lack oy by Richard Wright
Richard's goals and dreams are born from glimmers of life seen fleetingly through a bramble of obstacles, disappointments and discouragements. The women and men in his life do not represent an active stifling so much as an archetypal mediocrity, which forms a backdrop in stark contrast to the striving, passionate, and active life Richard wants to lead.

Although he has biological progenitors, Richard has no real parents. He learns nearly everything in his life from non-relatives or by trial and error, with the one exception of his mother teaching him to read after learning that he knows his numbers. After his kin discover what he has learned from the saloon, the schoolyard, and the street, they beat him as if the severity of the switch can make up for the intensity of their neglect.

In the absence of caring adults to raise him, he raises himself with input…...

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Bibliography

Wirght, Richard. Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth. New Yourk: Harper & Brothers, 1945.

Here we see Richard is learning the importance of priorities. He is learning what it means to sacrifice. These choices, however, help him reach an ideal he has in his mind of who he wants to be. He wants to understand things because he feels he has something worth saying. At the end of the day, Richard wants to write. To write anything meaningful, one must know his world and his place in it. This type of contemplation alone sets Richard apart from many in his environment because they cannot read. In addition, it sets him apart because he does not think of himself like a "black boy" the way the rest of his community does. This is directly related to his sense of self and his desire to discover who he is. This includes reading and writing. Even in the title of the book, right brings attention to…...

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Works Cited

Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York: Harper Perennial 1993. Print.

Black Experience in American Culture
This is a paper that analyzes the black experience in American culture as presented by Hughes, Baldwin, Wright and Ellison. It has 20 sources in MLA format.

African-American authors have influenced American culture as they have come forward to present issues that the society would rather have forgotten. Authors such as ichard Wright alph Ellison, Langston Hughes and James Baldwin have come under fire as they have written about the racial and biased experiences throughout their life [Capetti, 2001] and through their narratives they have forged a link between the past, the present (themselves) and their future (the unborn generation).

These literary works are an effort on their part to prove to their nations that regardless of the perceived realities their existence and lives have valuable. The slave past some of these authors have had created a void in their lives that at times left then feeling ashamed…...

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Reference:

1] Sundquist, Eric J. who was Langston Hughes? Relevancy: 100; (Commentary) 12-01-1996

2] Buttitta, Anthony. "A Note on Contempo and Langston Hughes." London: Cunard, 1934. 141.

3] Langston Hughes on Scottsboro. College Literature, 10-01-1995, pp. 30(20). Vol. 22

4] Okafor-Newsum, Ikechukwu, of Dreams Deferred, Dead or Alive: African Perspectives on African-American Writers.. Vol. 29, Research in African Literatures, 03-22-1998, pp. 219(12).

Blackest Bird opens on July 26, 1841 at midnight. A man, somewhat reluctantly and with a twinge of guilt, dumps Mary's dead body into the Hudson River. The killer audibly cries out, teeming with guilt as he wonders what have I done? "Oh Mary!" (Rose 11). Therefore, the killer knows Mary, and was likely either in love with her or a close companion. He could even be her relative.
Detective Jacob Hays is sixty-nine years old and in no mood to retire. He has long served the city of New York, as high constable. Known as Old Hays, he is obsessed with crime, and especially solving them. The murder of the as-of-yet unknown Mary captures his attention. hen he realizes that the body belongs not just to any Mary, but to Mary Rogers, Old Hays knows he's got a huge story on his hands. Mary Rogers is the locally famous socialite…...

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Works Cited

Rose, Joel. The Blackest Bird. New York: W.W. Norton, 2007.

"Who Killed Mary Rogers?" Retrieved online:  http://my.ilstu.edu/~ftmorn/cjhistory/casestud/rogers.html

Black Elk's Journal
The offering of the pipe

Black Elk believes himself as a symbol of his tribal values. According to him, he embodies the spiritual forces which have been bestowed upon him by the superiors of his tribe. In the first chapter, he has mentioned how the sacred pipe came to his tribe and the values borne by it.

"Behold!! She said. "ith this you shall multiple and be a good nation. Nothing but good shall come from it. Only the hands of the good shall take care of it and the bad shall not even see it." Then, she sang and went out of the tepee; and as the people watched here going. (Niehardt 3)"

In most of the religions of the world, there is always a character who is message bearer. It is amazing to see this similarity in the tribal history of Black Elk as well. The cow who turned…...

