The "philosophy" in the sense allow us to carefully reflect and conscientiously revise our outlook. The person who holds such a worldview can be said to be critically present in his or her culture, society, and political community and to be truly educated.
The philosophy raises several questions about human existence, their aim, and human minds.
An attempt to unify these various analyses into a comprehensive and consistent understanding of reality is considered critical in evaluating the value of the philosophy.
Since philosophy involves to the study the arguments and assess evidence for controversial claims, it provides excellent preparation for closely examining the pros and cons of an argument.
One of the aims of the philosophy is that encourages human being to systematically and critically reason to understand the fundamental questions of life that cannot easily be solved through the science.
The main value of philosophy lies that provides one to develop skills of critical…...
The size of the black middle class has increased considerably, and research reveals that there is a steady improvement in the attitudes of whites. And yet negative racial stereotypes continue to cause subtle discrimination which influences how people view and treat each other. It is thought that almost two-thirds of the U.S. population growth over the next 50 years will come from immigrant families which will make race and color once again come to the forefront of public policy (Building One Nation, n.d.).
For a majority of low-income blacks living in conditions of concentrated poverty, and for impoverished members of other minority groups, barriers to full inclusion in American society remain high. In remote communities of concentrated poverty, these individuals often lack access to education and job training opportunities and to networks of social mobility and the support that is necessary in order to advance. Examples of systematic hiring discrimination…...
mlaReferences
Building One Nation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2009, from JCPA Web site:
http://www.jewishpublicaffairs.org/publications/building_one_nation.html
Morris, Frank and Gimpel, James G. (2007). Retrieved December 19, 2009, from Center for Immigration Studies Web site: http://www.cis.org/articles/2007/back207.html
Black Studies -- Research Issues
Wittenbrink, J.F. Judd, B., and Park, M. P "Spontaneous prejudice in context:
Variability in automatically activated attitudes." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 81, No. 5 (2001): 815-827.
Quantitative Approach
The quantitative approach to this research question would collect data in the form of the numerical breakdown of responses. It would consider questions such as the relative percentages of subjects who expressed various positions or exhibited various responses to the experimental situations. For example, a quantitative study of this experimental issue might report that eighty percent of Caucasians exhibited prejudicial attitudes in connection with the presentation of African-Americans in the gang conflict situation, that thirty percent exhibited prejudicial attitudes in the family barbeque situation, and that more Caucasians exhibited prejudicial attitudes in connection with certain contextual backgrounds than in others.
Qualitative Approach
The qualitative approach to this research question would collect data in the form of statements from the subjects…...
While all of these do not exist in each behavioral change, but there are specific principles that must be applied for the behavioral change to be effective and long lasting.
One population-based application of TTM is quitting smoking, which is difficult for anyone who smokes, just as most cessation models are difficult. Creating an effective way to quite smoking for entire populations would save lives and millions of dollars in health care costs around the world. The model would need to reach a large number of smokers, it would need to develop reports and manuals to help the smokers during the five stages of intervention, and it would have to include follow-up for those who needed more help with the cessation process. It would also require assessment to the general good of the population, and assess which treatment methods were more successful (reactive or proactive). The results in the study…...
Beachum & McCray (2004) point out that the media is the primary means of information dissemination for youth, and portrayals of hip-hop culture in the media is highly likely to influence African-American youth.
The research will first analyze the content of hip-hop music, videos, and club culture to count instances of misogynistic or stereotypical gender roles. Ayana (2009) points out that women are portrayed as sexual objects, prostitutes, and also as socially submissive vs. males. The research will therefore begin with a thorough and honest account of how endemic these images are in hip-hop. esearch questions include the following. Do African-American females fulfill the images of themselves portrayed in hip-hop? Do African-American males perceive and treat African-American females based on input from hip-hop culture? The research hypothesis is as follows. Exposure to mainstream hip-hop culture reinforces misogynistic gender roles and norms, and affects both African-American males and females.
Next, a research…...
mlaReferences
Ayana (2009). The exploitation of women in hip-hop culture.
Beachum, F.D. & McCray, C.R. (2004). Cultural collision in urban schools.
Stewart, P. (2004). Who's playin' whom?
However, our modern perspective and appreciation of objective moral concepts and standards allows us to extract the most beneficial core elements of various religions. At their root, the most fundamental religious principles are much more similar to modern secular moral beliefs than dissimilar and they do not conflict at all with mutual respect and consideration among private religious values and beliefs that may differ substantially.. Ultimately, it is the incorporation of these underlying common principle of love, whether conceived as relating primarily to the relationships among men or those between God and man, which form the basis of genuine morality in human life (Einstein 1930).
ibliography
Einstein, a. (1950) the World as I See it. Ed. Harris, a. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Equiano, O. (1789) the Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself. London.
Friedman, L.M. (2005) a History of American Law. New…...
mlaBibliography
Einstein, a. (1950) the World as I See it. Ed. Harris, a. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Equiano, O. (1789) the Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself. London.
Friedman, L.M. (2005) a History of American Law. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Gerrig, R., Zimbardo, P. (2005) Psychology and Life 17th ed.
