Business NEGOTIATIONS (200-250 Words per Question Requested)
Why might a negotiator want to separate the value creation and distribution phases when negotiating? What advantages and disadvantages does this approach offer, whether psychologically or in other strategic ways? Give an example from at least one negotiation you've carried out in the course.

In principle, the negotiator would prefer to separate and differentiate value creation from benefit allocation because that allows the parties maximum latitude and flexibility in setting out their respective interests and objectives. By definition, the distribution phase occurs subsequent to and substantially as a direct function of the respective interests of the parties. If distribution were to precede value creation, the proposed distributions could very likely fail to reflect the interests of the parties and could leave both parties in less desirable situations than they could have achieved through the process of first having articulated their respective objectives. Another fundamental psychological…...

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Lastly, in chapter 9, Hendon, Hendon & Herbig (1999) focus on "what" or the contract, of cross-cultural negotiations. The authors claim the only purpose of cross-cultural negotiations is to product a "contract" or an agreement, which they define as an "exchange of conditional premises in which each party declares it will act in a certain way" only on the condition that the other parties involved agree to live up to their promises (p. 111). As with anything, cultural factors may influence how a contract is used and interpreted. The authors note for example, that in Korea, if one signs a contract in red ink, they can "expect the outcome to come to a bad end" (Hendon, Hendon & Herbig, p. 111).

The authors also proclaim there are two primary forms of contract that can result from cross-cultural negotiations. These include an explicit and detailed contract that outlines every contingency contained…...

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Reference

Hendon, D.W., Hendon, R.A., & Herbig, P. (1999). Cross-cultural business negotiations.

Westport: Praeger Publishers.

Cross-Cultural

Williams should also consider the recommendation of sending some of the employees of C&C Industries of Indian descent to India as a kind of investigative group to meet with individuals of the Indian government with close ties to the software development and marketing industry. All in all, expanding C&C Industries to the nation of India is an excellent idea but should be done with much care and insight by exploring the current market conditions in India and its possible future related to the global software development industry.
ILIOGRAPHY:

"udget View: India usiness News." (June 2009). Reuters India. Internet.

Accessed June 29, 2009 from http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/

idINIndia-40618120090626.

"Doing usiness: Measuring usiness Regulations in India." (2009). World ank

Group. Internet. Accessed June 29, 2009 from http://www.doingbusiness.org/

ExploreEconomies/?economyid=89.

"Doing usiness in India." (2009). U.S. Commercial Service. U.S. Department of Commerce. Internet. Accessed June 28, 2009 from http://www.buyusa.gov / india/en/motm.html.

"India in usiness." (2009). Ministry of External Affairs -- Government of India.

Internet. Accessed…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

"Budget View: India Business News." (June 2009). Reuters India. Internet.

Accessed June 29, 2009 from  http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/ 

idINIndia-40618120090626.

"Doing Business: Measuring Business Regulations in India." (2009). World Bank

It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person's. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Become a highly effective leader; minimize stress; improve decision making; maximize your personal effectiveness; and much, much more.
For a negotiation to be 'win-win', both parties should feel positive about the negotiation once it's over. This helps people keep good working relationships afterwards. This governs the style of the negotiation - histrionics and displays of emotion are clearly inappropriate because they undermine the rational basis of the negotiation and because they bring a manipulative aspect to them.

Despite this, emotion can be an important subject of discussion because people's emotional needs must fairly be met. If emotion is not discussed where it needs to be, then the agreement reached can be unsatisfactory and temporary. Be…...

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References

David Vickrey, "Counter Speculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders," the Journal of Finance, March 1961, pp. 9-37.  http://www.careerwomen.com/pr_Negotiation_Tips.jsp 

Harold Strawbridge, Philadelphia, USA

Gary M. Lawrence, Due Diligence in Business Transactions, (Law Journal Press 1994)

 http://safari.oreilly.com/9780136007364/ch16

Brown spend substantial time critically reviewing general negotiation strategies -- not only those specifically tied to real estate, but practical theories and tactics to employ in any situation -- as well as sound strategies related to home buying and selling. Mrs. Brown was also advised that a lot of the literature related to negotiations is directed at union issues, corporate negotiations and other situations that are not what she will be engaged in specifically.
Mrs. Brown read Peter B. Stark's book, It's Negotiable: The How-To Handbook of in/in Tactics, which provided some good general ideas and some ideas that she certainly wouldn't need. For example, on pages 9-11 Stark offers "Four Keys to Creating a in/in Outcome" which essentially apply strictly to negotiations between organizations. But on pages 31-32 of Stark's book, Mrs. Brown gleaned good information on questioning during negotiations; a) "have a questioning plan," Stark suggests (when you…...

