ritain, Australia
The concept of transportation as a punishment for criminals dates back to before the establishment of the Australian colonies. The first ritish law establishing transportation as a means of dealing with criminals was the Transportation Act of 1718. This imposed sentences of transportation to the American Colonies for offences seen as too serious to be adequately punished by whipping but not serious enough to merit the death penalty. The American War of Independence effectively ended trans-Atlantic transportation, and felons sentenced to be transported were confined with ritain by means of prison hulks, in which conditions were appalling. Transportation overseas began again with the departure of the first convicts for the new Australian penal colony of otany ay in 1787. For nearly eighty years after that date, ritish convicts were sent to penal colonies in Australia; penal transportation was not abolished until 1857, and even after that date, until 1868,…...

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Bibliography

Albinski, Henry S., Australian External Policy Under Labor (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1977).

Dixson, Miriam, The Imaginary Australian: Anglo-Celts and Identity, 1788 to the Present (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1999).

Emsley, Clive, Crime and Society in England 1750-1900 (London: Longman, 1996).

Evans, Raymond & Thorpe, Bill, 'Commanding men: masculinities and the convict system', Journal of Australian Studies, no. 56 (2002).

Furthermore, if it came across the probability of war, it was not its plan to participate. Hence, focus on technological development with respect to warfare was ignored. It is ironic to state that a country which was leading the world in particular period of time ignored the possibility of having war. It is surprising to quote that the Great ritain could not comprehend the changed direction of winds which was starting to blow against it. Yet, in another words, it can be said that the Great ritain ignored the concept of self defence which forced it to deviate from developing defence related machinery and equipment.
When the War started and the Great ritain realised that it too was the part in it, it started its planning but it was too late to react in the right manner. The reactive approach forced the Great ritain to address the preset issues only…...

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Bibliography

Barber, Mark. The British Fleet Air Arm in World War II. UK: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2012.

Henry, Mark. The U.S. Navy in World War II. UK: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2012.

Morison, Samuel. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Illinois: University of Illinois, 2002.

Stevenson, David. 1914-1918: the history of the First World War. USA: Penguin, 2004.

At the start of the 20th century, France was still bitter about their loss of power in Egypt and continued fighting for African lands, including Morocco. Further fighting erupted over the canal, now between Britain and the newly alligned Germany and Turkey; however, the attempts at seizure were not successful. Soon after, France divided up a large portion of the Ottoman empire with Britain after the fall of Turkey in 1918.

The two rivals were still neck and neck in competition.

A New Imperialism and the "Scramble for Africa"

After a period in which the drive to conquer was partially put on the back burner (1860 -1880), a new lust for the expansion of empires took hold of Europe in the late 19th century. There were multiple reasons for this new wave among Europeans -- many of them similar to the reasons for the first rise of imperialism -- including: the need for…...

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References

Aldred, John. British Imperial and foreign policy. Heinemann, 2004.

Bell, Jeffrey. Industrialization and Imperialism. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.

Chamberlain, Muriel. The Scramble for Africa. Longman, 1999.

Chapman, J. The Westminster Review: Napoleon in Egypt. London: Frederick Warne and Co., 1898.

This, in turn would have a negative effect on the labor market, resulting in a sharp increase in unemployment.
While part of the goal of the EMU is for market convergence that will country-specific implications of EMU economic policies, there is no evidence that this will be true of the mortgage markets where people physically live, so Britain would be left with economic instability.

What type of British companies would most likely benefit from joining EMU?

Any company that exports to another Euroland country will no longer have the cost of converting one national currency to another. Multinationals also save money if all their subsidiaries trade in the same currency. Further, companies won't have to worry about exchange rate fluctuations and all will have access to a larger, more transparent market that will bring down prices and make firms better able to compete internationally.

Some believe that joining the EMU would help small…...

Britain's autonomy centers on Sterling and the Bank of England. he United Kingdom was the most prominent country to have abstained from Europe's effort to create a common currency, which caused such prominent and popular political figures as Lady Margaret hatcher to be ousted. Once a mere cog in the economic hegemony of the United States following the Bretton Woods conference, England is a currency trading powerhouse, with nearly 700 billion pounds sterling trading hands every day in London's interbank market. In that many believe or once believed the currency issue to have the ability to economically castrate Britain, the nature of the Bank of England, monetary policy, and the recent history of the Pound deserve our redress.
he determinants of the value of the Pound differ markedly from times past. Forward rates on foreign currencies are calculated on the basis of interest rates, the balance of trade, and monetary…...

