Data in this study indicates that these events preceded the discontinuation of breastfeeding. The following figure illustrates the Schema for reastfeeding Definition provided by the Canadian Minister of Health (1997) which was adopted from the work of Labbok and Krasovec (1990)
Schema for reastfeeding Definition

Source: Canadian Minister of Health (1997) adopted from the work of Labbok and Krasovec (1990)

Vietnam and Cambodian Cultures Examined

Several cultures are examined in this study including those of the Vietnamese, Cambodians and those from Laos and it is stated the largest part of these children "are typically breastfed for more than year." (Canadian Minister of Health, 1997) it is related that imported formula is not affordable or not readily available therefore, breastfeeding is "simply the norm." (Canadian Minister of Health, 1997) This work relates that when no supplement formula is available that breast milk "is commonly supplemented with prechewed rice paste or rice and sugar porridge."…...

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Bibliography

Immigration and Health (2005) Health Canada Science and Research. 9 Aug 2005. Online available at  http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/pubs/hpr-rpms/wp-dt/2001-0105-immigration/method_e.html 

Sheehan, Debbie; Watt, Susan; Krueger, Paul; and Sword, Wendy (2006) the Impact of New Universal Postpartum Program on Breastfeeding Outcomes. International Lactation Consultant Association. Online available at  http://jhl.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/22/4/398.pdf 

The Breastfeeding Committee for Canada. Breastfeeding Statement of the Breastfeeding Committee for Canada; 2002.

The Breastfeeding Committee for Canada. The Baby-Friendly initiative in community health services: A Canadian implementation guide. Toronto, on: The Breastfeeding Committee for Canada; 2002..

For the newborn, birth weight, gestational age, and 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores were recorded. Post-discharge phone calls were made on day four and at week six. Each participant was asked if she was still breastfeeding at the time of the phone call. For data analysis, exclusive and partial were combined as "breastfeeding," whereas token and none were combined as "not breastfeeding."
Telephone interviews could be conducted for 182 (73%) participants on day four and 188 (76%) at six weeks. The results showed that LATCH scores were higher among women breastfeeding than those who had weaned. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, a score of 9 or above at 16 to 24 hours was the most discriminate of the 5 time periods examined. In addition, mothers who met this criterion were 1.7 times more likely to be breastfeeding at six weeks than women with lower scores. The authors concluded that the…...

Breastfeeding and IQ
Infants who are breastfeed tend to have higher IQ as they mature. This paper examines that phenomenon, which presents a complex set of cause-and-effect questions, including how long infants must be breastfed to receive any benefits associated with nursefeeding, whether there are important intercultural variations among children whose IQs are higher (for example, if there is a greater correlation in societies where most women breastfeed or, alternatively, where few breastfeed) and whether the rise in IQ results from the chemistry of breastmilk, the practice of breastfeeding itself, or from the fact that women who breastfeed are significantly different (on an a priori basis) from those who do not.

Introduction

For a number of years the scientific and medical communities have argued that breastfeeding provides a substantial benefit to infants, including primarily the fact that it promotes emotionally security and increases a child's overall health by transferring the mother's accumulated immunity…...

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References

Bauer G, et al. (1991). "Breastfeeding and cognitive development of three-year-old children." Psychological Reports 68:1218.  http://www.breastfeeding.com/all_about/all_about_iq.html#FIRST 

 http://breastfeed.com/resources/articles/breastfeediq.htm 

http://www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/htm/philng.htm

 http://www.nctpregnancyandbabycare.com/nct-online/bfaw2003/statistics.html

Breastfeeding may therefore gain social acceptance.
Still, despite the overwhelming health benefits for both mothers and babies, scientific debate still exists over the optimal duration for breastfeeding. In developing countries, the issue is perhaps more complex: where breast milk is the best and most consistent form of nutrition available for babies, many women may be tempted to continue breastfeeding for years. However, as children grow they clearly need more nutrients than what can be provided in breast milk alone. Beyond four months of age, experts note that infants require more complex nutrients than breastfeeding delivers (Kramer, 2006). Breastfeeding at least until six months of age is strongly recommended by virtually every public health expert. Beyond that consensus, views differ with some recommending ongoing breastfeeding until early childhood.