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Works Cited

Babcock, Linda, and Laschever, Sara. (2003). Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender

Divide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Gelfand, Michele J., Major, Virginia Smith, Raver, Jana L., Nishii, Lisa H. And O'Brien, Karen.

(2006). Negotiating Relationally: The Dynamics of the Relational Self in Negotiations.

Negotiation Strategies and Procedures Before Referencing
hat are the fundamental phases of pre-negotiations?

Even before the 'process' of negotiation formally commences, it is essential to know just how long the negotiators have to prepare before the talks begin. This gives the negotiating parties an idea of the possible duration of their antecedent planning activities, as well as the resources (financial and otherwise) available to them to expend upon the planning process. Intelligence gathering is the first critical aspect of the pre-negotiation process. Just as one must 'know the enemy' before a military campaign, a good negotiator must know his or her opponent's strengths and weaknesses, and, is ideally able to incorporate this knowledge into setting goals and creating a strategy to approach the negotiations. Knowing personal characteristics, national characteristics, and the organizational culture of the opposing negotiators is essential.

Formulating goals, that is setting goals for the negotiation process, and knowing what the…...

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Works Cited

Peterson, R.M., and Lucas, G.H. (2001). Expanding the antecedent component of the traditional business negotiation model; Pre-negotiation literature review and planning-preparation propositions. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. Statesboro: Fall 2001

A ussian person may not have encountered an African-American before; a Saudi may have only been exposed to Jewish people in pro-Palestinian literature.
Beyond the personal, different ethical standards also exist in different regions of the world. Bribery of government officials is considered the norm in some areas, such as the Middle East or India, to enable things to 'get done' to circumvent red tape (Kestenbaum 2010). Even the definition of what constitutes a 'win-win' situation for both participants can vary greatly, as in some nations losing face in terms of public perception, or not honoring family members who are part of the organization, can factor into organizational decision-making. In the United States, family considerations regarding an enterprise may take a back seat to profit-making, but in Japan, maintaining continuity of family leadership may be equally important (Beer 2007).

The relationship between entities and employees may also impact negotiations. Some nations,…...

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References

Beer, Jennifer. (2007). Polite fictions. Culture at work. Retrieved October 5, 2010 at  http://www.culture-at-work.com/politefiction.html 

Kestenbaum, David. (2010, April 13). Bribery in India: A good thing? NPR

Retrieved October 5, 2010 at  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126199094 

Women in business in Saudi Arabia. (2010). World Business Culture. Retrieved October 5, 2010

External communication in business involves marketing, advertising, customer relations, business negotiations and things dealing out of the business immediate environment. Both of these types of communication are essential for success (Communication Skills, 2007).
It is very important to be able to listen as well as to talk. People need to be able to listen to internal as well has external communications. Making time to listen to what in house people are saying helps to unify the business organization as a two way street where everyone is on the same team. The same is true for organizations customers as well. Listening to what they have to say can help with business execution of products that the business or organization produces for consumer consumption. Poor communication in business often results in misunderstanding and mistrust on both sides of the business fence which can extend to both within and on the outside of…...

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References

Communication Skills. (2007). Retrieved July 27, 2009, from Web site:

http://www.yourcommunicationskills.com/

Communication Skills Test. (2009). Retrieved July 27, 2009, from Queendom Web site:

 http://www.queendom.com/tests/access_page/index.htm?idRegTest=683

Business
America is a nation founded on the basic belief in equality, is presently a multi-culturally variety of more than 290 million people comprise of different races and cultural heritage. United States exhibits a powerful aspect of regional and ethnic identity, represented by numerous subcultures and influenced by America's extensive geographical and regional disparities. United States influence on business culture is distinctive (Law 145- 9).

However, understanding the business customs and cultural concepts of various businesses is significant when conducting business in America as well as in any other country. The purpose of this paper is to provide information to my corporation about conducting business, particularly concerning the purchase of goods for exports, and the elements required for the success of the business. In this paper, I must emphasize that conducting business is vast and does not necessarily include hiring people or opening up new business units (Law 145- 9).

Cultural elements…...

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Works Cited

Ball, D., McCulloch Jr., W., Geringer, J., Minor, M., and McNett, J. International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition, 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill, 2005.

