reast Implants
What does the breast implant controversy reveal about society's attitudes toward product safety, about the legal liability of manufacturers, and about the role of regulatory agencies like the FDA in protecting consumers?

The breast implant controversy is illustrating how the public will often disregard product safety. The reason why is because: celebrities, millionaires and other affluent individuals are having these procedures done. This means that consumers will begin following the trends that have been established by this group despite the possible dangers. As far as the legal liability is concerned, this is illustrating how manufacturers are responsible if their products are impacting the health of consumers. Where, they have a legal liability to ensure that there is proper testing and updates about possible dangers. In the case of regulators, this is illustrating how they are provided with greater amounts of control and power in the overall quality of products that…...

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Bibliography

Breast Implants. (n.d.).

Hot Coffee at McDonalds. (n.d.).

Overall complications and complexities associated with breast implants are capsular contracture or implant rupture, leakage, infection, cosmetic flaws, loss or increase of nipple sensation, bleeding or fluid accumulation (Eitenmiller, 2011).

Solutions and Outcomes

A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results reast Implant Surveillance Study conducted on women who received breast implants following mastectomy showed no survival disadvantage in those younger than 65 years of age (Le et al., 2005). The respondents were from San Francisco-Oakland, Seattle and Iowa between 1983 and 1989. The risk of mortality with breast implants following mastectomy is about half for those without implants. reast implants continue to be the choice form of breast reconstruction among breast cancer patients. There has been no significant change in design despite an overall decrease in implant use among them (Le et al.).

The solution should be improvement rather than perfection (Eitenmiller, 2011). Complications in women undergoing reconstructive surgery after a diagnosis of breast cancer…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Eitenmiller, H. (2011). What are the common problems with breast implants? eHow:

Demand Media. Retrieved on March 17, 2011 from http://www.ehow.com/about_5270789_common-problems-breast-implants.htm

Fenriman, I.S. And Hamed, H. (2006). Breast reconstruction. Journal of Internal

Clinical Practice: Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved on March 17, 2011 from  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/529598

The most serious problems occur when tissue around the implant contracts, the implant ruptures or the area becomes infected (Vanderkam 4).
Clearly, the safety of breast implants needs to continue to be studied. "The [FDA approval] panel stressed women will need yearly mammograms to check for signs of leakage since silicone can leak without immediate knowledge to the patient because the silicone leaks out slowly [...]. If there is leakage or a break in the implant, the implant(s) should be replaced" (Staff). However, breast implants have been totally safe for many women for years, and the recent ruling by the FDA to allow them again only adds to the strong belief many in the medical field hold that breast implants are a safe alternative for millions of women who hope to enhance their figures, or reconstruct their figures after a mastectomy.

It is quite clear that the choice to undergo breast…...

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Works Cited

Brecher, Elinor J. "Bucking the Media Line on Breast Implants." Nieman Reports Spring 1994: 50+.

Slesnick, Frank. "Science on Trial: The Clash of Medical Evidence and the Law in the Breast Implant Case." Journal of Forensic Economics 11.3 (1998): 271.

Staff. "All About Silicone Breast Implants." ImplantForum.com. 16 Oct. 2003. 26 Nov. 2003. http://www.implantforum.com/silicone/

Vanderford, Marsha L., and David H. Smith. The Silicone Breast Implant Story: Communication and Uncertainty. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1996.

In most societies, GM is considered a cultural tradition, which is often used as an argument for its continuation.
Though a tremendous range of practices fall under the title of female genital mutilation, understanding what is involved in the process really helps one understand why it is internationally condemned as a violation of human rights. The most drastic type of female genital mutilation is infibulation. A standard infibulation process is as follows:

The amount of tissue removed is extensive. The most extreme form involves the complete removal of the clitoris and labia minora, together with the inner surface of the labia majora. The raw edges of the labia majora are brought together to fuse, using thorns, poultices or stitching to hold them in place, and the legs are tied together for 2-6 weeks. The healed scar creates a hood of skin which covers the urethra and part or most of the…...

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From an international perspective, it is difficult to impose human rights on other people who claim cultural tradition as a basis for a ritual, because that opens up claims of racism and cultural insensitivity, which would also violate human rights. One difficulty is that there is no single international standard for human rights.

