Ethics

In viewing the basic definition of bureaucracy and in noting some of the country's most recent examples of success and failure in the bureaucratic business world, one can see that the issue is clearly two-sided and will likely remain so for many years to come. However, despite the split in opinion, the question of ethics and bureaucracy can be delved into in rational manner that, in the end, finds in favor of ethical bureaucratic dealings within the business world.

hile critics debate that bureaucracy and its management positions provide for a stagnant work environment, supporters argue that bureaucracy in business is based in efficiency, which is essential for longevity. Bureaucracy in business must be approached in an collectivist way -- which ensures that ethics reside in a community of individuals rather than in one person alone (Brown 1). Individuals working in a bureaucratic business must act appropriately in the context of…...

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Works Cited

Allan, Kenneth. Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social Work.

2005. Newbury Park, CA: Pine Forge Press. Print.

Business Dictionary. "Bureaucracy." Online Business Dictionary. 2012. Web. Retrieved

from: businessdictionary.com/definition/bureaucracy.html [Accessed on 23 March 2012].http://www.

Such resources will include proper funding for facilities, personnel, technological and communicational resources and other such elements required for an administrative capacity congruent with the needs of the public which it is designed to serve.
It is thus that the bulk of Meier's book concerns the actual structure of a government based on the principle of bureaucracy. Here, he explores in detail the relationship between a variant of agencies and the way in which these help to maintain the sensible interaction of the government's three demarcated branches. Though he refers to it as the fourth branch in the title of his book, he nonetheless appears to illustrate in this chapter that bureaucracy is instead the versatile membrane transmitting communication and action amidst the multifarious responsibilities of the federal administration. In this regard, the Meier text comes ultimately to confirm the major claims of Foucault, which suggest a reciprocity between our…...

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Works Cited:

Alesina, a. & Tabellini, G. (2008). Bureaucrats or Politicians? Journal of Public Economics, 92, 3-4, 426-447.

Clegg, S. (1994). Weber and Foucault: Social Theory for the Study of Organizations. Sage.

Downs, a. (1964). Inside Bureaucracy. Real Estate Research Corporation.

Felluga, D. (2002). Modules on Foucault: On Panoptic and Carceral Society. Introductory Guide to Critical Theory.f

ureaucracy as a Necessary Evil: The Formalized of the Organizational Structure of Government Agencies
The creation of an efficient and competitive civil service that is the bureaucracy found in most governments today is often identified as a "necessary evil." Described as a specific form of organization that aims "to provide as much efficiency as possible" and to set up a "hierarchically structured decision-making process that reduces...personal factors to a minimum" (Jackson, 2002:276).

It is evident that bureaucracy is created carrying with it its advantages for the efficient performance of the government. However, the claim that bureaucracy is a "necessary evil" is best expressed from the point-of-view of the politicians and elected members of the government. ureaucracy as a necessary evil may also be the opinion of people who had frustrating experiences working with or seeking help from members of the bureaucratic government. Often termed as "red tape," bureaucracy, instead of promoting efficiency…...

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Bibliography

Jackson, R. (2002). A comparative introduction to political science. NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Peters, B. (2001). The politics of bureaucracy. NY: Routledge.

An empowered employee may disobey rules and procedures to help a customer and in turn the organization itself.
For further analysis of delegation and empowerment, we need to understand the concept of power itself. In bureaucracies, work is simply done by following preset procedures. Leadership doesn't usually have to impose power, in fact power is granted to employees to choose the best available choice (decision-making) cohering with the rules and regulations. Most discussions on power often incorporate the five categories of the social power identified by the psychologists John French and Bertram aven (1959). These five classic types of power include reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert. eward, a source of power is based on a person's ability to control resources and reward others; while the target of this power must appreciate these rewards. Coercive power is as the name suggests, related to fear. The person with coercive power has…...

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References

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2002) AusStats: Community services.

Chester I. Bernard. (1938). The Foundation of the Executive, Harvard University Press, Cambridge., (pp. 73)

Jackson, A.C. And Donovan, F. (1999) Managing to survive. Managerial Practice in Not-for-Profit Organisations. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

John R.P. French, Jr., and Bertram Raven,. (1959). "The Base of Social Power," in D. Cartwright (Ed), Studies in Social Power, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor.

