Capital Expenditures
The Home Improvement industry has shown improvement since the financial crisis of 2008. Two companies are of particular interest: Lowes Companies, Inc. And Home Depot, Inc.

Capital Expenditures. The Capital Expenditures made by a company are used to acquire or upgrade tangible assets such as facilities, equipment, or other property. The general purpose of capital outlay is to maintain the scope of operations or increase operations in some way. Capital expenditures are industry sensitive, with industries in telecom, oil, or utilities operations particularly capital intensive. A capital expenditure that maintains an asset in its current condition is deducted in its entirety in the year of the expense. Alternately, a capital expenditure that is used to purchase a new capital asset or increases the useful life of an existing capital asset is treated as an expense that must be capitalized. That is to say that the cost of the new or…...

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References

Adjusted Net Capital Expenditures. New York University Stern School of Business. Retrieved from  http://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pdfiles/eqnotes/cashflow.pdf 

Capital Expenditures. Investopedia. Retrieved from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalexpenditure.asp 

Damodoran, A. (2006, November). Valuation approaches and metrics: A survey of the theory and evidence. Stern School of Business. Retrieved from  http://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pdfiles/papers/valuesurvey.pdf 

How to calculate capital expenditures. Accounting tools. Retrieved from http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/how-to-calculate-capital-expenditures.html

Capital Leases, n.d.).
These two have significant impacts on the balance sheet and income statement of the firm. In the balance sheet, the operating lease has no effect while the capital lease shows interest receivable and capital asset with depreciation on the asset side and debt on the liability. In the income statement, both the operating lease and capital lease records an operating expense; the latter also shows interest as revenue. (Operating vs. Capital Leases, n.d.).

Furthermore, capital lease provides more benefits than buying an asset. First, and probably the most important, is cash flow. Capital lease offers a great alternative in preserving the cash flow. It allows the company to have a working asset like equipment by leasing than making an outright purchase. Usually a minimum down payment is required. With a monthly payment of lease, the company has now machinery that can be utilized to increase production and quality…...

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Bibliography

Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2006, at  http://www.investopedia.com/dictionary/ 

Operating vs. Capital Leases. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2006, at  http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/AccPrimer/lease.htm

Capital Project
esults and acceptability of the item for key stakeholders

Da Vinci is a lucrative product that has immense contributions to the delivery of health services in many health centres globally. The effectiveness of the product lies on its new entry into the modern market. Da Vinci production and use have enlightened the public and hospital fraternities on new approaches of managing surgery operations. The resultant effects that are going to be felt after using the product are more increasing and beneficial than using the old mechanisms. The innate objective of the tool will improve on delivery of surgery services in ways that are more safe, effective, and affordable to the public. Da Vinci was first introduced as a safe way of improving surgery operations in the hospitals. Moreover, the use of the product had not been made public. Now that the machine will be available in many health centres, it…...

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References

Athanasiou, T., Debas, H.T., & Darzi, A. (2009). Key topics in surgical research and methodology. Berlin: Springer.

Bahouth, M.N., Bahouth, M.N., Blum, K., & Simone, S. (2013). Transitioning into hospital-based practice: A guide for nurse practitioners and administrators. New York, NY:

Springer Pub. Co.

Gitman, L.J., & McDaniel, C.D. (2009). The future of business: The essentials. Mason, OH:

Expenditure Revenue Analysis
NY PA Expenditure

hile governmental entities must strive to serve the public good to the best of their abilities, public administrators must navigate an environment of extreme complexity in which the allocated capital funds are put to their best use. The administration of the capital budgeting process can be extremely time consuming, confusing, and expensive. This research will discuss capital budgeting policies and procedures in the states of New York as well as Pennsylvania for the fiscal years of 2009 and 2010. These governmental entities generate funds through taxes, public debt, inter-governmental transfers and various businesses owned by the government and capital projects represent a significant portion of the state's responsibilities. ith the use of a prepared financial analysis, this paper will describe current practices and examine how debt ratio affects borrowing and investment opportunities for the two governmental entities.

Much of public spending on capital projects is geared at…...

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Works Cited

Aschauer, D. (1989). Does public capital crowd out private capital? Journal of Monetary Economics, 171-188.

Borio, C., & Zhu, H. (2011). Capital regulation, risk-taking and monetary policy: A missing link in the transmission mechanism? Journal of Financial Stability, In Press.

