cohen, Barbara Janson. (2005). Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.  http://books.google.com/books?id=o77tddua_MUC&dq=atrial+systole+ventricular+ystole+and+diastole&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0

Cardiovascular system allows humans to survive. It is an essential component to the very complicated machinery that guides the functioning of the human body. It is this reason that has led to numerous research projects in order to discover news ways of making the heart function better. By improving the heart, the remainder of the body will be able to better operate. It was with this exact purpose that research teams were able to come up with a way to regenerate cardiac muscle cells in order to reprogram the heart into making new cells and repairing itself. As explained in Scientific American (2012), the heart already has the capacity of regenerating itself, however, the regeneration process is an extremely low one, and is tremendously limited. The actual study conducted by Eulalio et al. (2012) and published in Nature (2012) provides the proof necessary to support the idea of cardiac cell…...

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References:

Smith, K. (2012) Heart Cells Can Be Coaxed to Regenerate at Low Rates. Scientific American.

Eulalio, A., Mano, M., Dal Ferro, M., Zentilin, L., Sinagra, G.,Zacchigna, S., & Giacca, M. (2012). Functional screening identifies miRNAs inducing cardiac regeneration. Nature. 492(7429), 376-381.

By staying fit, you maximize your chances of having a long and vigorous life" (Biller, 2002, p. 165). In addition, cardiovascular health usually deteriorates with age, and so, exercise is even more important as individuals get older. Another author writes, "Aging people begin to experience an increase in systolic blood pressure and a reduction in over-all cardiac output at rest and during exercise. The valves of the heart may begin to deteriorate and heart muscles decrease in size, reducing the ability to pump large amounts of blood ("Exercise Helps Put off," 1993, p. 7). As the body ages, it changes, and a good exercise program can help keep these changes at a minimum and help people live longer, more productive lives.
Proof also exists that a good exercise regimen can also help stave off the symptoms of adult-onset (Type 2) diabetes. A major clinical trial indicated that adults who are…...

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References

Biller, H.B. (2002). Creative fitness: Applying health psychology and exercise science to everyday life. Westport, CT: Auburn House.

Diet exercise delay Type 2 diabetes. (2001, September). FDA Consumer, 35, 10.

Exercise helps put off the inevitable. (1993, October). USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), 122, 7.

Glaros, N.M., & Janelle, C.M. (2001). Varying the mode of cardiovascular exercise to increase adherence. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(1), 42.

Export Import Company Consider organization work organization familiar. Reflect professional experiences organization. Consider experiences relate bases power, coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expert power, referent power.
The cardiovascular system: The effects of aging

To fully understand the effects of aging on the human cardiovascular system, the fundamental structure of the heart must also be comprehended The heart has two sides: the right which enables the body to excrete carbon dioxide by sending blood to the lungs so they can receive oxygen and the left which "pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of body" (Dugdale 2010). Usually, the heart is efficient at regulating itself. But the heart is a muscle, and just as the visible muscles of the body lose their integrity with aging, so does the heart. The heart muscles degenerate and the heart valves stiffen, which can cause a heart murmur or other complications. "The heart has a natural…...

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Works Cited

"Cardiovascular system." American Academy of Health and Fitness. AAHF. [28 Sept 2012]

 http://www.aahf.info/sec_exercise/section/cardiovascular.htm 

Dugdale, David C. "Aging changes in the heart and blood vessels." Medline Plus Encyclopedia,

2010. [28 Sept 2012]  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004006.htm

High blood pressure or hypertension is defined as a consistent recording of systolic blood pressure of 140mm HG or greater, and a diastolic blood pressure recording of 90mm HG or greater. High blood pressure is the most common circulatory disorder among human beings. Hypertension occurs all over the world, mostly in middle-aged or elderly men and women. Nearly half of all Americans who reach the age of 74 develop high blood pressure. Table 1. elow provides a classification of blood pressure for adults. As indicated in Table 1, hypertension can be classified as normal, pre-hypertensive, Stage 1, or Stage 2 (National Institutes of Health). Cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance determines blood pressure. Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and total peripheral resistance is the force that the heart must work against to pump the blood. Cardiac output is a central factor…...

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Bibliography

Black, H.R. "The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: Following the Link from Hypertension to Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure." Am J. Hypertens 16.9 Pt 2 (2003): 4S-6S.