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The Economist. Tomorrow, Perhaps. 1 November 1997.  http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=104007 

The Economist. Batting for Britain. 1 May 1998.  http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=148411 

Wall Street Journal. 4 April 2003.

Euro had a positive effect upon its members?
The euro has been the currency of the European Monetary Union (EMU) since January 1, 1999 (Auswartiges Amt, 2004). The euro was introduced slowly for member states. It has been a deposit currency since January 1999 and notes and coins have been in circulation since January 2002. Since March 2002 most European countries have exclusively used euro and cent as their currency.

The euro has become a new global currency as a transaction currency for trade and a reserve currency alongside the dollar (Auswartiges Amt, 2004). Thus, its benefits are vast, opening new doors for the euro zone representing a population of nearly 300 million, about 20% of global output and a 16.6% share of world trade. According to estimates by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) the euro is more than just the sum…...

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Bibliography

Euro Facts. (2004). Countries, coins and timetable. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.theeurodebate.co.uk/facts.htm.

Mandelson, P. (May 22, 2003). There are six economic tests, not five. The Guardian.

Rinkinen, L. Hannu, S. (January, 2004). The Impact of EMU Membership and Euro Currency on Business - Experiences of Finnish Firms. Helsinki School of Economics.

Templeton, J. (2000). The UK and the Euro. London: John Wiley and Sons.

British History:
Britain is a country that has been shaped by turmoil and several significant events that have taken place in the nation's history. While some of the events have also had significant impact on other countries, Britain has mainly been shaped by events that have occurred within the country. Generally, British history is characterized by a variety of individuals occupying a wide range of regions. In some cases, the country has experienced intermittent periods of collaboration and rivalry between people occupying various parts of the United Kingdom. Some of the major events in British history that have dramatically influenced the United Kingdom, the British society, and Britain's international presence include the Battle of Britain, The Colonial Empire, and Defeat of the Spanish Armada.

The Battle of Britain:

The prelude to the Battle of Britain was characterized by little time between the Fall of France and the beginning of this war for…...

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References:

Ayegboyin, D (2008), Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation, National Open University of Nigeria, viewed 7 August 2012,

Bungay, S (2010), The Most Dangerous Enemy: An Illustrated History of the Battle of Britain,

MBI Publishing Company, New York

Cobbett, W (1998), A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, Tan Books & Publishers Inc., London

There are too many factors and situations that affect the performance of a country's economy that deciding on success or failure based upon on factor is highly unfair. Many of the factors that end up affecting a particular economy are many times things that a certain country has any control over. The world has gone global and so must the governing of countries economies. It is no longer just about what goes on at a domestic level but is more about what is happening across the globe. Not only does each country like Britain and Japan need to have economic policies in place for how to deal with their domestic economy there also needs to be policies in place to deal with the global economy as a whole. The global market has to be treated just like an economy all of its own, because of the tremendous influence that…...

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References

Amadeo, Kimberly. (2009). Japan's Recession - What Caused Recession in Japan, and How it

Affects the U.S. Retrieved May 25, 2010, from About Web site:

 http://useconomy.about.com/od/grossdomesticproduct/a/Japan_Recession.htm 

Kesselman,

While urbanization is identified as the main cause of poverty in Britain during the Industrial Revolution period, social problems related to health, education, and employment led the nation to poverty. As a result of increasing growth of population in the cities, poor living conditions became rampant, resulting to illnesses in urban areas. As a result, the government needed not only to provide help for people whose health has suffered, but it also had to bear the economic downturn that resulted from lack of workers in its industries due to low number of workers working its industries and factories.

In addition to community health problems, Britain also faced the challenge of negotiating with workers' unions in order to keep the economy running. The government's failure to address this social problem efficiently led to a slowdown in its economic activities, hurting its growth in the long run.

Lastly, education as a 'sub-cause' that led…...