Regardless of a mother's preference and circumstances, there is no doubt that breastfed babies thrive nutritionally and that those health benefits extend far beyond…...

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Works Cited

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding. Available at:

 http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/index.htm 

Kramer, Michael S. And Ritsuko Kakuma. 2006. Optimal Duration of Exclusive

Breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: 1

The literature examination of the study's foundation is thorough and detailed building a step-by-step foundation to the need and purpose of this current study and its importance to society.

The flaws that were evident included the fact that many of the milestones reported were anecdotal by the parents. In addition the parents were not held to a standard of home care and stimulation tactics of the babies so it is possible that many of the higher achieving children were assisted by support by their parents outside of the breastfeeding arena.

The strengths of the study include the fact that it was so comprehensive in nature and that it provided a long-term examination so that the possibility of a coincidental time correlation could be ruled out.

In addition, the study allowed for error as it was a 16-year examination and provided many opportunities over those 16 years for milestones to develop and occur.

The study…...

These are not necessary costs considering they can be avoided by mothers when they opt to avoid breastfeeding.
Also it might be embarrassing for some mothers who are not used to breastfeeding in public, and at times milk may leak as a reaction instinct immediately the baby starts crying. This is triggered by the natural maternal instincts that a breast feeding mother has. Such occurrences in most cases make the mothers to feel embarrassed, and at some instances they are ridiculed by other people who are less informed about such matters.

The amount of milk that is being sucked by a baby cannot be measured. Unless milk is being pimped into a container then it is measured, it will be next to impossible to figure out the amount of milk your child needs. This might be a problem in case the mother will be away for some time and needs to…...

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Works Cited

Rauch, Daniel. Breastfeeding: Information, Symptoms, Treatments and Resources. 23 Oct. 2007.

15 Oct. 2010.

 http://www.medhelp.org/medical-information/show/3316/Breastfeeding#sec_23956 

Women's health.gov. Breastfeeding. 1 Aug. 2010. 15 Oct. 2010.

IntroductionBreastfeeding is an unsurpassed way of feeding ideal food for the healthy development and growth of infants. Breastfeeding also has a remarkable emotional and biological influence on the health of both the child and the mother. Nonetheless, irrespective of well-documented breastfeeding benefits to the childs health, most women across different cultures discontinue before the recommended time. This study aims at determining if cultural differences influence breastfeeding practices by comparing various cultural norms on breastfeeding (Negayama et al., 2012). The study will also examine breastfeeding patterns of initiation and continuation among an ethnically diverse group of mothers.To examine breastfeeding cultural comparison, this study will compare three countries on their weaning and feeding practices and the reason behind their mothers perception of breastmilk, formula, and childcare. The participants will be mothers from the US, Japan, and France. In most cases, mothers beliefs and value systems influence what they choose as their breastfeeding…...

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References

Al-Sahab, B., Tamim, H., Mumtaz, G., Khawaja, M., Khogali, M., Afifi, R., ... & National Collaborative Perinatal Neonatal Network (NCPNN. (2008). Predictors of breastfeeding in a developing country: results of a prospective cohort study. Public health nutrition, 11(12), 1350-1356.

Negayama, K., Norimatsu, H., Barratt, M., & Bouville, J. F. (2012). Japan–France–US comparison of infant weaning from mother’s viewpoint. Journal of reproductive and infant psychology, 30(1), 77-91.

O’Brien, M. L., Zareai, M., & Fallon, A. B. (2007). Creating a breastfeeding culture: a comparison of breastfeeding practices in Australia and Iran. Breastfeeding Review, 15(2), 15-20.

Breastfeeding #NAS #Neonates
Opioid use and dependency has become a serious problem in the U.S. esearch has shown that opioid-dependent women run significantly high risks of giving birth to children with NAS. Children with NAS face some serious health complications, and stay in the hospital longer than normal children. Studies have, however, shown that breastfeeding could help minimize the severity of NAS symptoms among neonates. This text reviews an article seeking to demonstrate how breastfeeding does this, and the specific strategies that nurses and clinicians could use to promote breastfeeding among opioid-dependent mothers in their care.