Giles, T.D. "Hypertension and Heart Failure Sine Heart Failure. The Acc/Aha Guidelines: A Misadventure in the Lexicography of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure, Particularly for the Hypertensive." J. Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 5.4 (2003): 280-1.

Lu, M., et al. "[Hypertension and Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in a General Population of a Rural Areas in China]." Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 25.10 (2004): 841-4.

National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Blood pressure classification.  http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP.html

Both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are essential for the maintenance of life in the human body. The respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange, as oxygen is taken in via the mouth or nose, eventually being expelled as carbon dioxide. The circulatory, or cardiovascular, system is responsible for circulating blood through the body. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together by delivering oxygen and essential nutrients to all the cells of the body. The basic process of the respiratory system from initial respiration through gas exchange begins when a person takes a breath. Air enters through the mouth or nose, travels down the throat area’s pharynx, larynx, and trachea, and from there to the bronchial tubes (bronchi). The trachea itself splits to form the upper region of the left and right bronchial tubes (“Gas Exchange”). Each of the two primary bronchial tubes is then further divided into secondary, tertiary,…...

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References

“Cardiovascular System,” (n.d.). Retrieved online:  

“Gas Exchange.” Biology. Retrieved online:  http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/gas-exchange.html 

Lechtzin, N. (n.d.). Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Merck Manuals. Retrieved online:  http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/biology-of-the-lungs-and-airways/exchanging-oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide 

 

http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html 

Pathophysiology
Cardiovascular Interventions

Cardiovascular disease is especially dangerous and one of the only effective measures to handle it is prevention. This ultimately makes interventions so crucial, especially with patients with a history of cardiovascular disease and those still showing signs of cardiovascular health. For the case in question, it is crucial to establish with the patient a need to start interventions so that he can avoid further cardiovascular problems. The patient witnessed an abnormal treadmill test, which ultimately signifies issues with the cardiovascular system that may endanger the patient's health.

First, there are interventions that deal with lifestyle changes. These are the least invasive because they do not entail the introduction of medicines or the need for surgery. ather, they aim to intervene with unhealthy lifestyle choices within the life of the patient. Changes in lifestyle include diets, exercise routines, and other changes that promote better cardiovascular health (Lauer, 2008). Physical activity and…...

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References

Aijaz, Bilal, Babuin, Luciano, Squires, Ray, & Kopecky, Stephen. (2008). Long-term mortality with multiple treadmill exercise test abnormalities: Comparison between patients with and without cardiovascular disease. American Heart Journal. Web.  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/581591_4 

Artinian, Nancy T., Fletcher, Gerald F., Mozaffarian, Dariush, Kris-Etherton, Penny, & Van Horn, Linda. (2010). Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults. Circulation, 122(2010), 406-441.

Dunn, Steven P., Holmes, David., & Moliterno, David J. (2012). Drug-drug interactions in cardiovascular catheterizations and interventions. Journal of American College of Cardiovascular Interventions, 5(12), 1195-1208.

Lauer, Michael S. (2008). The exercise treadmill test: Estimating cardiovascular prognosis. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 75(6), 424-430.

Those who are the vulnerable will have specific genes they inherit from their relatives, who were impacted by the condition. This increases their chances of having similar complications when they become older. (Kolata, 2010)
Congestive Heart Failure and Hypertension

Congestive heart failure and hypertension are interconnected with each other. According to a study conducted by the University of Texas, they found that there are 660 thousand new cases reported each year. This is accounting for 7% of all deaths associated with cardio vascular disease. One of the biggest factors that will determine if someone is at risk is hypertension. As this is used in 75% of all cases, to predict if someone will be impacted by congestive heart failure and the long-term effects it will have on them. (Merla, 2009)

Hypertension can lead to complications by increasing the chances of ventricle or systolic dysfunction taking place. This improves the chances of someone…...

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References

Heart Disease Fact. (2013). CDC. Retrieved from:  http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm 

Heart Disease and Stroke. (2012). Lasker Foundation. Retrieved from:

http://www.laskerfoundation.org/media/pdf/factsheet2cardiovasc.pdf

Heart Failure. (2013). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from:  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-failure/DS00061

Therefore, it is very crucial for all the nurses examining the athletes to carefully differentiate the murmurs of the behaviors of athletes and recommend if it is safe for them to continue sports behaviour.
Discussion 2: Anaphylactic Shock

Anaphylaxis shock is a very dangerous and life threatening allergy reaction that needs right, quick and aggressive treatment on time. Due to lack of recognition, the exact evidence of this condition is difficult to know. There are also no laboratory markers or any particular tests that can be used in the emergency to diagnose this situation.