Bronzini, R. (2009). Determinants of long-run regional productivity with geographical spillovers: The role of R&D, human capital and public infrastructure. Region Science and Urban Economics, 187-199.

Butler, A. (2009). Corruption, Political Connections, and Municipal Finance. The Review of Financial Studies, 2873-2905.

Capital Budgeting for Guillermo Furniture
Guillermo Navallez, owner of the relatively small yet highly successful furniture manufacturer Guillermo Furniture, is faced with a tough decision. Due to changes in the industry an in his operating atmosphere, Guillermo is unable to continue competitively running his company as he has for the past decades, with a crew of skilled laborers building furniture and with distribution handled essentially by the company itself. He must either automate his manufacturing process with a very high initial cost for equipment but allowing him to continue as a furniture manufacturer, he can shift to distribution for foreign competitors with cheaper products seeking entry into the North American market, or he can begin manufacturing and selling his patented flame retardant instead. Each choice will require an initial outlay of capital and will also have varying returns over the years. Assessing these options from a budgetary standpoint requires the application…...

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References

Case. (n.d.). Guillermo Furniture Scenario.

Cross, V. (2012). Techniques in capital budgeting decisions. Accessed 16 October 2012.

 http://smallbusiness.chron.com/techniques-capital-budgeting-decisions-23638.html 

Guin, L. (2011). Capital budgeting techniques. Accessed 16 October 2012.

Capital Budgeting
The aim of hospitals is to measure and improve the quality of health care service for the patients. Patient satisfaction is the foremost concern. However, to run a hospital, there are a lot of other factors are also involved; e.g. managing cost, budgeting, optimizing operations and increase patient satisfaction level. In order to achieve the desired level of performance, the hospital needs to be up-to-date with the latest technology.

In this era of technological advancements, every company has to maintain all their records on computer because it saves time and needs less effort than manual work. Our hospital has digitalized their data but every department has its own data base. In order to optimize the operations, hospital requires having a central data base system.

As Schuhmann (2009) stated in his article that the recent economic crisis has made it difficult for hospitals finance their capital expenditures. The capital assets purchased by…...

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References

Bailey, C. (2012). The Cost Reduction Imperative. Becker's Hospital Review.

Cleverly, W.O., Cleverly, J.O., & Song, P.H. (2010). Essentials of Health Care Finance. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Devraj, S., & Kohli, R. (2000). Information Technology Payoff in the Heath-care Industry: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 41-67.

Finkler, S.A., Kovner, C.T., & Jones, C.B. (2007). Financial Management for Nurse Managers and Executives W.B. Saunders Company.

But even with no cost savings whatsoever, this project has a positive NPV.
e can see, therefore, that the greatest area of sensitivity is with the terminal value. The terminal value at present is worth $143 million of the NPV. If we break down the variables that go into the terminal value, however, we notice that the cost savings are critical. If SGA expense is not reduced, then the terminal value is reduced to $67 million and the total NPV for the entire project ends up being $98 million. This figure is less sensitive to the change in cost of goods sold.

e should also consider testing combined sensitivity of our shakiest projections. Sales may not live up to expectations and cost savings might not occur. If we assume no net income and no additional cost savings, the project will have an NPV. If we assume that our expectations for these…...

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Works Cited:

No author. (2009). Free Cash Flow. Investopedia. Retrieved May 13, 2009 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/freecashflow.asp 

Ely, Bert. (2008). Savings and Loan Crisis. Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved May 13, 2009 from  http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/SavingsandLoanCrisis.html 

Damodaran, Aswath. (no date). Closure in Valuation: Estimating Terminal Value. Stern School of Business. Retrieved May 13, 2009 from  http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pdfiles/eqnotes/dcfstabl.pdf 

Breierova, Lucia & Choudhari, Mark. (1996). An Introduction to Sensitivity Analysis. MIT. Retrieved May 13, 2009 from http://sysdyn.clexchange.org/sdep/Roadmaps/RM8/D-4526-2.pdf

Capital Projects CSX
Capital Projects: CSX Railroad

CSX Railroad, the nation's third largest rail carrier by revenue (nine billion in 2009) according to Fortune 500 (CNN Money 2010), spends a considerable amount of its revenue (15%) on capital projects to update existing infrastructure, purchase new rail cars, expand intermodal and line access, and meet regulatory standards imposed by the Surface ransportation Board and the Federal Railroad Administration. (Mancini, L.N.D.). In 2009 the company spent 1.4 billion dollars on capital projects designed to "create competitive advantages for customers, grow the business, create jobs and deliver shareholder value" (Progressive Railroading. October 13, 2010). Of particular importance to CSX is the recent announcement of the National Gateway, "a multi-million dollar public-private infrastructure initiative, which will significantly improve the efficiency of the freight network between the Mid-Atlantic ports and the Midwest" (CSX Annual Report 2009).

he development of National Gateway is estimated to cost 842 million dollars…...