Breastfeeding Promotion for Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)

Summary

The article is focused on one group of at-risk neonates -- those whose mothers are opioid-dependent. esearch has shown neonates born to opioid-dependent women to run higher risks of developing the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) than those born to non-users. Neonates with NAS display gastrointestinal dysfunction, respiratory…...

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References

Pritham, U. A. (2013). Breastfeeding Promotion for Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 42(5), 517-526.

Article Review: “This is Why Breastfeeding is So Important” According to McGrath (2015), breastfeeding offers an important source of protection for infants, including guarding against “asthma, diabetes, obesity, respiratory infections and ear infections” (par. 1). McGrath also explains the scientific rationale behind the benefits of breastfeeding, noting that the colostrum transmitted through the mother’s breastmilk functions as what she calls the infant’s first vaccine. But while her scientific arguments are convincing that breastfeeding is optimal for the health of the child in many, perhaps even most instances, her argument that it is easier for working women, because breastfeed children are less apt to become ill, is not necessarily true for women who find pumping cumbersome and expensive. The article also does not take into consideration the fact that many women do not produce enough milk for their infants.
The article should provide greater assurance for women who are unable to breastfeed, versus…...

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References

McGrath, L. (2015). This is why breastfeeding is so important. Healthy Woman. Retrieved from: important

https://www.healthywomen.org/content/blog-entry/why-breastfeeding-so-

Breastfeeding
Back in the day, when babies were born in homes they were kept close to the mother following the birth. As society evolved and the deliveries started occurring in nursing homes or hospitals, the skin to skin contact (SSC) norm began fading away. Some introduction should be given about what SSC really is. SSC is basically when the naked new born baby is placed on the mother's bare chest subsequent to the birth. (Moore, Anderson, Bergman & Dowswell, 2012) Interventions were done on mammals to reveal how separation of the baby and mother went on to affect the baby.

The idea for the closeness for breast feeding came forward when this pattern was observed in animals. If the mammal delivery and post partum behavior is needed, then it is seen that the interactions of the mother and the pup for instance is mandatory. It is required because that encourages the mammal…...

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References

Canahuati, J. And De Suarez, M. (2001). Supporting Breastfeeding: Current Status and Future Challenges. Child Welfare, 80 (5).

Flacking, R. et al. (2011). Positive Effect of Kangaroo Mother Care on Long-Term Breastfeeding in Very Preterm Infants. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 40 (2), pp.190-197.

Moore, E. And Anderson, G. (2007). Randomized Controlled Trial of Very Early Mother-Infant Skin-to-Skin Contact and Breastfeeding Status. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, (52), pp.116-125.

Moore, E. et al. (2012). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5).

In ode to pomote adequate milk poduction, pacifies and supplementay liquids should be avoided fo the fist six months. An ovesupply of milk can make feedings difficult fo the mothe and infant, and this should be emedied pomptly. Offeing only one beast pe feeding and lengthening the feeding time can help, as can educing milk volume befoe feedings by hand expessing. Beast engogement can occu within the fist few days afte bith and must be handled popely to pevent plugged ducts and mastitis (infection). Othe poblems that can occu include a fungal infection (thush), infant efusing to beast feed (nusing stike), and unhealthy infants. Medical help should be sought if these poblems do not esolve quickly.
Some women may feel uncomfotable beastfeeding in public, but govenment and medical oganizations uge women to ovecome this difficulty on behalf of the infant's and mothe's health (Office on Women's Health 2010c). Puchasing loose…...

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references before listing them.

Why abbriveration

Abbreviations make it easier for readers to locate the citations. This is a common technique.

This reference not included in the text citation

It is in the section on breastfeeding in public

In turn, as noted earlier in this study, this ultimately positively affects society.
Nevertheless, as Thurman and Allen (2008) assert, researchers need to conduct more research regarding IBCLC use in primary care settings, From the study Thurman and Allen (2008) completed, the researcher gained a greater understanding of the help that individuals with IBCLC certification are able to provide for new mothers. One point the researcher noted as particularly pertinent was the fact that the length of time the new mother breastfeeds her baby increases greatly when the family receives the appropriate pre and post natal care. An additional point worth recounting is that although primary care providers may not be as knowledgeable about breastfeeding as the IBCLC professionals, perhaps if primary health care providers utilized IBCLC professionals more, more new mothers would perhaps choose to breastfeed their babies. In turn, perhaps more mothers would realize first hand that breast…...