According to the Canadian Pediatric Surveillance Program it is "a severe allergic reaction to any stimulus, having sudden onset and generally lasting less than 24 hours, involving one or more body systems and producing one or more symptoms such as hives, flushing, itching, angioedema, stridor, wheezing, shortness of breath, vomiting, diarrhea or shock" (Simons, Chad and Gold, 2002,…...

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References

Bille, K., Figueiras, D., Schamasch, P., Kappenberger, L., Brenner, J., Meijboom, J and Meijboom J. (2006). 'Sudden cardiac death in athletes: the Lausanne Recommendations'.

Eur Journal Cardiovascular Rehabilitation. 2006 Dec; 13(6):859-75.

Maron, B.(2003). Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J. Med. 2003;349: 1064 -- 75

Simons FER, Chad, ZH and Gold M. (2002). Real-time reporting of anaphylaxis in infants,

Walking: Slow down your walking to a regular pace for 5 minutes.

If needed utilize heat or ice therapy to knees after walk.

Friday

Stretching: Sit down on the floor and reach for your toes. Hold this position for 1 minute and do not bounce. Next, sit with your legs crisscrossed, place your arms out to the sides and rotate your center slowly from side to side. Finally, stand up and face the wall. Slow begin walking your feet away from the wall until you feel a stretch in your calves.

Walking: Walk at a regular pace for 5 minutes.

Increase your pace for 8 minutes.

Frequency: Once per day

Intensity: Your heart rate should be at 80 bpm during the fast-paced walking. If you find that it is becoming hard to breath, then slow down to a normal pace until your breathing is back under control.

Walking: Slow down your walking to a regular pace for 5…...

Although the severities of congestive signs may be similar, medical evaluation should be instructed to determine whether there is accompanying proof of cardiovascular disease. Physical proof of cardiovascular disease contains the narrow pulse pressure, cool arms, and legs, and sometimes changed mentation, with supporting proof sometimes provided by reducing serum sodium level and deteriorating renal function. Cardiovascular disease is frequently difficult to recognize through phone contact but may be suspected when previously effective diuretic increases fail, nurses report lower blood pressure, or patients explain improved lethargy.
Facilitators and barriers to optimal disorder management and outcomes

Environmental factors and cultural beliefs; motivators and hinders

In this case, the client thought he was suffering from a heart attack and feared to come to the hospital. The symptoms had presented for four days before the patient sought help. The patient had been suffering from similar symptoms for the past six months, but thought that he…...

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References

American Association of Cardiovascular (2013). Guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs. John Wiley & Sons.

Bunting-Perry, L.K., & Vernon, G.M. (2007). Comprehensive nursing care for Parkinson's disease. New York: Springer Pub.

Holloway, N.M. (2014). Medical-surgical care planning. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Gulanick, M. (2007). Nursing care plans: Nursing diagnosis and intervention. St. Louis: Mosby.

Spaceflight on the Cardiovascular and Haemostatic System
Several physiological changes occur during spaceflights, the most noticeable of which are on the cardiovascular and haemostatic system of the body.

Since the human body is adapted to live in a world of gravity, it has developed ways of combating the gravity's downward force. For example, due to the earth's gravity blood tends to accumulate in the lower limbs but the body is equipped with a system to help monitor and maintain the blood flow and pressure so that the upper body and organs get an adequate supply of blood. In the zero gravity environment during spaceflights when there is no downward force, the upper body gets more than its share of blood. This triggers the monitoring receptors which signal to the body to reduce the volume of blood. As blood passes through the kidney, the excess plasma volume is excreted, lowering total blood…...