More study needs to go into minority health issues, rather than simply comparing their health experiences with the white community.
There can also be negative connotations held toward some ailments, such as AIDS, which has been called the "gay" disease, which stigmatizes all those who contract the disease. Biases such as these can often affect the outcome of a study or even bias the researchers, even if they do not realize it. Thus, truly defining "whiteness" and who is actually white can affect the outcomes of studies in the future, and can help keep bias from entering into health care studies.
Another interesting statistic is that the United States is the only nation in the West who does not report health information by class. This indicates that many Americans do not feel there are distinct classes in American society, but most sociologists believe there are, and so, health data reported simply…...
mlaReferences
Bach, P.B. et. al. "Primary Care Physicians who Treat Blacks and Whites." New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351:6. 575-583.
Cooper, Richard S. Kaufman, Jay S. And Ward, Pyle. "Race and Genomics." New England Journal of Medicine. 2003, 348:12. 1166-1175.
Daniels, Jessie and Schulz, Amy J. "Constructing Whiteness in health Disparities Research." Gender, Race, Class, and Health. 89-119.
Kawachi, Ichiro, Daniels, Norman, and Robinson, Dean E. "Health Disparities by Race and Class: Why Both Matter." Health Affairs. Vol. 24 Num.2. 341-352.
Perhaps the biggest argument for monogamy is the moral argument. Most religious groups do not accept polygamy and believe it is a sin against nature and against one another. Even the first residents of Earth, Adam and Eve, were monogamous, and this tradition has continued throughout history in the Christian religion. In addition, there are emotional considerations to think about in polygamous relationships that are usually not present in monogamous relationships. Women may become jealous of each other, especially if the husband pays more attention to one woman rather than another. Even experts note that in polygamous relationships, it is common for two individuals to "pair up" and bond more fully than all the individuals in the group (Fisher 73). In addition, monogamy is natural, while polygamy is not. Author Fisher maintains, "Human beings almost never have to be cajoled into pairing. Instead, we do this naturally. We flirt. We…...
mlaReferences
Fisher, Helen E. Anatomy of Love: The Natural History of Monogamy, Adultery, and Divorce. New York: Norton, 1992.
Gibbs, Tyson, and Judith Campbell. "Practicing Polygyny in Black America: Challenging Definition, Legal and Social Considerations for the African-American Community." The Western Journal of Black Studies 23.3 (1999): 144.
McKay, Gerald. "The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People." The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 9.4 (2000): 275+.
This is understandable. However, the way the two writers tell their stories is quite different, somehow. Prince's is told from a woman's point-of-view that is more sensitive, more emotional, and "female." She worries more about others, and becomes very emotionally attached to some of her families. Equiano is emotional too, and not afraid to talk about his emotions, but many of his descriptions are less emotional and more full of facts and actual happenings. Equiano's writing is much more formal. For example, he writes, "During this time I was out of employ, nor was I likely to get a situation suitable for me, which obliged me to go once more to sea. I engaged as steward of a ship called the Hope, Capt. ichard Strange, bound from London to Cadiz in Spain" (Equiano 142). He states the facts, and often without emotion, while Prince's narrative is more like sitting…...
mlaReferences
Prince, Mary. "The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave." Andrews, William L. And Henry Louis Gates, eds. The Civitas Anthology of African-American Slave Narratives. Washington, DC: Civitas Counterpoint, 1999. 23-81.
Equiano, Olaudah. " The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, the African." I Was Born a Slave: An Anthology of Classic Slave Narratives, 1770-1849. Ed. Yuval Taylor. Vol. 1. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999. 29-180.
Additionally stated is that substance abuse treatment admission rates among adults aged 55 or older "tended to be highest in northern and northeaster states...in 1999. (Reach of Louisville, SIG, 2009 ) It is reported that study findings have demonstrated that the most benefit from counseling and treatment for substance abuse is that which elderly people "may derive most benefit from..." (Reach of Louisville, SIG, 2009 )
X. Case Study Review
The work of Welte and Mirand (1995) entitled: "Drinking, Problem Drinking And Life Stressors In The Elderly General Population" relates that it is shown in research that while "...heavy drinking in the United States is less prevalent among older persons, some maintain or increase heavy drinking. Late-onset heavy drinking is believed to be related to stressors of aging such as retirement or bereavement, particularly when coping resources or social supports are inadequate. This study investigated that relationship." (Welte and Mirand, 1995)
Heavy…...
mlaBibliography
Adams, WL (1996) Alcohol Use in Retirement Communities. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996 Sept, 44(8). Online available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8790236?ordinalpos=1&itool=PPMCLayout.PPMCAppController.PPMCArticlePage.PPMCPubmedRA&linkpos=3
Welte, JW, Mirand, AL (1995) Drinking, Problem Drinking and Life Stressors in Elderly General Population. J Stud Alcohol 1995. Jan 56(1). Online available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7752635?ordinalpos=1&itool=PPMCLayout.PPMCAppController.PPMCArticlePage.PPMCPubmedRA&linkpos=2
Substance Abuse Among the Elderly Population (nd) Reach of Louisville. Online available at: http://www.reachoflouisville.com/SIG/elderly%20substance%20abuse.pdf
In fact, by 1850, studies show that about 20% of adult white southerners could not read or write, which was far more than the national figure of 8% (Mintz). Thus, there was less impetus and need for change and growth in the South. There were more undereducated people who only knew how to farm for a living, and there were fewer opportunities for these people to better themselves in thriving economic centers. The economy of the South was rooted in slavery, and there was little else for Southerners who wanted change to do to better themselves and their economy.