On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which outlines basic human rights. Since that time, there have been nine total core international human rights treaties, some of them dealing specificially with children and with gender discrimination. At the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, United Nations member nations ratified a prohibition against any type of gender-based discrimination. In addition, the Convention on the Rights of the Child discusses a child's right to be raised by her parents in a family environment without undue governmental interference, but also discusses the child's right to be raised by a best interests standard. Clearly, in the case of something like breast ironing, reconciling the two is impossible. In addition, while these declarations of rights are admirable, they are only enforceable on UN member nations, and have only been enforced in the context of state action. Cameroon has criminalized the practice of breast ironing, so it would be difficult, if not impossible, to suggest that state actors are playing a role in perpetuating the process. That is not to say that some have not suggested that other sexual mutilations, most notably female genital mutilation, be treated and prosecuted as torture, but the international community has not responded positively to those calls.

There is also the problem of accountability. Establishing international human rights standards is a lofty ideal, but there has not been a practical means established to deal with offenses. Of course, there are international human rights tribunals established to try government officials for violations of human rights. Research shows that human rights trials do have a positive impact on the citizens of the country in question and can actually have an ancillary positive impact on neighboring countries. In addition, the United States has taken steps to try to enforce international law in a domestic context. 18 U.S.C.S. 2340A (a) provides that: "Whoever outside the United States commits or attempts to commit torture shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both, and if death results to any person from conduct prohibited by this subsection,

In the case of breast augmentation, the parent must guide the minor to the right decision -- and that is usually not to have the surgery unless it is necessary for the teen's overall health. It is up to the adult to think responsibly. There are dangers to any surgery and infections are not among the least of them. Perhaps low self-esteem is a reason for counseling by a professional, but not necessarily reason to alter one's body artificially.
The ethical responsibilities of the parent in a discussion with their underage teen regarding whether or not to have her breast augmented, are even greater and more impacting than the legal issues.

The 1800 girls under the age of 18 who had their breasts augmented last year alone are under the ethical (and rational) reasoning of the parent. These are the parents who are taking out financing to do the surgery --…...

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Bibliography

Agence France-Presse Newswire Service. Germany to Ban Cosmetic Surgery for Children. Paris, 23 April 2008.

Annas, George. The rights of patients: The basic ACLU guide to patient rights. New York City: Humana Press, 1992.

Clough, Craig. "Doc Urges Caution on Teen Breast Implants." 4 April 2008. lifewhile.com. 3 August 2009 .

Duenwald, Mary. "How Young is Too Young to Have a Nose Job and Breast Implants." New York Times 28 September 2004: F5.

cultures have customs and traditions involving body modifications and while some generate serious controversy in the contemporary society, others are widely accepted. Some are inclined to associate body modifications with vulgar ideas and believe that people who have them are uncivilized. The fact that most body modifications involve a form of self-mutilation further contributes to making it seem that a person would have to be out of his or her mind in order to do something like this. The reality is that body modifications are an active concept today and some people believe that they are a good way to express their feelings and thinking in general.
'Normal' body modifications

Numerous individuals believe that there is nothing wrong with having a tattoo or having a part of one's body pierced. Most of the modern society promotes the idea that it is perfectly normal for girls to have their ears pierced and…...

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Works cited:

Leone, Lori, "The Art and History of Body Modification," Retrieved August 25, 2013, from  http://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/nonfiction/the-art-and-history-of-body-modification/ 

Miah, Andy, "Make me a superhero: The pleasures and pitfalls of body enhancement," Retrieved August 25, 2013, from  http://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/may/01/body-enhancement-cosmetic-surgery-genetics 

"Illegal ink: reading meaning in criminal tattoos," Retrievd August 25, 2013, from  http://mindhacks.com/2008/02/03/illegal-ink-reading-meaning-in-criminal-tattoos/ 

"Scarification: Ancient Body Art Leaving New Marks," Retrieved August 25, 2013, from  http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0728_040728_tvtabooscars_2.html

S. government has promoted breast implants, at the taxpayers' expense: According to the Army, between 2000 and 2003 its doctors performed 496 breast enlargements (women must pay for the silicon implants) (Schaler 29).
Health safety does not seem to have an impact on those desiring cosmetic surgery, nor does the comments of authority figures. In 1958 Pope Pins XII warned that operations for mere "vanity" or to enhance the "power of seduction, thus leading others more easily into sin," or "to hide a criminal from justice" were not in keeping with the church's teachings (Feldman 66). Some Christian and Jewish clergy agreed. However, not even the clergy could fight the studies saying that people with better looks had a greater chance for success (Feldman 66).