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Work Cited

Niehardt, John, G. Black Elk Speaks, The Life History of the Holy Man of Ogalala Sioux. 1932. Print.

Black Wax Museum
Young Civil ights Advocates at the National Great Blacks in Wax Museum

One of the most powerful images from the National Great Blacks in Wax Museum is that of two young children standing behind a sign that reads "We are not afraid." Behind them stands a tall figure hooded in the sinister white costume of the Ku Klux Klan. The photos that serve as the backdrop to this display show how African-Americans had to fight for basic rights that were already enjoyed by whites. The children are a sad reminder that racial prejudice was directed towards people of all ages, no matter how innocent they were. The children's sign is a reminder that African-Americans showed courage in the face of prejudice, and even children took bold steps to secure their rights and the rights of others.

In the display, the children appear to be of elementary school age. They are…...

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References

  "The National Great Blacks In Wax Museum." Accessedhttp://www.greatblacksinwax.org/ ,

November 23, 2013.

  "The Ruby Bridges Story." Accessed November 23,http://www.rubybridges.com/story.html ,

Black Women in Law Profession Early Twentieth Century
Black women attempting to enter careers in law during the period from 1900 through 1970 faced a variety of unique challenges. During this era, many women of all races began to question their role and place into society; it was during this time that civil rights campaigns were beginning to flourish, and African-American women as faced the prospect of not only being a minority as a woman, but also being a minority because of their skin color and ethnic heritage.

African-American women attempting to pursue careers during this time rarely had the opportunity to hold leadership positions, which was common for women of any race. Another challenge facing black women was the lack of adequate representation, influence and emphasis in the workforce. The lack of attention to black women's careers is even evident in the context of textual references and history; the majority of…...

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References

Benjamin, Lois H. "Black Women in the Academy: Promises and Perils." University Press of Florida: 1997

Coquery-Vidrovitch, C., Raps, B. "African Woman: A Modern History." Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.

Fassinger, Ruth E., Johnson, J., Linn, Sonja, Prosser, J., Richie, B., Robinson, S. "Persistence, Connection, and Passion: A Qualitative Study of the Career Development of Highly Achieving African-American Black and White Women." Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 44, 1997

High Beam Research, LLC. "History." {Online}. Available:  http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0878427/html

Blacks in Blues Music
Biographer Lawrence Jackson wrote that author Ralph Ellison was exposed to the blues and classical music from an early age, eventually playing the trumpet and pursuing a degree in music at Tuskegee (McLaren Pp). hen he moved to New York to pursue his writing career, Ellison was exposed to the musical developments in jazz and often attended the Apollo Theater, the Savoy Ballroom, and Cafe Society Downtown, and although he admired such figures as pianist Teddy ilson, Count Basie and Duke Ellington, he did not particularly admired Dizzy Gillespie's Bebop, considering its use of Afro-Cuban influences as a "strategic mistake" (McLaren Pp). Ellison, writes Jackson, was more concerned with the "homegrown idiom" (McLaren Pp). That homegrown idiom that Ellison referred to was the blues, a music born in the fields of the South by black workers who used their African musical heritage to give birth to a…...

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Work Cited

McLaren, Joseph. "Ralph Ellison: Emergence of Genius."

Research in African Literatures; 12/22/2004; Pp.

Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans. W.W. Norton & Company.

1983; pp. 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 338.

It will use historical evidence to examine the role of the church is a spiritual entity. It will examine the role of the church as a political entity throughout changing political landscapes. It will explore the role of the church as a social service provider with regards to the importance of this role in helping black people to redeem themselves in light of historical cultural atrocities that they have faced.
esearch Questions

In order to examine that topics of interest un this research study the following research questions be addressed.

1. How has the black church served as redemptive force in helping the black people to heal?

2. What factors served as a redemptive force in helping the image of black people in the black church to improve?

3. How has a black church helped black communities to regain and maintain their self-sufficiency?

4. How has the black church served as a means to identify…...

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References

Primary Sources

Aaron. (1845), the Light and Truth of Slavery. Aaron's History: Electronic Edition. Retrieved June 19, 2010 from  http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/aaron/aaron.html#p6 

Adams, John Quincy. (1872). Narrative of the Life of John Quincy Adams. Retrieved June 19,

2010 from  http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/adams/adams.html#adams6

Resistance meant affirming one's own cultural heritage, in this case an African-American or black heritage (Lincoln and Mamiya 15).
By the 1990s, the problems encountered and caused by young black students in public schools had become a national priority and among the initiatives proposed by black leader at the time was the establishment of special schools exclusively for young black males. The rationale for this educational initiative was that this would provide the possibility of concentrating exclusively on the learning potential, learning styles, and the learning and behavioral difficulties of these students in a more effective manner than can be done in the traditional coeducational interracial settings that were typically dominated by white and feminine cultures (Billingsley 107). According to this author, "It was an idea, simple and straightforward, that grew out of the best motivations to improve the performance of these boys. It seemed to have a great deal…...

