Borderline Personality Disorder
Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder are afflicted with a continual state of emotional conflict and chaos, often swinging from one extreme of emotion to another. Patients with BPD are traditionally known to exhibit symptoms of depression, anger and anxiety at varying times, and traditionally demonstrate self-injurious behavior. The road to treatment and recovery is often a different one, as traditional psychotherapeutic approaches often fail treating patients with DSM-IV. There is recent evidence that suggests that an integrative approach for treating BPD is best. This type of approach would combine cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacological intervention and traditional psychotherapy techniques to find the best possible outcome for BPD patients.

DSM-IV for Borderline Personality Disorder

The DSM-IV identifies symptom and behavior-based criteria for diagnosing this disorder. The diagnostic criteria for identifying borderline personality disorder according to the DSM-IV include: "a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects marked by impulsivity…...

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References:

APA. (1994). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed."

Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Association.

Beck, Aaron T. And Freeman, Arthur M. And Associates (1990). Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

Appelibaum, A.H.; Diamond, D.; Kernberg, O.F.; Koenigsberg, H.W.; Stone, M.H. &

32)
The overall diagnostic and symptomatic patterns described by these points indicate that PD is a serious disorder and is "...classified as a major personality disorder involving dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior; intense, unstable moods and relationships; chronic anger; and substance abuse." (oucher, 1999, p. 33)

There are a number of criteria which, in line with DSM-IV, are used to identify and characterize this disorder. The first of these criteria refers to "...unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, with marked shifts in attitudes toward others (from idealization to devaluation or from clinging dependency to isolation and avoidance), and prominent patterns of manipulation of others.."(oucher, 1999, p. 33)

Perception also plays an important role in the identification and understanding of the DP patient. This refers particularly to social perception. enjamin and Wonderlich (1994) recognized that DP patients showed differences in social perception when compared to bipolar and unipolar subjects. In relation to this they…...

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Bibliography

Akhtar, Salman, M.D. (1992). Broken Structures: Severe Personality Disorders and Their Treatment. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc.

Akhtar, Salman, M.D. (1995). Quest For Answers A Primer of Understanding and Treating Severe Personality Disorders. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc.

Excerpt from Personality Disorder: Borderline. Retrieved November 3, 2005. Web site:  http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic270.htm 

Beck A.T. (1976) Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

People living with mental illness are often marginalized, demeaned, and seen as being outside the normal boundaries of society. For people with BPD, this is doubly painful as it reinforces their sense of worthlessness and victimization, and may even lead to suicide attempts. For those who can recognize they have BPD, yet not know how to deal with it, the social stigma may lead them to attempt to cope with the disorder on their own rather than seek medical treatment. This is a failed situation that has no good outcome (Paris, 2002).

As chronic sufferers of BPD are often victims of abuse themselves, the pain associated with the early trauma may turn into a perpetuating cycle of repeated suffering as they struggle to cope with their disorder. As one doctor notes, there are nine potential symptoms of the disorder, and over 200 potential presentations; the possibility that the disorder may be…...

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References

American Psychiatric Disorders. (2000). Diagostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition DSM IV-TRI. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.

Avirim, R., Brodsky, B., & Stanley, B. (2006). Borderline Personality Disorder, Stigma, and Treatment Implications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 249-256.

Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2007). 8-Year Follow-Up of Patients Treated for Borderline Personality Disorder: Mentalization-based treatment vs. Treatment as usual. American Journal of Psychiatry,  http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/appi.ajp.2007.07040636v1 .

Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2008). Comorbid antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders: Mentalization-based treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 181-194.

Within ten years, many of these approaches will become closer and closer to reality.
Currently, research into the biological basis of BPD is in its infancy. A great deal of concerted research is necessary to ascertain the specific impairment in the regulation of neural paths that modulate impulsivity, mood instability, aggression, anger, and negative emotions seen in the BPD patient. These are complex pathways, and it will require a significant amount of research to determine the precise changes that occur in BPD.

One of the more interesting and promising areas for research will be in the area of brain imaging. ecent research in this area shows that the ability to suppress negative emotions can be correlated with individual differences in the ability to activate areas of the prefrontal cortex involved in inhibition. Clearly, more research in this area will likely help to broaden our understanding of the impulsivity in BPD.

Future directions…...