William Hogarth
18th century Britain was a society that was undergoing a great deal of political, economic, and social change. The British Parliament was developing the modern form of parliamentary democracy, complete with elections, a Prime Minister, and power residing with the people's representatives. And while the previous centuries had been plagued with religious and political strife, the 18th century would be based upon economics and commercialism. Britain underwent a dramatic economic change which exacerbated the already fractious social divisions and creating an entire new type of society. One contemporary social commentator, who analyzed 18th century British society through his cartoons was William Hogarth and a study of his work can shed a great deal of light on the type of society in Britain at that time, as well as the types of social discord which were present.

The 18th century saw dramatic changes in all aspects of British society; from the…...

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References

Hogarth, William. (1822). Gin Alley. Retrieved from http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/hogarth_william_ginlane.htm

Jacob, Margaret. (2001). The Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents. Boston,

MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Print.

As our textbook demonstrates, there were a range of factors that “loaded the dice of fate” in the favor of Britain to ensure that the industrial revolution occurred around 1800 in their nation. One of these factors were raw materials crucial for industrialization to occur. As our textbook illuminates, Britain had large quantities of coal and iron to use and invest in this revolution, and to ensure its success.[footnoteRef:1] There was also the advantage of accessibility of New World lands as means of financial investment and also to offer raw materials, should the movement of industrialization warrant it.[footnoteRef:2] However, perhaps the more compelling reason was social and environmental. Great Britain fostered an environment that was experimental and that frankly encouraged experimentation. For a great mind, this is a crucial. Even the most brilliant minds need the opportunity to try and fail repeatedly in order to create a more brilliant invention.…...

NHS in Modern Britain
What are the most important factors influencing the NHS in modern Britain?

The National Health Service (NHS) was founded after the end of World War II. This is because the war highlighted a number of challenges that had to be addressed to include:

Inequality in the way services are delivered.

Financial difficulties associated with voluntary hospitals.

Views that the government could more effectively provide services to the general public.

The establishment of an existing emergency medical service as a part of the war effort.

The combination of these factors meant that there was a transformation in the way health care services were provided to everyone. This is when the NHS became the primary organization for delivering these services after 1948. (ivett 2011)

Since this time, the NHS has become an integral part in the way health care solutions are provided in Britain. However, this system has resulted in a number of different factors…...

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References

Health Care Spending Around the World, 2012, Guardian. Available from: [23 Sept. 2012].

Mackean, L, 2012, NHS Paid, BBC. Available from: [23 Sept. 2012].

Praites, N, 2012, Is the NHS becoming more Bureaucratic, Pulse Today. Available from: [23 Sept. 2012].

Rivett, G, 2011, National Health Service History, NHS History. Available from: [23 Sept. 2012].

Naval History
France only had Britain as its enemy between 1803 and 1805. Napoleon Bonaparte, the famous French leader and politician, after conquering Italy and Egypt had its eyes on England territory for occupation. His Grand Armee sat idly around Boulogne in the hundreds of anchored ships in the channel ports. Napoleon's naval strategies to crush the British oyal Army using his French and Spanish fleets failed at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 (Dugdale-Pointon January 07, 2006). [1: Dugdale-Pointon, T. historyofwar, "Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)." http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_napoleon.html]

The Naval Strategies of Britain and France (1803-1805)

Both France and Britain derived towards war due to a mutual misunderstanding. Both the countries were not fully prepared to conduct a renewed war against each other. There were no geo-strategic reasons that compelled the two opponents to declare a war against each other. Britain wanted to rebel against France simply because they could no more withstand the continuous…...

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References" An Admirable Hero; His Radical Tactics Paved the Way for Nelson's Victory at Trafalgar. Now the Navy Is Paying Tribute to the Scot Who Saved Britain."The Daily Mail (London, England), October 11, 2010, 15.   T., and P. Craig. Naval Historical Society of Australia, "Trafalgar - the Men, the Battle, the Storm." Last modified 2005. Accessed December 7, 2011. http://www.navyhistory.org.au/trafalgar-the-men-the-battle-the-storm/.Dugdale-Pointon, T. historyofwar, "Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)." Last modified January 07, 2006. Accessed December 7, 2011.  http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_napoleon.html Fisher, Herbert. 1913. Napoleon. New York: Henry Holt and Company.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5637802.Historyworld , "HISTORY OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS." Accessed December 7, 2011.  http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=mgo .Rodger, N. BBC, "Trafalgar: The Long-Term Impact." Last modified February 17, 2011. Accessed December 7, 2011.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/trafalgar_impact_01.shtml .Stilwell, A. The Trafalgar Companion. West way, Borley: Osprey Publishing, 2005. http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=9SPR-2qwtSgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+trafalgar+companion&hl=en&ei=glDfTt3gEIinhAeMqr3vBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20trafalgar%20companion&f=falseTrafalgar, Battle Of. 2009. In The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed., edited by Lagass, Paul. New York: Columbia University Press.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117049963  (accessed December 7, 2011).]http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5045378449.Clayton ,