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Works Cited

Billingsley, Andrew. Mighty like a River: The Black Church and Social Reform. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Billingsley, Andrew, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, and Roger H. Rubin. (1994). "The Role of the Black Church in Working with Black Adolescents." Adolescence 29(114):251.

Buck, Pearl. The Good Earth. New York: Washington Square Press, 1931 (2004 ed.).

Frederick, Marla F. Between Sundays: Black Women and Everyday Struggles of Faith. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.

Trouble with boys
I answered all the questions for this resource attachment in this paper.

In the article "Are Schools Failing Black Boys," the concept known as "the downhill slide" is the frequent occurrence of African-American student's grades systematically becoming lower and lower by the time they reach fourth grade. What makes this phenomenon all the more remarkable is the fact that when they are in the first and second grades, these students' grades were on par (or perhaps even exceeding) that of their non-African-American counterparts. There are a couple of factors which can explicate the downhill slide syndrome. One is the fact that in the early years of elementary school, there is a social aspect to the way ideas are taught. By the time students reach the fourth grade, that social interaction has been replaced with a staid, sedentary lecture-based approach -- which will largely follow the majority of these…...

SHOTENED TITLE IN ALL CAPS CANDIDACY PAPE DAFT 15Candidacy Paper DraftTimothy . FaustCollege of EducationJuly 31, 2024unning head: CANDIDACY PAPE DAFT 1Geographic Determinants of Educational Attainment: Examining the Academic Trajectories of Young Black Males in ChicagoAbstractThis research study focuses on how the geographical location within Chicago influences academic and life outcomes for young Black males. The study is informed by initial findings (Hackett et al., 2018) that suggest significant disparities based on locationNorth, South, and West sides of Chicago. This research integrates qualitative data from school principals from Chicago Public Schools (CPS) (North: Taft High School, Lakeview High School; South:Corliss High School, Julian High School; West: Wells High School, Collins High School) aiming to explore systemic factors that contribute to these disparities.IntroductionHistorical Context and Systemic IssuesHistorical ContextChicago has long been recognized as one of the most racially segregated cities in the United States. This segregation is not a relic of…...

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ReferencesAnderson, J. D. (1988). The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Baker, B. D., Sciarra, D. G., & Farrie, D. (2018). Is school funding fair? A national report card. Education Law Center. Retrieved from   C. (2018). A guide to qualitative field research. SAGE Publications.Bell, D. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518-533.Bell, D. A. (1992). Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism. Basic Books.Bloomberg, L.D. (2023). Completing your qualitative dissertation: A road map from beginning to end. SAGE Publications, Inc.Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard University Press.Crawford, M. (2020). Ecological Systems theory: Exploring the development of the theoretical framework as con-ceived by Bronfenbrenner. J Pub Health Issue Pract, 4(2), 170.Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139-167.Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The Flat World and Education New York: Teachers College Press.Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press.Ferguson, A. A. (2000). Bad Boys: Public Schools in the Making of Black Masculinity. University of Michigan Press.Gibson, J. (2017). Why Nobody Wants to Teach Black Kids: Beyond Blaming Bad Teachers, Traditional Racism, and Black Students Themselves. Kitabu Publishing.Hackett, E. M., Ponterotto, J. G., Zusho, A., & Jackson, M. A. (2018). Rising Out of the Gap: Early Adolescent Black Males and Academic Success. Qualitative Report, 23(10).Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as Property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707-1791.Kozol, J. (1991). Savage Inequalities: Children in America\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Schools. New York: Crown Publishing Group.Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465-491.Lipman, P. (2011). The new political economy of urban education: Neoliberalism, race, and the right to the city. Routledge.Morsy, L., & Rothstein, R. (2019). Toxic Stress and Children\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Outcomes: African American Children Growing up Poor Are at Greater Risk of Disrupted Physiological Functioning and Depressed Academic Achievement. Economic Policy Institute.  https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED598149.pdf National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2024). Public school revenue sources. Retrieved from  https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cma/public-school-revenue Noguera, P. A. (2008). The Trouble with Black Boys: And Other Reflections on Race, Equity, and the Future of Public Education. Jossey-Bass.Orfield, G., & Lee, C. (2005). Why Segregation Matters: Poverty and Educational Inequality. The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University.Ravitch, D. (2010). The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education. Basic Books.Rothstein, R. (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Liveright Publishing.Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Seidman, I. (2019). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education & the social sciences. 5th Ed. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.Sharkey, P. (2013). Stuck in Place: Urban Neighborhoods and the End of Progress toward Racial Equality. University of Chicago Press.Small, D. (2020, January). The hidden curriculum in public schools and its disadvantage to minority students. In International Forum of Teaching and Studies (Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 16-24). American Scholars Press, Inc.Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613-629.https://edlawcenter.org/assets/files/pdfs/publications/Is_School_Funding_Fair_7th_Editi.pdf Bailey,