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References

Corelli, Richard J. Borderline Personality Disorder. 04 November 2004.  http://www.stanford.edu/~corelli/borderline.html 

National Institute of Mental Health. Borderline Personality Disorder: Raising Questions, Finding Answers. 04 November 2004.  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bpd.cfm 

Shapiro, E.R. (1978). The psychodynamics and developmental psychology of the borderline patient: a review of the literature. Am J. Psychiatry. 1978 Nov;135(11):1305-15.

According to Philip W. Long, M.D., "During brief reactive psychoses, low doses of antipsychotic drugs may be useful, but they are usually not essential adjuncts to the treatment regimen, since such episodes are most often self-limiting and of short duration. It is, however, clear that low doses of high potency neuroleptics may be helpful for disorganized thinking and some psychotic symptoms. Depression in some cases is amenable to neuroleptics. Neuroleptics are particularly recommended for the psychotic symptoms mentioned above, and for patients who show anger which must be controlled. Dosages should generally be low and the medication should never be given without adequate psychosocial intervention." (Grohol, 2007).
Other psychological treatments which have been used to treat this disorder include those which focus on social learning theory and conflict resolution. Typically these types of solution-focused therapies neglect the core problem of people who suffer from this disorder, difficulty in expressing appropriate…...

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References

Grohol, J.M. (2007). Borderline personality disorder treatment. Psych central. Retrieved August 17, 2010 from  http://psychcentral.com/lib/2007/borderline-personality-disorder-treatment/ 

Koekkoek, B., van der Snoek, R., Oosterwijk, K., & van Meijel, B. (2010, April). Preventive psychiatric admission for patients with borderline personality disorder: A pilot study. Perspectives in psychiatric care, Vol. 42, No. 2, Retrieved August 17, 2010 from  http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=107&sid=9353f3dc-4155-4b1d-a2c8-f9f2ff18f4dc%40sessionmgr111 

McGirr, A., Paris, J., Lesage, A., & Renaud, J. (2009, February). An examination of DSM-IV borderline personality symptoms and risk of death by suicide: A psychological autopsy study. Canadian journal of psychiatry, Vol. 54, Issue 2, 87-92. Retrieved August 17, 2010 from  http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=12&sid=3911a1c4-6311-46a9-98ba-fbfc56580db0%40sessionmgr12&bddata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=36850660#db=aph&AN=36850660 

NAI. (2010). What are the symptoms of borderline personality disorder? Facing the facts: When a loved one has borderline personality. Retrieved August 17, 2010, from BPDFamily.com:  http://www.bpdfamily.com/bpdresources/nk_a102.htm

Etiology Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), as is the case with several psychiatric disorders, is viewed widely as a consequence of the complex interaction of many factors such as psychological, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and genetic factors.
a) Genetic factors: There is growing evidence that BPD is genetic and can run in some families. A study of people with BPD has shown that the prevalence of BPD among the relatives of people suffering from the condition can be up to 20 times higher than the prevalence among people who don’t have a blood relative suffering from the condition. In Monozygotic twins, the concordance rate was 35% relative to a rate of 7% in dizygotic twins. This research was done by Torgersen and colleagues. This high concordance rate is linked to the role played by genetics in BPD etiology.
b) Neurochemical factors: Serotonin has been linked to impulsivity and aggression. If there is a drop in the…...

Schizophrenia, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder
Investigate 3 Illnesses

Schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder are mental disorders usually diagnosed within patients that have problems with group dynamics. For the most part, all three disorders seem to indicate rather similar treatments, though there are, of course, specific medical treatments for the more extreme cases of each respective disorder. Yet when it all comes down to it, the three differ through a number of symptoms, causes, and severity.

Schizophrenia is a problem within the individual, one who mostly exhibits "unusual behaviors" (Bengston, 2001) that may disrupt the day-to-day activities of said individual or those around the individual's environment. Along with hallucinations and delusions, a person with schizophrenia could exhibit other symptoms, such as: disorganized speech, extreme negativity, and disorganized and catatonic behavior (Bengston, 2001). esearch has indicated at as much as 30% of those with schizophrenia cases attempt suicide -- with…...

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Resources

Abdel-Baki, A., Lesage, A., Nicole, L., Cossette, M., Salvat, E., & Lalonde, P. (2011). Schizophrenia, An Illness With Bad Outcome: Myth or Reality?. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(2), 92-101. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Bengston, Michael, M.D. (2001). "Schizophrenia and Psychosis: Schizophrenia Information and Treatment Introduction." Psych Central. Web. 28 April 2011.