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The development of National Gateway is estimated to cost 842 million dollars over a nine-year period (2007-2015), with costs trifurcated between federal monies of 258 million, state funds of 191 million, and CSX contribution of 393 million (CSX National Gateway. June 2010.). The initiative involves CSX along with six states and the District of Columbia, and is designed to "provide higher clearances under bridges and through tunnels for trains to move double-stack containers" (CSX Annual Report 2009). In addition CSX would build or expand several high-capacity, job-producing intermodal terminals where product shipments are exchanged between trucks and trains" (CSX. May 1, 2008). The anticipated gains from expanding rail lines to haul double stack containers include "reduced truck traffic and increase intermodal capacity on key corridors without increasing the number of trains" (CSX Annual Report 2009).

With any capital expenditure an analysis of its return on investment and impact on free cash flow must be addressed. CSX considerable investment must account for not only its cost of capital but potential risks associated with funding, cost overruns, and government regulation. Annual incremental cash flow associated with National Gateway will come from significant decreases in operating costs including: fuel, utilization of economies of scale, and increased capacity per freight line haul. In 2009 CSX achieved a record performance of 74.7% on their operating margin; succinctly the company makes 74.7 cents before interest and taxes on each dollar of sales. With operating income of 2.285 billion in 2009, CSX with its National Gateway initiative expects to see substantial increases in operating income and subsequently free cash flow (CSX Annual Report 2009). National Gateway "enables each train to carry about twice as many cargo boxes; and trains can move a ton of freight 423 miles on a single gallon of fuel, and can carry the load of more than 280 trucks," (CSX. May 1, 2008). Because of the efficiency and cost effectiveness of this initiative "the Company expects to deliver double-digit earnings per share growth for 2010" (CSX Annual Report 2009).

Potential problems though could derail the company's rosy forecasts for National Gateway. The first of these is funding concerns specifically from federal and state sources. The project was injected with "$98 million in funding through the American Recovery Reinvestment Act of 2009" (CSX Annual Report 2009) however, that leaves 160 million in yet unfunded commitments from the federal government. Given the emerging consensus that U.S. debt and deficits are spiraling out of control; significant cutbacks on infrastructure spending are more likely in the coming years, which will leave CSX open to carrying more of the funding requirements. State funding though is also a

It would be difficult for the company to satisfy its shareholders with differing interests, but there is a solution-Net Present Value.
Using Net Present Value (NPV) as criteria to select projects assumes proficient capital markets. In other words, in order to work the company has to have access to whatever budget is needed to continue the positive Net Present Value projects. Sometimes there may also be capital ration and the concept of capital budgeting process becomes more and more complex.

Alternative Rules for Capital Budgeting

While NPV is the rule which maximizes value of shareholders, some companies use other strategies for their capital budgeting decisions. Common alternative strategies include:

Profitability Index

Internal Rate of Return (IPR)

Payback Period

Return on Book Value

Investment decisions made from the Profitability index and Internal Rate of Return methods agree with those of Net Present Value. Decisions made using the return on book value and payback period method usually are suboptimal…...

.governments are created by law and are continuously regulated by legal provisions found in constitutions, statutes, charters, ordinances, administrative regulations, legislative resolutions and judicial interpretation… the accounting system must produce data and information which indicate the extent to which the financial operations carried out by all agencies of the government pursuant to their designated objectives comply with applicable laws and legal requirements. The existence of a vast network of legal provisions and the diverse nature of governmental operations make necessary the utilization of fund account." (Snodgrass, 1993)
The fund accounting system is ostensibly the full gamut of accounting services and compliance protocol. "The general ledger, financial statements, accounts payable, purchase order processing with encumbrances, payroll including payroll projections and encumbrances, grants management and reporting, grants receivable, human resources, fixed assets management, central stores/inventory." (eis, 1996)

The city therefore should increase its capacity to more properly manage the financial and managerial accounting practices…...