Last month, the FDA reneged on its earlier findings about breast augmentation; after a 14-year ban, it decided that silicone implants do not pose any serious health…...

Plastic Surgery
Teen Plastic Surgery: A Controversial Medical Practice

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in 2007, more than 87,000 teenagers had cosmetic surgery; and that number has grown exponentially since. Although aesthetic cosmetic surgery is popular amongst United States teens, physicians and plastic surgeons worry that such invasive surgery on teens' still growing bodies can be dangerous. Other developed countries, including Germany and Australia, are considering banning all but medically necessary plastic surgery for anyone under the age of 18. However, the question remains, if such a measure were taken like that in the United States for minors stem the tide of teenagers going under the knife? This paper will address the controversy associated with teenagers and aesthetic cosmetic surgery in the United States, and the business of plastic surgery for teens, from a legal, ethical, and social responsibility standpoint.

Introduction

In a country, and dare say a world where image…...

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References

Ali, K., & Lam, T. (2008). Teens under the knife: Is plastic surgery too dangerous for teens? Current Events, 108(1), 7-14.

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2003). National totals for cosmetic procedures. Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank.

www.surgery.org/download/2003-stats.pdf:10. Accessed 25 July, 2011.

Bourdieu, P 1977, Outline of a Theory of practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Product liability is an area of law in which any organization that either makes products (manufacturers) or distributes to the public (makes available) may be held responsible for potential injuries that may be caused by those products. In the United States, claims for product liability are usually associated with some type of negligence, breach of warranty, or other consumer protection issues. However, the large majority of product liability laws vary considerably because they are determined from state to state. This, of course, makes it problematical to litigate across state boundaries, as well as ensure that manufacturing requirements are met more universally (Golden, 2000).
Case -- Jennings v. Baxter Healthcare Corporation. 331 Oregon 285.14.P.3d596 (2000)

In 1978, Plaintiff received silicone breast implants following a mastectomy. Both implants partially deflated: the first in 1980 (and was replaced), the second in 1992. In 1993, Plaintiff had the implants removed, and it was discovered that one…...

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WORKS CITED or CONSULTED

Baldwin, P., et.al., eds. (2009). Product Liability Case Digest, 2009-10. Frederick, MD:

Aspen Publishers., Page 323.

Golden, R.L. (2000). Product Liability Prevention: A Strategic Guide. Milwaukee, WI:

ASQ Quality Press.

Then values of x are plotted with the corresponding values of y. If the relationship between the variables is positive then a line drawn through the points will slope upward. This upward slope signifies that as the values for x increase the values corresponding values for y also increase. The opposite will be true for a negative relationship. In this case the line will slope downward and the correlation would be negative.
In interpreting the correlation coefficient there is one other factor to consider and that is the p value. The statistical program will produce a probability statistic that suggests how likely the result that is observed is the product of chance. The researcher then examines the p value and compares it to the predetermined alpha level that was set for this particular test. If the p value is less than the alpha level the researcher must make a decision…...

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References

Cooper, D.R. & Schindler P.S. (2011) Business research methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Creswell J.W. (1994).Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches.

London: Sage

Publications.

reaking the definition of business ethics into individual ethics and organizational ethics helps provide an optimal definition. As an individual one must be able to look at him and be comfortable with their conscience. Further an individual must have self-esteem and self-confidence to do take the right action. Remaining patient allows a person to look at the long-term results of his actions and avoid being too focused on the short-term consequences. Ethical rules have no value if they are not practiced consistently. Taking time to reflect before acting also allows one to consider appropriate behavior.
From an organizational level the same principles should apply. The organization must develop do's and don'ts initiated by the managers at the highest levels. Employees need to feel positive as individuals and feel positive about the organization. Each worker must continue to hold to his values and realize that consistent long-term application of values leads to…...

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Bibliography

Blanchard, Kenneth and Norman Vincent Peale. The Power of Ethical Management. William Morrow and Company, Inc.: New York, 1988.

Driscoll, Dawn-Marie, W. Michael Hoffman, and Edward Petry. The Ethical Edge. MasterMedia Limited: New York, 1995.