Bowins, B. (2010). Personality Disorders: A Dimensional Defense Mechanism Approach. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(2), 153-169. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Group Therapy Proposal: Borderline Personality DisorderIntroductionBorderline Personality Disorder affects teens and adults. There exists enough research about how this disorder affects adults, but content about how it affects teenagers is slim. Teens represent a sensitive group in society. They are in the development phase and experience behavioral change. As a result, teens often become victims of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), a situation that becomes confusing to caregivers and parents. The series of changes during adolescence makes it challenging to define the actual BPD symptoms among teens. There have been controversies on whether this particular group fits in the category requiring a BPD diagnosis. However, the personality effects among teens and how it contributes to shaping their future lives necessitate BPD diagnosis to help address the growing challenges. BPD is a mental health disorder characterized by compromised relationships, odd behaviors, varied moods, and affects self-image. When people suffer from BPD, it…...

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ReferencesBerenson, K. R., Downey, G., Rafaeli, E., Coifman, K. G., & Paquin, N. L. (2011). The rejection–rage contingency in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 681–690.   Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. The Lancet, 377(9759), 74–84.  https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61422-5  Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., McDavid, J., Comtois, K. A., & Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 475.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3039  Reuter, T. R., Sharp, C., Temple, J. R., & Babcock, J. C. (2015). The relation between borderline personality disorder features and teen dating violence. Psychology of Violence, 5(2), 163–173.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037891  Sharp, C., & Fonagy, P. (2015). Practitioner review: Borderline personality disorder in adolescence - recent conceptualization, intervention, and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(12), 1266–1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12449 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023335 

Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is defined as a condition wherein the patient suffers from a difficulty in regulating his or her emotions (NAMI, 2018). Individuals suffering from BPD can lack impulse control, have a poor self-image, and experience severe emotional responses when stressed. The inability to regulate the emotions can lead the individual to lash out at the self and engage in self-harm in some cases (NAMI, 2018). Though three-quarters of individuals diagnosed with BPD are women, some research indicates that an equal number of men may also suffer from the disorder and simply not be diagnosed.
Symptoms of BPD include: strong sense of abandonment by friends or family, real or imagined; very unstable relationships with others, consisting of wild swings between intense love and intense hate; distortion of a sense of one’s self that leads to depression or delusions of grandeur; poor impulse control; self-harm or suicide ideation;…...

Case Assessment Study: BryanBackgroundBryan\\\'s upbringing was negatively impacted by neglect, due to an environment where his father was absent and his mothers instability. Bryan clearly lacked parental guidance. His mothers dismissive response to his childhood question about having a sibling reveals the lack of emotional support and normalcy in his home. In this environment, television served as his primary source of company and guidance, and shaped his perceptions and emotional responses.Current SituationNow in his early thirties, Bryan is something of an eccentric electrician cable specialist. He has a distinct lisp and a tendency to form obsessive, unstable relationships. His encounter with Steven illustrates his problematic behavior patterns, consisting of erratic emotional outbursts, inappropriate social conduct, obsessiveness, and a lack of personal boundaries.ProblemBryans behavior indicates several psychological issues. First is his instability in personal relationships, shown in his interactions with Steven. Bryan becomes extremely attached to people and exhibits frantic behaviors…...

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ReferencesBozzatello, P., Garbarini, C., Rocca, P., & Bellino, S. (2021). Borderline personality disorder: Risk factors and early detection. Diagnostics, 11(11), 2142.Keefe, J. R., Kim, T. T., DeRubeis, R. J., Streiner, D. L., Links, P. S., & McMain, S. F. (2021). Treatment selection in borderline personality disorder between dialectical behavior therapy and psychodynamic psychiatric management. Psychological Medicine, 51(11), 1829-1837.

The review assesses the book's strong points, and gives good information on personality disorder, but does not point out any weaknesses, which makes it seem a bit biased. In addition, the review does not include the reviewer's qualifications for writing the review, and that would have made the review stronger as well.
It is clear the reviewer understands personality disorder and agrees with the findings of the author of this book. The review is helpful if a student is looking for a definitive text on the issue of personality disorder, but the review does leave out some key points that could have made an even stronger argument for purchasing this book and learning more about personality disorder.

eferences

Baer, M. (2002). The personality disorder. Annals of the…...