Bureaucracy
Working within a large bureaucracy can be at once frightening and comforting, frustrating and easy. Three of the advantages of working within a large bureaucracy include role differentiation, anonymity, and clarity of procedures, rules, and regulations. For example, because of the hierarchical structure of the organization, employees know their roles. Role conflict and job task confusion is relatively rare in organizations with strict hierarchical structures because each individual performs a specific set of tasks and reports to specific supervisors. Working within a large bureaucracy also affords a level of anonymity not available to those who work in smaller companies. Employees who prefer to keep their professional and personal lives separate, for example, might prefer the anonymity of the large corporate structure. Finally, large bureaucracies are renown for their "red tape," the rules, official procedures, and paperwork that comes with the territory. However annoying it can be at times, such red…...

Another area of concern that adds up to a great deal of student disappointment comes in the form of basic interoffice communications. The foundation of any great institution is often based in its ability to converse effectively and efficiently between various university functions. The school continuously mishandles interactions between the Financial Aid office, the Registrar's office and the Bursar's office. Direct communications or routed communications are a regular mess and it makes one wonder if there is no phone training going on whatsoever. Other problems occur it anyone tries to communicate with the transfer's office or if the registrar has to speak with any educational department. University-based bureaucracies traditionally do not create policy but they are needed to enact it. Thus, if there has to be a bureaucracy to handle the mountains of forms, files and communications for the many students of the school, then at least make an added…...

In other words, there is no ability, under Kant's guidelines, for one to exclude themselves from the duties that human beings under this standard are all held to.
The belief that looking the other way in terms of ethical standards cannot hurt the greater good of a company is a completely naive notion. Much like the adage, "one bad apple spoils the bunch," so too can a mere instance of unethical behavior within a business throw a theoretical wrench in the works of everything that company has set out to do. Therefore, an ethical framework must be laid out within a company from the ground-up, cemented in all levels of employee actions, in order to ensure that a certain standards of ethics and excellence is required. In situations such as this, business managers as well as entry-level employees must hold themselves to the same standards, each operating on an even…...

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Works Cited

Bowie, Norman. "A Kantian Approach to Business Ethics," in Robert Frederick [editor]

A Companion to Business Ethics. 2002. pp. 3-16. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing. Print.

Ethisphere. "World's Most Ethical Companies: 2012." Ethisphere. 2012. Web. Retrieved

from:   / [Accessed on 23 March 2012].http://ethisphere.com/worlds-most-ethical-companies-testimonials 

As an economist who had studied administrative and regulatory law, he saw the waste and inefficiency in socialism, but he points out that Lenin and Hitler, as well as the British champions of socialization and "thus the most eminent advocates of socialism implicitly admit that their tenets and plans cannot stand the criticism of economic science and are doomed under a regime of freedom" (von Mises 119)

In Bureaucracy, von Mises concluded that every man cannot be an economist, that professionals have an advantage over laymen as they devote all their time to that one thing, becoming specialists in their area. Highly regulated fields include environmental protection, healthcare, and professional licensing. Understanding and applying principles of administrative law are critical to a smooth functioning of government. Administrative law is also important in interactions with government in its proprietary capacity, such as eminent domain, real estate development, contracts and construction. As the…...

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References

Benson, H., (Jan-Feb 2005). Focusing the AFL-CIO debate: Bureaucracy v. Democracy. Union Democracy Review #154. Jan-Feb 2005.Association for Union Democracy.

Webster, N. (1974). Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. Nashville: The Southwestern Co.

A von Mises, L. (1944). Bureaucracy. Auburn, Alabama: Mises.

Large corporations are entities that most people work for and are used to, that focus all power on the leaders, as "the deciders," who make decisions, good or bad, for everyone below them. The employees of a large corporation must go along with the decisions that the leaders make because they have no choice. A government run on these principles is not a democracy. It is a bureaucracy.

ilson (James Q. ilson, Bureaucracy: hat Government Agencies Do hy They Do it), describe discuss judges (Courts) bureaucrats world differently. You book James Q. ilson, Bureaucracy: hat Government Agencies Do hy They Do It edition.
The world from the perspective of judges, and, respectively, bureaucrats

hile many have the tendency to look at judges and bureaucrats as largely being similar in scope and behavior, the reality is that they are really different. The environments in which they function in are very different and most organizations and tasks they work with also differ largely. Judges and bureaucrats can actually work against each-other in some cases, with the latter sometimes having authority over a series of legislations that the former want to change. As a consequence, the two groups can have opposing interests and can go as far as to use all of their influence and resources with the purpose to achieve their…...