The McLibel Trial.  http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/

Representation of Women Through Media Has Changed From 1960s
How representation of women through media has changed from the 1960s

Susan Douglas suggests that fifty years ago, mass media existed in the form of music, television, and magazines. However, she suggest that the journey has been tough owing to the manner in, which the media represents women. The media used a sexist imagery to represent women, especially women who took part in music. Although researchers suggest that the media is a powerful tool, she suggests that the public had an option to resist the media by turning off their television, or ignoring advertisements in the magazines (Douglas 1995). Mass media had substantial influence on the social, cultural, economic, spiritual, political, and religious phases of the society as well as personal level thinking, feeling, and acting. Notably, mass media has both a good side and a bad side; it is insidious and…...

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Bibliography

Adams, Carol J. 2004. The Pornography of Meat. Continuum. New York/Continuum.

Ames, Jonathan. 2011. "I Guest Directed a Porn Shoot." New York Press. 27 Nov.  http://nypress.com/i-guest-directed-a-porn-shoot/ 

Belkin, Lisa. 2008. "The opt-out revolution." New York Times Magazine. 26, 42 -- 47, 58, 85 -- 86.

Brewer, Chad. 2005. "The Stereotypic Portrayal of Women in Slasher Films: Then vs. Now." Master Thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College.

Johnson and Johnson have a written ethical policy that mandates the patient's welfare and well being to be the highest priority in the business.

n addition the policy calls for the fair and ethical treatment of physicians that will recommend and prescribe their products.

t is our fundamental responsibility to place the well-being of the patient first by appropriately balancing risks and benefits and to ensure that the best interests of patients and physicians who use our products receive utmost consideration (Johnson www.jnj.com/community/policies/research_development_conduct.htm).

t is our responsibility to help ensure access to our products in the communities where we develop them (Johnson www.jnj.com/community/policies/research_development_conduct.htm)

t is our responsibility to ensure all Company-based, medically relevant product information is fair and balanced, accurate and comprehensive, to enable well-informed risk-benefit assessments about our products (Johnson www.jnj.com/community/policies/research_development_conduct.htm)."

The responsibly to challenge each other with regard to things such as ethical concerns and medical concerns.

One of the reasons there were two…...

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In Johnson and Johnson employees are encouraged to come forward any time they feel something is being done that does not put the best interest of the client first. At Dow Jones they had top company management show up every three years to ask if there was anything suspicious going on.

If Dow Jones wanted to act more ethically they should have provided a much more open and more often evaluation of the company ethics position and practice. Instead of waiting three years for discussions on ethics there should have been monthly meetings in which employees were encouraged to come forward without fear of reprisal.

In addition it would have behooved the company to come forward in the 1970's when it was first aware of the possible problems with the implants. Instead the company waited until health issues did arise and then tried to claim there was not enough proof that the implant had caused them.

Levy makes reference to Girl's Gone ild and uses it as an example of how our society has allowed females to be exploited for profit. (Levy, 7-17) I agree with her here, but at the same time I don't believe this marks the death of feminism, for all females, but rather only for a select part of society who chooses to participate in such events as flashing big groups of people, or making out with other females for the whole world to see.
Another one of Levy's examples are based on other television programs such as HBO's Sex and the City and G-String Divas, a show in which strippers talk about their experiences. Although these shows have indeed redefined what it means to be a woman for those who buy in to the idea, there are still many women who don't believe they themselves fall in to that category of…...

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Works Cited

Levy, Ariel. Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. Simon and Schuster, 2006.

Portrayal of omen in Music, Tv, Film, Advertising, & Other Media Since 1990
This essay addresses how the portrayal of women has changed in one segment of the media (music, tv, film, advertising) from the early 1990's when the book here the Girls Are: Growing Up Female ith the Mass Media by Susan J. Douglas was completed. Discussed are the commonalties between women currently important to American pop culture and the women examined in the book, the differences or changes that have occurred, whether conditions have improved for women, and whether there has been a continued backlash against feminism in American popular culture over the last decade. Four sources are used. APA.

here the Girls Are: Growing Up Female ith the Mass Media

Susan J. Douglas in her book "here the Girls Are" examined the portrayal of women in the pop culture of the last part of the 20th century. She described the…...

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Works Cited

Body as Commodity: Media Craze." Body icon. http://nm.server.jrn.columbia.edu/projects/masters/bodyimage/commodity/media_page1.html.(accessed08-12-2002).

Douglas, Susan J. Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female With the Mass

Media. Random House, Incorporated. March 1995.

The Representation of Women in Advertising.  http://www.albany.edu/~cc4176/ .