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References

CDC Software (2011 Financial Management Software for Government Agencies and NonProfits. http://www.4idc.com/

Janakiraman S. (2011). "AT&T Launches Free Wi-Fi Service in 20 New York City Parks" Fixed Mobile Convergence  http://fixed-mobile-convergence.tmcnet.com/topics/mobile-communications/articles/185677-att-launches-free-wi-fi-service-20-new.htm 

Johnson Controls Systems (2007) Renewable Energy Solutions "Turning digester gas into energy."  http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/us/en/products/building_efficiency/energy_efficiency/renewable_energy_services/digester_gas.html 

Online Sunshine (2011) "Local Government Financial Reporting for Counties, Municipalities, and Special Districts" Legislative Auditing Committee.  http://www.leg.state.fl.us/cgi-bin/View_Page.pl?File=financialreporting.cfm&Directory=committees/joint/Jcla/&Tab=committees

capital purchase, costing $5,000, company benefit . Examples include a X-ray machine, MI processor, software filing patient records, a research library, large item company . o Identify management goals expenditure support
Capital purchase

The health care field is becoming presented with more and more pressures in today's society. There are numerous changes in the social and economic environments, which become combined to generate new pressures for the health care providers. The life expectancy of the population increases, generating increased needs for medical care for several years. Then, the Baby Boomers are retiring, causing a demanding generation, used to financial resources and access to services, to turn to the medical care sector for more services. The policies regulating the field also change as do the demands and expectations of patients.

In such a context, the health care institutions find themselves in a position in which they have to be better managed and administered.…...

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References:

Brown, M., 1992, Health care information: strategy, structure and process, Jones & Bartlett Learning

Daft, R.L., 2009, Organizational theory and design, 10th edition, Cengage Learning

Finkler, S.A., Ward, D.M., Calabrese, T., 2011, Accounting fundamentals for health care management, 2nd edition, Jones & Bartlett Publishers

2012, Absolute Medical Equipment, last accessed on June 29, 2012http://www.absolutemed.com/Medical-Equipment/MRI-Machines

Caterpillar Capital Budgeting
Qualitative Factors

There are a number of qualitative factor that go into a capital budgeting decision. The first is that the company needs to think about how the purchase fits with its overall strategy. Caterpillar has an overall strategy, and its resources should be directed towards that. It has to think if a new computer network system -- which will have more costs than just 10% of last year's profits because there is a learning curve with new computer systems -- is going to be a good use of resources. Opportunity costs are a major issue in capital budgeting decisions because that money could be deployed elsewhere (CFA Institute, 2014).

There are other qualitative factors as well. For example, activities must be within the ethical framework of the company. They must also have a positive effect on some element of the company's objectives, like customer service. Ideally, Caterpillar will be…...

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References

CFA Institute. (2014). Capital budgeting. CFA Institute. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from  http://www.cfainstitute.org/learning/products/publications/inv/Documents/corporate_finance_chapter2.pptx 

Ingram, D. (2014). Qualitative factors in capital investment decisions. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/qualitative-factors-capital-investment-decisions-73769.html 

MSN Moneycentral. (2014). Caterpillar, Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from  http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/stockdetails/financials/fi-CAT?ocid=qbeb

Capital Budget for iver County
In the current dynamic business environment, finance managers are continually faced with decisions on the best type on assets to invest in. County governments, for instance, have to analyze various investment decisions on behalf of the residents, and to estimate costs and benefits that are related to these decisions. According to Peterson and Fabozzi (2002), firms, as well as counties, should continually invest funds in assets in order to produce incomes and cash flows that will promote growth. In particular, capital assets like equipment, machinery and vehicles, which have a long estimated life, require thorough planning to ensure they give good returns on investment. Baker and English (2011) also state that it is imperative for finance managers to project the cost of capital expenditures to establish whether there is enough cash for asset acquisition and if not, consider alternative methods, such as leasing or renting.

iver…...