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Works cited:

Wilson, J.Q. "Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and why They Do it." (Basic Books, 2000)

Bureaucracy
Today's organizations, regardless of their business focus, possess qualities of a bureaucratic nature, including excessive paperwork, red tape, and other challenging bottlenecks that can hinder productivity and performance. Consequently, organizations are often limited in their activities and the potential to produce quality results in a timely fashion. The following references from professional journals will discuss this dilemma in detail, both within governmental bodies and within the public sector. It will be demonstrated that modern bureaucracies can serve as both a blessing and a nightmare, depending on the situation.

An article by Chang and Turnbull (2002) entitled "Bureaucratic behavior in the local public sector: a revealed preference approach" provides an analysis of the popular opinion that bureaucracies are largely influenced by public spending, and although this concept deserves attention, other theories have been developed that contrast this model. According to the authors, "In the U.S. And other countries with strong democratic…...

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Works Cited

Chang, C., and Turnbull, G. "Bureaucratic behavior in the local public sector:

revealed preference approach." Public Choice 113 (2002): 191-209.

Kaufman, H. "Major players: bureaucracies in American government." Public

Administration Review 61.1 (2001): 18-42.

Internship Tasks
Main task during the internship was articles about Dow Water & Process Solutions (DW&PS). The aim was to illustrate the processes going in water treatment plants and to explain the importance of wastewater reuse. Also, I helped preparing a few press releases that informed about new technologies or projects DW&PS is involved in. Such was the DEMOWARE press release, which I found very interesting and decided to look into it beyond the tasks that are normally involved in the work.

The internship in context to the study of Sociology

Analyzing legal policies might be vital for finding solutions for improving the overall image of a client or the functionality of its products. By promoting DW&PS, we talk about the solutions their products bring for issues that the general public may not be well aware of and like that it is aimed to raise awareness in the society, which will result…...

Toulmin's Model On Holding Bureaucracy Accountable
"How to use this worksheet":

"Toulmin's model is an effective tool to help you question your sources and the essential elements of your own argument."

"Use a separate copy of this worksheet to evaluate each of your sources. Once you've identified the specific parts of each argument, compare the claims, the data, the warrants (along with any qualifiers, rebuttals, or backing). Note where arguments are similar or different, weaker or stronger, supported by more or less (or by convincing or unconvincing) data."

"Use another copy of the worksheet to plan your own argument. Decide on a claim that is supported by the data and the warrants you have discovered through your research. Knowing the elemental structure of your argument is an essential step toward producing an effective argument."

Source: (ecord the full source citation here)____ 1.omzek, B.S. & Dubnick, M.J. (1987). Accountability in the Public Sector: Lessons From the…...

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Romzek, B.S. & Dubnick, M.J. (1987). Accountability in the Public Sector: Lessons From the Challenger Tragedy. Public Administration Review. 47:227 -238

Lipsky, M.(1980). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. _ Russell Sage Foundation._

Lowi, T.J. (1979). The End of Liberalism.: The Second Republic of the United States. New York. W.W. Norton & Company

They have increased in number substantially in recent decades and now occupy a significant position of influence not only with the higher levels of the international bureaucracy as lobbying groups but also with a more grassroots level of inspiring awareness and action among individuals who may, in turn, influence their respective national governments.
Perhaps it will be this non-bureaucratic movement that will eventually be the most influential in terms of changing international environmental policies. NGOs are an almost surefire way to encourage the bureaucracy to affect change; the "are indirect means of influencing industry's [or the bureaucracy's] environmental performance." Perhaps it will be these organizations' informing the public, depicting the consequences of a lack of regulation, and teaching individuals how to organize for change that will eventually influence the gridlocked bureaucracy of government and international organizations with regard to environmental regulations.

ureaucracies serve a range of purposes, whether in the form…...