Clearly Cultural. Cultural Dimensions. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from.  http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/power-distance-index/ 

CTU Online. (Ed.). Phase 2 Course Material [multimedia presentation]. Colorado Springs, CO: CTU Online. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from CTU Online, Virtual Campus,

Law, W. (2006) Information Resources Management: Global Changes. Idea Group Publishing: London, England.

Negotiation: A Required Skill in Leadership
Negotiation as a Leadership Skill

Negotiation

A Required Skill in Leadership

Negotiation

A Required Skill in Leadership

The purpose of this work is to write a memorandum to a colleague describing the characteristics of effective leaders for the public sector in the 21st century. Included will be negotiation and mediation skills and the reasons that these characteristics are important in today's leaders. In the work of Michael E. Siegel on Leadership in American Presidents presented is a "model of effective leadership based on a four-part framework used to analyze the performance of three recent American presidents" stated to be Carter, Reagan, and ush. The framework reportedly can be utilized by leaders as well as managers in the public and private sector organizations in self-analysis as to performance in what is stated to be "four critical areas of leadership." Siegel (2001) This is particularly true in the business world of today…...

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Bibliography:

Braham, Barbara (2004) Negotiation Tips: Skills Techniques & Strategies for Effective Negotiation  http://www.bbraham.com/html/negotiation.html 

Howard Gardner "Using Multiple Intelligence to Improve Negotiation Theory and Practice." Negotiation Journal October 2000: 321-324.

Katheleen M. Eisenhardt, Jean L. Kahwajy and L.J Bourgeois III "How management teams can have a good Fight" Harvard Business Review. July-Aug 1997.

Lewicki, Roy J, David M. Saunders, and John Minton. Essentials of Negotiations. NY: McGrew Hill 2nd edition 2000.

communications in business. Specifically it will discuss communication in business in Japan, including intercultural interactions and successful communications. Often we don't think about the culture and etiquette of doing business in another country, and that's a giant mistake. For example, communication with Japanese clients can be very different that communication with clients here in America. Here are some tips on how to communicate effectively while you're working with Japanese clients.
When we do business in Japan, we must be aware of differing cultural values, language, etiquette, and business customs that can be very different from our own. To ensure that we don't offend or anger our Japanese business partners, we need to ensure that we act and communicate according to their customs, to ensure our success. We also want our staff to feel comfortable while they're working in Japan, and suffer from as little culture shock as possible, so business…...

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References

Abrahams, M. (2009). Doing business in Japan. Retrieved 16 Oct. 2009 from the TopMBA.com Web site:  http://www.topmba.com/articles/careers/same-difference-doing-business-japan .

Editors. (2009). Japanese business etiquette. Retrieved 16 Oct. 2009 from the University of Texas at Dallas Web site:  http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm .

Fashol, G. (2009). Japanese business etiquette. Retrieved 16 Oct. 2009 from the Eurotechnology.com Web site:

 http://eurotechnology.com/doing-business-in-japan/06_japanese_business_etiquette.shtml .

Business Ethics: China and Mexico
This work in writing will discuss the business ethics in view of countries that are foreign to one another and specifically the countries of ussia and China and Mexico. This work will contrast and compare the business ethics of these two countries toward providing a contribution to the global ethical perspective. The work of Ma (2010) states that business ethics "refer to the moral principles or values that govern a group of people. These principles and values distinguish right from wrong, good from evil, and thereby guide individuals in their personal and professional decision making." As noted in the work entitled "European Business and Economics Ethics: Diagnosis -- Dialogue -- Debate: Is There a European Business and Economic Ethics Approach?" presented at the Berlin September 2007 states that the economic reality in Europe today is increasingly determined by pan-European and global forces that transcend the…...

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References

Iwan, Lee (2006) How to do business in Mexico. Lee Iwan Accumulated Experience. Retrieved from:  http://leeiwan.wordpress.com/how-to-do-business-in-mexico-parts-1-28/ 

Iwan, Lee (2010) Corruption, Bribes, Mordidas, tips." Lee Iwan Accumulated Experiences. Retrieved from:  http://leeiwan.wordpress.com/2006/11/07/corruption-bribes-mordidas-tips-doing-business-in-mexico/ 