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References

Baer, M. (2002). The personality disorder. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(6), 27.

Three DisordersOCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)This is a mental health disorder that affects people of all ages and walks of life, and occurs when a person gets caught in a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings. Compulsions are behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease his or her distress (Torres et al., 2006).SchizophreniaThis is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for their family and friends. They may hear voices or see things that are not really there (Torres et al., 2006).Personality DisorderThere are several different types of personality disorders. In general, they involve enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and…...

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ReferencesTorres, A. R., Moran, P., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Bhugra, D., Coid, J. W., ... & Prince, M. (2006). Obsessive–compulsive disorder and personality disorder: evidence from the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity 2000. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 862-867.

adults become susceptible to avoidant personality disorder.
Avoidant Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder results in social constraint, feeling of insecurity and susceptibility towards criticism. Even if one want to socialize with others he is most often scared to. Being embarrassed in front of others horrifies individuals suffering from Avoidant Personality Disorders. As a result they usually withdraw themselves from social gatherings to avoid any sort of discomfort. John G. Gunderson in his article Childhood Antecedents of Avoidant Personality Disorder: A etrospective Study outlines the risk factors and primordial exhibition of Avoidant Personality Disorders by investigating present perspective reports of social functioning and antagonistic childhood encountering.

Primitive social operative and pathological childhood experiences were investigated through a childhood experience questionnaire. It was shocking to find out that around 146 adults out of 376 patients suffered from Avoidant Personality Disorder.

Adults with AVPD reported poorer child and adolescent athletic performance, less involvement in hobbies during…...

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References

Gunderson J. Childhood Antecedents of Avoidant Personality Disorder: A Retrospective

Study. 1 Sept. 2003.

personality" and personalities. Everyone has a personality, their own unique collection of traits and characteristics. The facets of a person's personality may be partly inherited and partly the result of the person's life experiences. In the personality disorder, the person has inflexible traits and patterns of behavior not typical of most people and that cause the person to function poorly in life. Up to 13% of people may have some kind of personality disorder.
"Odd" Personality Disorders: are characterized by odd or eccentric behavior that can include a high degree of suspiciousness or social withdrawal.

Paranoid personality disorder: is characterized by high levels of distrust regarding other people. Believing that others have it in for them, they avoid close relationships. They find proof that their suspicions are justified in the actions of others, which they perceive as either threatening or putting them down in some way. They are highly critical of…...

The research on HPD causes is clearly linked to personality theory, and can help to understand each theory. By first examining causation research, and then by locating personality theory which supports the research, it was easy to see the validity of personality theories, and how they can be used in real world research. The research also tied in to course material by again forcing real world situations to be applied to theoretical perspectives.

As research surrounding the causes of HPD is undertaken, more is learned about factors that affect those with HPD. If a definite cause, or a list of possible causes, can be discovered through such research, treatment options specifically designed to address those causes can be developed, resulting in a higher possibility of success. This type of research is vital if those with histrionic personality disorder are to ever be fully cured. Therapy without certain cause can reduce symptoms,…...

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References

American Psychological Association. (2000). Desk reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR.

Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., pg. 293.

Aston-Jones, G.D. (2002). Chapter 4. In K.L. Davis (Ed.), Neuropsychopharmacology: The fifth generation of progress (pp. 133-167). Nashville, TN: American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

Britton R. (2004, Sept). Narcissistic disorders in clinical practice. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 49(4), 477-490.

Defining Mental Illness According to the American Psychological Association (APA)

Introduction

Mental illness, commonly referred to as mental health disorders, is a broad term encompassing a wide range of psychological, behavioral, and emotional conditions. The American Psychological Association (APA), the leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States, provides a comprehensive framework for defining and classifying mental illnesses in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Definition

According to the DSM-5, the current edition of the DSM, mental illness is defined as a "syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects....

Essay Topics Related to Case Studies from a Psychological Perspective

Case studies offer rich qualitative data for in-depth psychological analysis. Here are some essay topics that explore diverse psychological perspectives within case studies:

1. Psychodynamic Analysis

The role of unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms in a case study of an individual with anxiety disorder.
Examining the childhood experiences and attachment patterns of a patient with borderline personality disorder, using a psychodynamic lens.
Exploring the therapeutic process and transference dynamics in a case study of psychoanalysis.

2. Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective

Analyzing the cognitive distortions and behavioral patterns of a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Evaluating the....