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Bibliography

Bramble, Barbara and Porter, Garteh, "Non-Governmental Organizations and the Making of U.S. International Environmental Policy" in The International Politics of Environment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Grabowsky, Peter, Gunningham, Neil and Sinclair, Darren, "Parties, Roles and Interactions" in Smart Regulation. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1998

Hurrell, Andrew and Kingsbury, Benedict. The International Politics of Environment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992

Karawan, Ibrahim A., "The Case for a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone In the Middle East," in Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones, ed. Ramesh Thakur. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998

Moral Mazes: Bureaucracy and Managerial Work
riginally published in the Harvard Business Review's 1983 edition, Robert Jackall's interpretive sociological analysis entitled "Moral Mazes: Bureaucracy and Managerial Work" seeks to explore the ethical and moral ramifications of managerial work. By conducting what he terms "a great many extensive interviews with managers and executives in several large corporations," the author proposes to "study how bureaucracy -- the prevailing organizational form of our society and economy -- shapes moral consciousness" (Jackall, 1983). The result is an incisively written essay that manages to cover the historical influences of the Protestant Ethic on modern work habits, the pyramidal political structure employed by most large corporate conglomerates, and the capricious nature of success within a sprawling bureaucracy. Jackall's authorial tone throughout the essay is one of reserved bemusement, suggesting that this empirically minded lifelong scholar has reservations regarding the wholly subjective methods used both by those in…...

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Originally published in the Harvard Business Review's 1983 edition, Robert Jackall's interpretive sociological analysis entitled "Moral Mazes: Bureaucracy and Managerial Work" seeks to explore the ethical and moral ramifications of managerial work. By conducting what he terms "a great many extensive interviews with managers and executives in several large corporations," the author proposes to "study how bureaucracy -- the prevailing organizational form of our society and economy -- shapes moral consciousness" (Jackall, 1983). The result is an incisively written essay that manages to cover the historical influences of the Protestant Ethic on modern work habits, the pyramidal political structure employed by most large corporate conglomerates, and the capricious nature of success within a sprawling bureaucracy. Jackall's authorial tone throughout the essay is one of reserved bemusement, suggesting that this empirically minded lifelong scholar has reservations regarding the wholly subjective methods used both by those in managerial positions, and the companies that chose to promote them.

The essential argument presented within Jackall's text holds that a corporate entity's hierarchal structure leads to a decided lack of moral or ethical accountability on the part of senior or middle managers. By observing that "power is concentrated at the top in the person of the chief executive officer and is simultaneously decentralized; that is, responsibility for decisions and profits is pushed as far down the organizational line as possible" (Jackall, 1983), the author exposes a fundamental myth of the corporate lifestyle: that those in the highest positions are tasked with the most responsibility. The ethical implications of this arrangement are further examined by Jackall, who posits that the modern CEO or executive figure is better served by a policy of deflection and diversion, in which instructions given to subordinates are made loosely and in unclear language, thus preserving the manager's "privilege of authority to declare that a mistake has been made" (1983). The author presents numerous examples of managers attaining high-ranking positions on the merit of work produced for them by subordinates, illustrating the fallacious aspect of one of industry's most oft repeated tropes: that hard work translates into success.

The concept of success is also explored in great detail by Jackall, who asserts in the opening paragraph of his essay that "in the end, it is success that matters, that legitimates striving, and that makes work worthwhile" (1983). Throughout his extensive research period, spent in close conjunction with managers at a large chemical company and a textile firm, Jackall noticed a telling pattern in which "managers rarely spoke & #8230; of objective criteria for achieving success because once certain crucial points in one's career are passed, success and failure seem to have little to do with one's accomplishments" (1983). This disconnect between the value of one's work and the success garnered from it has spawned a corporate culture with a decidedly distorted value system, one in which the traditional work ethic has been abandoned for naked ambition and relentless ladder climbing.

The post 1919 era saw the emergence of Gandhi and the Congress that replaced British rule, as well as -- and contrary to Gandhi's attempts -- embracing of violence by some parties in order to gain independence.

India achieved her independence in 1947, but with it came a host of unexpected difficulties that the newborn country, until then dependent on Britain, had difficulties coming to grips with. These included development administration and promoting rapid socio-economic progress in a country that undergoing economic stress.

The state services were constructed according to departments and were divided into a descending level of four groups: Group A, B, C, and D. each distinguished by the responsibility of its work and the qualifications of its performers.

Group A -- the most important -- is the general administrative service whose members are annually promoted into the IAS. The higher civil servants generally come from the urban middle class with…...

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Reference

Kumar, F. Essay on the origin and development of bureaucracy in India. Political Science www.preservearticles.com/political-science

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