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References

Baker, H.K. & English, P. (2011) Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Peterson, P. & Fabozzi, F.J. (2002) Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Question Berk and DeMarzo (2020) exemplify the variances between the three key approaches companies utilize for capital budgeting with leverage and within imperfect markets. These approaches comprise the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) method, the Adjusted Present Value (APV) Method, and the Flow-to-Equity (FTE) Method.The Weighted Average Cost of Capital methodWACC refers to a weighted average of the cost of debt, the cost of equity, and also the cost of preference shares. Importantly, these weights are the proportion of the capital amount obtained from every component, respective to the total market value (Hillier et al., 2019). Two key suppositions are made concerning WACC. First, it is assumed that the capital structure does not change. That it is supposed that the firms capital structure will continue to be the same in time. The second supposition that is made is that business risk does not change. It is assumed that business…...

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ReferencesAnson, M., White, T., Mcgrew, W., & Butler, B. (2004). Aligning the interest of agents and owners: An empirical examination of executive compensation. Ivey Business Journal, 1, 24.Baker, H. K., & Martin, G. S. (2011). Capital structure and corporate financing decisions: theory, evidence, and practice. John Wiley & Sons.Damodaran, A. (2010). Applied corporate finance. John Wiley & Sons.Ehrhardt, M. C., & Brigham, E. F. (2016). Corporate finance: A focused approach. Cengage learning.Handley, J. C. (2008). Dividend policy: Reconciling DD with MM. Journal of financial economics, 87(2), 528-531.Harris, F. H. D. (1994). Asset specificity, capital intensity and capital structure: an empirical test. Managerial and Decision Economics, 15(6), 563-576.Hillier, D., Ross, S., Westerfield, R., Jaffe, J., Jordan, B. (2019). Corporate Finance: European Edition. McGraw Hill.Jagannathan, M., Stephens, C. P., & Weisbach, M. S. (2000). Financial flexibility and the choice between dividends and stock repurchases. Journal of Financial Economics, 57(3), 355-384.Keith, F. K., & Reilly, C. B. (2004). Investment analysis portfolio management. Cengage Learning.Novaes, W., & Zingales, L. (2003). Capital structure choice when managers are in control: Entrenchment versus efficiency. The Journal of Business, 76(1), 49 – 82.Peterson, P. P., & Fabozzi, F. J. (2002). Capital budgeting: theory and practice (Vol. 10). John Wiley & Sons.Rau, R. (2017). Short introduction to corporate finance. Cambridge University Press.Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R., & Jaffe, J. F. (2005). Corporate finance. Irwin/McGraw-Hill.Samonas, M. (2015). Financial forecasting, analysis, and modeling: a framework for long-term forecasting. John Wiley & Sons.Seal, W. (2006). Management accounting and corporate governance: An institutional interpretation of the agency problem. Management Accounting Research, 17(4), 389-408.Wesson, N., Smit, E., Kidd, M., & Hamman, W. D. (2018). Determinants of the choice between share repurchases and dividend payments. Research in International Business and Finance, 45, 180-196.

Capital Accumulation
In a firm, most of the capital source comes from accumulation. This concept of capital accumulation defines how wealth is generated for the company by adding up amount in cash or other forms of asset into the capital account. Capital accumulation is solely for increasing the profits on the possession of the firm and no other aims are attached with it other than bolstering the revenue holdings of the company. Capital accumulation is not connected with increment in labor input or output. It is dependent upon the existing company profits that the firm uses to maximize the existing capital. Assets that are in possession of the firm can be used to increase the capital by appreciating in their value or acquire assets that can be used to create further wealth. Other ways firms bring accumulation of capital into process is through acquiring shares or mutual funds. Capital accumulation is…...

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References

Giddens, A. (1996). Capitalism and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hunt, E.K., & Lautzenheiser, M. (2011). History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

TR Jain, A.M. (2009). Development Economics. Chicago: FK Publications.

Bay Bithaman Ajil: A Review of Islamic Finance Literature

Introduction
Bay Bithaman Ajil (BBA) is a type of deferred payment sale transaction commonly used in Islamic finance. This literature review explores how Islamic finance literature interprets BBA transactions, examining its key characteristics, permissibility, and practical applications.

Historical and Conceptual Background
BBA originated during the early days of Islamic civilization as a means of facilitating trade and meeting financial needs. The term "Bay" refers to a sale contract, while "Bithaman" means "for a price" and "Ajil" means "deferred." In a BBA transaction, the seller sells an asset to the buyer for a price that is....