Ma, Zhenzhong (2010) The SINS in Business Negotiations: Explore the cross-Cultural Differences in Business Ethics Between Canada and China. Journal of Business Ethics 2010. Retrieved from: http://sixdegreemarketing.com/marketing/work%20images/MY%20FILES/FIT/paper/ZZ%20-%20ones%20that%20I%20have%20used/social/Explore%20the%20Cross-Cultural%20Differences%20in%20Business%20Ethics%20Between%20Canada%20and%20China.Full%20Text%20Available.pdf

MacDonald, Chris (2010) Business Ethics in China. The Business Ethics Blog. 30 Aug 2010. Retrieved from:  http://businessethicsblog.com/2010/08/30/business-ethics-in-china/

.....entrepreneur one must endure multiple hardships. These hardships define people as leaders or failures. Women in the last few decades have amidst gender inequality, started businesses. This had led to a major growth in the number of women entrepreneurs in a predominantly male-dominated area. However, while women entrepreneurship has written, the persistent inequalities and continued views of women have led to the assumption that entrepreneurship may still be gendered. Meaning, society views only men as the main bread winners and capable of being effective leaders that entrepreneurs are defined as. This paper supports this assumption and will provide evidence of gendered entrepreneurship as well as literature that goes against such notion, demonstrating the potential for the gender gap to narrow in the future.
To first understand the potential of gendered entrepreneurship, one must first define it. Gendered entrepreneurship is a hypothesis considering entrepreneurship to have gendered patterns. The UK was the…...

Business Communication
The success of any business enterprise depends on a multitude of crucial factors, one of them being the ability of its administrators to communicate in a clear and effective manner. The quality of business communications therefore, having a direct impact on the economic act, is hereby studied at four specific levels, as follows:

Interpersonal business communication

Negotiation

Conflict management, and last

Inter-cultural business communication

Interpersonal business communication

Melinda Knight starts her 2005 article at the premise that efficient business communications at the managerial level are quintessential for the overall success of the enterprise. Yet, despite this generally accepted notion, the managers have little actual training of interpersonal communications during their formation in universities or other non- U.S. MBA programs. While some programs have some unaligned courses of interpersonal communications in the business settings, other programs do not include the subject in their curricula at all. Knight asserts the importance of managerial communications, but argues that…...

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References:

Agndal, H., (2005) Current trends in business negotiation research, Stockholm School of Economics,   accessed on March 23, 2016http://swoba.hhs.se/hastba/papers/hastba2007_003.pdf 

Beckers, A.M., Bsat, M.Z. (2014) An analysis of intercultural business communications, Journal of Business & Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 3

Corkindale, G., (2007) How to manage conflict, Harvard Business Review,   / accessed on March 23, 2016https://hbr.org/2007/11/how-to-manage-conflict 

Hynes, G.E., (2012) Improving employees' interpersonal communication competencies, Business Communication Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 4

A draft of this presentation is revealed below:
Whenever I was watching television, I found myself fascinated by commercials. They were my favorite thing on TV. They were original, creative and I though that the people creating them were very talented. But the commercials I used to love were generally created by large size companies, conglomerates even. I remember enjoying the Nike and the Schweppes commercials especially, as they were engaging and often interactive. But in the creation of these commercials, vast resources had been engaged.

Still, not all companies have the possibility of financing vast marketing campaigns. But all companies need to promote themselves and their products in order to succeed in this growingly complex, dynamic and competitive market place.

Our company aims specifically at this need for marketing support, especially on the part of small and medium size companies in the local community, for whom the hiring and permanent maintenance…...

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References:

Armstrong, G., Harker, M., Kotler, P., Brennan, R., 2009, Marketing: an introduction, 9th edition, Pearson Education

Roberts, S., What is win-win negotiation? Negotiations,   / last accessed on April 11, 2012http://www.negotiations.com/articles/win-win-settlements 

Vervest, P., 2005, Smart business network, Springer

The small business management series -- establish business networks

1. The importance of understanding nonverbal cues in cross-cultural communication
2. Differences in nonverbal communication gestures among various cultures
3. How cultural norms and values influence nonverbal communication behaviors
4. The impact of nonverbal communication on cultural misunderstandings and conflicts
5. How to effectively navigate nonverbal communication barriers in diverse cultural settings
6. The role of nonverbal communication in building relationships and establishing trust in different cultures
7. Strategies for improving cross-cultural nonverbal communication skills
8. The use of technology and virtual communication in cross-cultural interactions
9. Case studies on successful and unsuccessful nonverbal communication practices in intercultural contexts
10. The future of nonverbal communication in a globalized world.
11.....