health issue of obesity is gaining attention from diverse groups in society nowadays. For some years now, the many cases of health problems resulting from obesity have been the focus of research and studies of many scientists from different countries. Today, due to the increasing percentage of obese people in many nations, obesity research is among the major programs considered by health service groups and governments.
Obesity is a health problem that refers to excess fats in the body resulting to being overweight. Usually, obesity is caused by improper diet. Some critical illnesses that toll life are associated with obesity. Studies have shown that being obese causes an individual to lose a few years from his life expectancy.

Currently, countless of health articles, news, and journals regarding obesity are disseminated to bring attention to the public about its consequences. ecause of this, questions have been raised if such exposure of issues…...

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Bibliography

Curtis, Tom. Glasgow and Edinburgh Named UK's Fattest Cities.

News Scotsman. 07 June 2003.  http://www.news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?id=288892003&tid=677 

Josling, Leanne. Obesity: A Curable Epidemic.

World Socialist Web Site. 05 June 2003.  http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/apr2000/obes-a29.shtml

This increases the cost of living and diminishes people's savings, where it leads to poverty gradually.
From 1890 to 1914, Britain may have gone through a similar situation. Although later allied with France for military purposes, Britain may have not had any trade agreement. This implies that Britain was a self sustaining unit but using resources of her colonies. Even at that time Britain had nearly 1/4 of land area which commercially benefitted her directly and indirectly5. New industries were taken over by Germany and USA (electronics). In the mean time, traditional industries such as the 'steel industry' were fallen back and had been newly taken over by Germans and Americans5. This in turn might have generated a population of unoccupied personal searching for opportunities. In 1904 regular work was not sufficient to protect families against poverty and confirms owntree's conclusion that low wages were an important cause of poverty…...

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References

History Man Website2001, Britain, viewed 18 September, 2009,

Chivalry refers to a code of conduct that was developed in the latter part of the Middle Ages in various parts of western Europe, most notably in what are parts of modern day France and Britain.  Though it may be referred to a system or the chivalric code, it is not actually a codified system of norms or behaviors, but instead an informal code of moral behavior.  Its origins can be traced back to around 1170, though it draws upon moral codes from earlier times, especially the Carolingian Empire, which featured a similar idolization of the soldier/warrior.

Chivalry is a very....

Looking at how cars were invented and reality quickly became the go-to transportation method for much of the world is fascinating.  While the automobile was invented in Germany and France, Henry Ford, who mastered automation and the mass production of cars, probably deserves much of the credit for the automobile’s early successes.  In fact, Ford’s focuses on wages and affordability probably deserve credit for the rise of the American middle class, suggesting that the history of the automobile and the history of the middle class are inextricably intertwined.

I. Introduction

A. Precursors....

Certainly! Here are some potential essay topics related to American Colonies:

1. Compare and contrast the motivations for colonization between the Spanish, French, and English settlers in the Americas.
2. Analyze the impact of European diseases on Native American populations during the colonial period.
3. Discuss the role of religion in shaping the development of the American colonies.
4. Explore the economic systems of the American colonies and their impact on the growth of the colonies.
5. Evaluate the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on the development and economy of the American colonies.
6. Examine the relationship between Native American tribes and European colonizers in....

I. Introduction
- Brief background information about the Boston Tea Party
- Thesis statement

II. Historical Context
- Explanation of the political tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain
- Introduction of the Tea Act and its impact on the colonies

III. Reasons for the Boston Tea Party
- Economic grievances: high taxes imposed by the British government
- Political dissatisfaction: lack of colonial representation in British Parliament
- Symbolic protest against British oppression

IV. Events of the Boston Tea Party
- Description of the Sons of Liberty's role in organizing the protest
- Timeline of events leading up to the tea dumping
- Participants and their actions during the protest

V. Consequences
-....