oys and Girls Clubs of America as a Resource to Aid in the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency
oys and Girls Clubs of America

This research describes the tremendous need for nonprofit human services organizations by youth who: use drugs, commit crimes or are victims of crime, drop out of high school, and become pregnant at an early age. There are a variety of nonprofit organizations such as oys and Girls Clubs of America, ig rothers ig Sisters and Children's Aid Society that step in to try to compensate for a breakdown in modern social infrastructures. This paper summarized how each makes their own unique contributions and describes in detail the many successes of programs offered by the oys and Girls Clubs of America, proven by formalized studies. ecause human services have made such a difference in the lives of children, recommendations include additional outreach and increased funding for their activities.

Table of…...

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Bibliography

'2003 Survey National Survey on Drug Use and Health." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 8 Jan. 2005. .

"About CAS." The Children's Aid Society. 8 Jan. 2005. .

Alston, Frances Kemper. "Latch Key Children." NYU Child Study Center. 9 Jan. 2005. .

Anderson-Butcher, Dawn, Newsome, W. Sean, and Ferrari, Theresa M. "Participation in Boys and Girls Clubs and Relationships to Youth Outcomes." Journal of Community Psychology. 12 Dec. 2002. Wiley InterScience. 9 Jan. 2005. .

She represents the negative rejection of one's own identity, and rejects her own true and inclusive path in life, as she rejects Xuma who loves her beauty, mind, and poise, and would offer her those things, but in terms that Eliza is emotionally incapable of recognizing.
At the house where he lives Xuma also meets a woman named Maisy, who loves him but whom he rejects. Maisy's plight inspires a great deal of affection in the heart of the reader, as she genuinely loves Xuma, and states that to love a man who loves another is painful, as she looks at him and he is thinking of another woman and feels pain. But Xuma sees in Maisy an older and outdated way of being Black in contemporary society, and despite the fact that Maisy, according to her own admission is pleasant and merely likes to be happy, to dance and…...

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Works Cited

Abrams, Peter. Mine Boy. New York: Heinemann Press, 1946.

" (Adams et al.)
hat the report went on to show was how a decades long deception was practiced on a race that was viewed primarily as a guinea pig for medical science.

The Tuskegee Institute had been established by Booker T. ashington. Claude McKay had passed through there in 1912 to study agriculture (under the patronage of alter Jekyll, a man who provided the basis for Robert Louis Stevenson's classic horror tale character). Around the same time that Eleanor Dwight Jones was striving to preserve the white race, the United States Public Health Service began the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. hat took place was a forty year analysis of the life of syphilis. The two hundred black men who had syphilis were "deliberately denied treatment" (Adams et al.) in what was just one more step in oppression and callous social engineering.

And at the same time the Tuskegee experiment was going on, .E.B.…...

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Works Cited

Adams, Myrtle, et al. "Final Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee."

1996. Web. 8 June 2011.

Cone, James. Risks of Faith. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1999. Print.

Dowlings, Keven, and Knightley, Philip. "The Spy Who Came Back from the Grave."

Navigating Single Motherhood for Black Women: Raising Sons in Contemporary Society
Raising children as a single parent is a complex undertaking, especially for women of color. Single black women face unique challenges in navigating the complexities of childcare, economic disparities, and social stigmas while fostering the healthy development of their sons.
Economic Challenges
Financial instability is a significant hurdle for single black mothers. According to the National Urban League, black women earn only 63 cents for every dollar earned by white men. This income gap contributes to poverty, housing insecurity, and limited access to quality education and healthcare for their children. Single mothers....