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Bibliography

Bird, Patrick J. (1996). "Keeping Fit" Spaceflight and Exercise. University of Florida Website. http://hermes.hhp.ufl.edu/keepingfit/ARTICLE/FLIGHT.htm

Snare, Carolyn C. (2002). "Research Examines Adaptations of Cardiovascular System to Microgravity." Space Research. NASA Website. [Available online]. Accessed on October 20, 2004 from http://spaceresearch.nasa.gov/research_projects/cardiovascular_06-2002.html

'When Space Makes You Dizzy." (2002). Science @ NASA. [Available online]. Accessed on October 20, 2004 from  http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/25mar_dizzy.htm 

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood

Airway Pressure on Cardiovascular Performance
HEART-LUNG CONNECTION

The Influence of Mean Airway Pressure on Cardiovascular Performance

reathing, also known as pulmonary ventilation, is the basic connection between the heart and lungs (Williams & Whitney, 2006). The connection allows air between the lungs and the atmosphere and the exchange of gases between the air and the alveoli in the lungs. ody receptors can detect changes involved in the movement of air and the pressure that accompanies it. These receptors can either increase or decrease breathing rate. They encourage slower breathing when blood pressure rises and faster breathing rate if the blood pressure goes down. Meanwhile, an exchange of gases between body tissues and capillaries is needed to maintain life. It brings in the gases living tissues need for survival. lood carries oxygen molecules when leaving the heart and distributes it throughout the body. Very small capillaries coordinate in the flow and distribution of…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Byrd, R.P. And Mosenifar, Z. (2010). Mechanical ventilation. Medscape: WebLLC.

Retrieved on August 18, 2011 from  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304068-overview 

Daoud, E.G. (2007). Airway pressure release ventilation. Vol 2 (4) Annals of Thoracic

Medicine: Pub Med Central. Retrieved on August 12, 2011 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732103

The circulatory or cardiovascular system is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes and gases between body cells, transporting blood across the whole body and battling disease (Circulatory System). Its principal elements are the heart, numerous blood vessels, and blood.
The heart forms the circulatory system's core. This 2-sided, 4-chambered pump which distributes blood to various arteries comprises of the right and left ventricles, and right and left atria. The ventricles, situated within the heart's lower half, are responsible for pumping blood to the whole body (away from our heart), whilst the atria, situated within the heart's upper half are in charge of receiving blood from different parts of the human body. The right and left ventricles pump de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, respectively; de-oxygenated blood is pumped to lungs while oxygenated blood is pumped to the remainder of the human body (smith, 2013). These 4 chambers are connected to one another by means…...

Broken Heart Syndrome
Cardiovascular Case Study

Broken heart syndrome, otherwise called stress or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), represents an adverse physiological response to an acute psychological or physical stressor (Derrick, 2009). The death of a loved one or experiencing a physically traumatic event, represent two examples of life stressors that can cause this reversible form of cardiomyopathy. Although effective treatment is available, the seriousness of the condition is such that it explains how a person can literally die of a broken heart.

TTC Demographics

An estimated 1.2 million people suffered from an myocardial infarction (MI) in 2007 and approximately 1% (Derrick, 2009, p. 50) to 2% (Wittstein, 2012, p. 2) of MI events was probably due to TTC. Women are far more susceptible to TTC than men and represent approximately 89% of all cases (Derrick, 2009, p. 50). This gender bias shifts the estimated prevalence of TTC among female MI patients to between 4.7 and…...

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References

American Heart Association, American Stroke Association. (2011). Women & cardiovascular disease: Statistical fact sheet 2012 update. Heart.org. Retrieved 4 Feb. 2012 from  http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_319576.pdf 

Derrick, Dawn. (2009). The "broken heart syndrome": Understanding Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Critical Care Nurse, 29, 49-57.

Fitzgerald, Helen. (2000). Helping a grieving parent: Working through Grief. AmericanHospice.org. Retrieved 4 Feb. 2012 from  http://www.americanhospice.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=8 

Liao, Joshua. (2011). Takotsubo: Octopus trap. Journal of Medical Humanities. Published ahead of print online Aug. 9. Retrieved 4 Feb. 2012 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/ak0776051x43w701/

Physical Benefits of Contact Sports

Enhanced muscular strength and endurance: Contact sports demand significant physical exertion, leading to increased muscle mass and endurance. The constant grappling, tackling, and pushing involved in these activities stimulate muscle growth and promote overall strength.

Improved cardiovascular health: The high-intensity nature of contact sports elevates the heart rate and strengthens the cardiovascular system. Regular participation in these activities can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, improve blood pressure control, and increase overall fitness levels.

Enhanced bone density: The impact forces associated with contact sports put stress on bones, which triggers the body to increase bone....