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Mothers One Year Postpartum 25

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (DHHS) Healthy People 2010 initiative has set a goal of having 75% of mothers initiate breastfeeding immediately postpartum, 50% continuing breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum, and 25% breastfeeding at one year.

Introduction Scientists have not managed to replicate the actual milk that is produced by a mother. A mother's milk has all the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional elements that a baby's body needs. The formulation of breast milk includes many other elements that are yet to be discovered and this is why it is highly recommended to breastfeed a baby exclusively for six months.
Background information
Breastfeeding forms a critical part of the Healthy People objectives. It is for this reason that Healthy People 2020 aims to increase the rates for breastfeeding mothers to 81.9 percent at the time of being discharged from hospital. With an increase in the number of breastfeeding mothers, there would be more than $4 billion saved in health care costs. There would be reduced medical costs that are associated with chronic illnesses in their children. Mothers would also benefit by reducing their risk of developing breast cancer.
Thesis
Breastfeeding is…...

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Bar, S., Milanaik, R., & Adesman, A. (2016). Long-term neurodevelopmental benefits of breastfeeding. Current opinion in pediatrics, 28(4), 559-566.

Binns, C., Lee, M., & Low, W. Y. (2016). The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 7-14.

regulations from California and from the federal government as to the rights women have when it comes to breastfeeding in the workplace. The paper contrasts California guidelines with federal guidelines. In fact, once the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as "Obamacare" and the "Affordable Care Act") passed into law on March 23, 2010, it became federal law that employers are required to give mothers with babies (that are less than a year old) a break "each time such employee has need to express the milk" (U.S. Department of Labor). The Affordable Care Act in effect updated the Section 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act).
Health Benefits of Breastfeeding

According to the Surgeon General of the United States, whose confirmation was blocked by the U.S. Senate for nearly a year because the National Rifle Association objected to the nominee's belief that gun violence is a health issue, the…...

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Works Cited

Breastfeed LA (2015). Worksite lactation Accommodation: California vs. Federal Lactation

Law. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  http://www.breastfeedla.org .

California Department of Industrial Relations. (2011). Rest Periods / Lactation

Accommodation. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from  http://www.dir.ca.gov .

Neonates With Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Introductory Statement

I would like to write about preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis and breastfeeding, whether it is beneficial to the infant to breastfeed. I became interested in the topic after a clinical experience in the NICU. One infant in the NICU was having difficulty keeping formula down. he neonate gastric pH was being monitored for GER. When the NICU nurse also spoke of assessing for signs of necrotizing enterocolitis in the distressed infant, it sparked my interest. I did not know anything about necrotizing enterocolitis. he NICU nurse told me quite a lot about the problem. Indeed, the wealth of information she shared was a bit overwhelming at the time so I decided to look it up after my clinical experience. What I found was sufficiently interesting to cause me to decide that I wanted to write my evidence-based paper on the topic.

Article Summaries

Sisk, P.M., Lovelady, C.A.,…...

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The authors explore the impact of human milk (HM) on the frequency of incidence of necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. The mothers of VLBW infants often experience insufficient breast milk production to sustain their infants, which results in mixed formula and HM feedings. Additionally, medical complications frequently limit the volume of formula that can be given to infants with NEC. The research hypothesis was that high proportions (50% or greater) of HM enteral feeding within the first 14 days of life are protective against NEC. The research method was a prospective cohort study of VLBW infants who were grouped by the HM proportion of enteral feeding in the first 14 days. Of the 202 infants studied, two groups were established: 50% (high human milk, HHM, n=156). The outcome measure was the development of NEC (as indicated by Bell stage 2 or 3). Logistical regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR), potential confounding due to perinatal risk factors, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). NEC was confirmed in 5 out of 46 (or 10.6%) of the LHM group, compared to 5 out of 156 (3.2%) of the HHM group. The only perinatal factor associated with the risk of NEC was gestational age. After adjusting for gestational age, HHM was associated with a lower risk of NEC as follows: Odds ratios (OR) = 0.17 at 95% confidence intervals of 0.04 to 0.68, P =0.01. The authors concluded that enteral feeding that contained at least 50% HM in the first 14 days of life was associated with a sixfold decrease in the odds of VLBW infants acquiring NEC.