Clearly, slavery had a huge and lasting impact on the nation. From the first, slavery was contentious. It was even debated during the writing of the Declaration of Independence, and even then, the North and the South were sharply divided on this issue. The North developed a more viable economy that…...
mlaReferences
Mintz, S. "The Economics of Slavery." Digital History. 2003. 28 July 2004. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=80
Black Arts
Known as the "artistic sister of the Black Power movement," Black Arts refers to the collective expressions of African-American culture during the 1960s and 1970s. Corresponding with the climax of the Civil Rights movement and the self-empowerment of the African-American community, the Black Arts was a politically charged yet aesthetically ripe collection of visual, performance, music, and literary art forms. Amiri Baraka is credited widely with the genesis of the Black Arts movement. The assassination of Malcolm X is said to have inspired Baraka to move to Harlem and delve into the transformative power of art for emboldening the black community (Salaam). Even when he was still known as LeRoi Jones, Baraka had been involved in the publishing industry, and had worked as a poet, arts critic, and playwright. His founding of the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School (BARTS) is the "formal beginning" of the movement, which Baraka himself dubbed…...
mlaWorks Cited
"The Black Arts Movement." Retrieved online: http://www.blackpast.org/aah/black-arts-movement-1965-1975
"A Brief Guide to the Black Arts Movement." Poets.org. Retrieved online: http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/text/brief-guide-black-arts-movement
Neal, Larry. "The Black Arts Movement." The Making of African-American Identity, Vol. 3, 1917-1968. Retrieved online: http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text8/blackartsmovement.pdf
Salaam, Kaluma Ya. "Historical Overviews of the Black Arts Movement." http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/blackarts/historical.htm
lack Women on Early Television
African-American portrayals on television have been based on negative stereotypes that do not objectively or accurately portray reality... These stereotypes include, but are not limited to, the portrayal of African-Americans as inferior, lazy, dumb, dishonest, comical, unethical, and crooked (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1977). Dates (1990) was able to add to this list: insolent, bestial, brutish, power-hungry, money hungry and ignorant." (Rada)
The image of lack people on television has changed somewhat since the early era of television. The purpose of this discussion is to examine the roles that black women played in the early era of Television. We will discuss how the roles of lack women were limited to playing the role of mammies during the early era of television. The paper will also discuss roles for lack women that were labeled as being too white. In addition, our research will examine the stereotypic roles…...
mlaBibliography
Carroll, Diahann. Diahann! An Autobiography.1986
Ford, T.E. Effects of sexist humor on tolerance of sexist events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 1094-1107(2000) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29237660 http://condor.depaul.edu/~mwilson/extra/humor/steoaatv.html
Giovanni, Nikki. Images of Blacks in American Culture: A Reference Guide to Information Sources. Ed. Jessie Carney Smith. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001291049
Hamlet, Janice D. "Mammies No More: The Changing Image of Black Women on Stage and Screen." The Western Journal of Black Studies 23.2 (1999): 135. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15287542
Notwithstanding its roots in African dance, in actuality, it was a fighting style designed by African slaves as a means of protecting themselves from government agents searching for them after their escape from enslavement. Likewise, Levine focuses heavily on the connection between the slave culture that was evident in the American South, while much of it may actually have been shaped by the need to conceal it from white society.
The mere fact that Christianity, and more specifically, Southern Baptism, became the predominant religion of the millions of descendants of the Africans enslaved in America would seem to provide the most support for Rock's position. It is difficult to know how many of the slaves who eventually (and ironically) adopted the very religious traditions of those who enslaved them and held them captive for generations. Certainly, there are elements of contemporary black religious culture that can be traced back to…...
This story clearly outlines the level of difference and separation that is experienced by many members of the African-American community in a variety of ways, and most clearly deals with the economic impact and institutional nature of the racism this community has experienced.
Another very interesting perspective is provided in McPherson's memoir regarding his own experiences, Crabcakes (1999). Many different episodes reflecting sometimes subtle and sometimes quite obvious differences in perspective appear in this memoir, yet one strain that appears significant several times is the role of religion -- and more specifically, of Church -- in the development of the African-American community and African-American individuals. Again, a clear lack of consensus amongst the community is seen here, as some individuals are very religious while others regard it with outright contempt, yet there is also a cohesion in the Church-centered communities that exist. This makes for an interesting juxtaposition of perspectives…...
mlaReferences
Flinn, E. (1999). It Happened in Hoboken. BookSurge.
McPherson, J. (1977). Elbow Room. Fawcett.
McPherson, J. (1999). Crabcakes. New York: Touchstone.
I. Introduction
II. Body
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