Sullivan, S., Schanler, R.J., Kim, J.H., Patel, J.H., Tawoger, R., Kiechi-Kohlendorfer, U., Chan, G.M., Blanco, C.L., Abrams, S., Cotton, C.M., Laroia, N., Ehrenkranz, R.A., Dudell, G., Cristofalo, E.A., Meier, P., Lee, M.L., Rechtman, D.J., and Lucas, A. (2010, April). An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated wih a lower rate of necrotizing entercolitis than a diet of human milk and bovien milk-based products. The Journal of Pediatrics, 156(4), 562-567e1. Retrieved   / science/article/pii/S0022347609010853http://www.sciencedirect.com 

The authors evaluated the health benefits to extremely premature infants when given exclusively human milk-based diet compared to a mixed diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. Infants who were exclusively fed breast milk by their mothers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: HM 100, HM 40, and BOV. The infants in the HM 100 group and the HM 40 group were given pasteurized donor human milk-based human milk fortifier when the enteral intake was 100 mL/kg/d and 40 mL/kg/d respectively. Both groups received pasteurized donor milk if no mother's milk was available. The BOV group received bovine milk-based human milk fortifier when enteral intake was 100 mL/kg/d and preterm formula if no mother's milk was available. The research outcomes were duration of paternal nutrition, growth, and morbidity. A total of 207 infants were included in the research, all of whom had similar baseline demographic variables, durations of parental nutrition, growth, and rates of late-onset sepsis. The infants in the groups who received a diet that consisted exclusively of human milk had significantly lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) significant at P = .02, and NEC that required surgical intervention, significant at P = .007. The authors concluded that extremely premature infants would benefit from an exclusively human milk-based diet, benefits that were specifically manifested by significantly lower rates of NEC and surgical NEC when compared to the infants who received a diet of mother's milk and bovine milk-based products.

Of course! Here is a potential thesis statement on the benefits of breastfeeding:

"Breastfeeding offers numerous advantages for both mothers and infants, including improved immune system function, reduced risk of chronic illnesses, and enhanced bonding between mother and child, making it a crucial and beneficial practice for optimal health outcomes."
When discussing the benefits of breastfeeding, it is important to highlight the positive impact it has on a baby's immune system. Breast milk contains antibodies that help protect infants from infections and diseases, providing them with a strong defense system during the critical early stages of life. This immune support can....

Thesis Statement: Breastfeeding offers substantial benefits for both mothers and infants, promoting optimal health outcomes and fostering a unique bond between them. Its advantages range from providing essential nutrients to reducing the risk of diseases and enhancing cognitive development in infants, while also providing health benefits and convenience for mothers.

Introduction:

The practice of breastfeeding has been recognized as a fundamental aspect of parenting, providing infants with the optimal nutrition they need to thrive. This thesis delves into the multitude of benefits breastfeeding offers to both mothers and their infants, highlighting the positive impact it can have on health, development, and emotional....

Corporate Level Strategies of Nestlé: Opposing Viewpoints

Nestlé, the world's largest food and beverage company, has employed various corporate level strategies to maintain its competitive advantage. However, these strategies have sparked contrasting viewpoints among experts.

Essay Topic 1: The Advantages of Nestlé's Portfolio Diversification

Proponent Viewpoint: Nestlé's extensive portfolio diversification, spanning food, beverages, pet care, and pharmaceuticals, provides several advantages:

Reduced risk: By operating in multiple industries, Nestlé mitigates the impact of fluctuations in any single market.
Exploiting synergies: The company can leverage its expertise and resources across different divisions, creating cost efficiencies and cross-selling opportunities.
Increased growth potential: Diversification allows Nestlé to....

Varying maternity leave entitlements can have a significant impact on women's workforce participation and economic security.

In countries where maternity leave entitlements are limited or non-existent, women may feel pressured to leave the workforce altogether or take on part-time or lower-paying jobs in order to balance work and caregiving responsibilities. This can lead to a loss of income and career advancement opportunities, as well as decreased economic security for women and their families.

On the other hand, countries with more generous maternity leave policies often see higher rates of women's workforce participation and greater economic security for women. Paid maternity leave....