Bipolar Disorder ymptoms
Bipolar disorder has been studied for more than a decade after remaining undiagnosed in children and adolescents for many years. Much literature such as that by Pavuluri, Birmaher, and Naylor (2005b), and Kowatch and Debello (2006) is available on diagnostic issues pertaining to paediatric bipolar disorder. In addition, many cases studies have also been published on the topic such as those by DuVaI (2005) and Hamrin and Bailey (2001). This article will discuss the current available literature on the bipolar disorder diagnostic issues with specific focus on psychopharmacological treatments and its management for treating this disorder. This paper will not be focusing on psychosocial interventions related to paediatric bipolar disorder.

evere disturbances in the functioning of children as well as their families are one of the symptoms of paediatric bipolar disorder. Children with this illness mostly struggle in their academic and interpersonal lives. This causes them to be at…...

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Suppes, T., Leverich, F., Keck, P., Nolen, W., Denicoff, K., Altshuler, L., et al. (2001). The Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network II: Demographics and illness characteristics of the first 261 patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 67, 45-59.

Wozniak, J., Beiderman, J., Kiely, K., Ablon, J., Faraone, S., Mundy, E., et al. (1995). Manic-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 867-876.

Youngstrom, E., & Duax, J. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of pediatrie bipolar disorder, Part I: Base rate and family history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 712-717.

ipolar Disorder generally sets in during adolescence or early adulthood though it may also occur late in one's life or during childhood. It results in terrible mood swings ranging from mania and euphoria to depression and suicidal tendencies. The earlier a person is diagnosed with bipolar disorder the better. Medication is available for bipolar disorder, which helps control the mood swings and even treats the condition. Diagnosis of bipolar disorders can be done only by specialized psychiatrists and is done according to the criteria established by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders.
ipolar disorder, more commonly known as manic depression, is a major mood disorder that is distinguished by behavior that fluctuates from extreme highs (mania) to serious lows (depression) interspersed with periods of "normal" mood. This change in mood or "mood swing" can last for hours, days weeks or months. Persons suffering from…...

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Bibliography

Goodwin and Jamison. (1990). Manic Depressive Illness. Oxford Univ Press.

D.A. Bernstein, A. Clarke-Stewart, L.A. Penner, E.J. Roy & C.D. Wickens. (2000). Psychology (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.

S.F. Davis & J.J. Palladino. (2000). Psychology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

V.M. Durand & DH Barlow. (2000). Abnormal Psychology: An Introduction. Scarborough, Ontario: Wadsworth.

ipolar Disorder: Genetics, Environment and Remedies
According to the American Family Physician journal, "ipolar Disorder is an illness that causes extreme mood swings. This condition is also called manic-depressive illness" (AFP, 2000). People with ipolar disorder often express 'extremes' in emotions where they go from the ultimate happiness and 'high' to the ultimate depression and sadness.

These are often referred to as Manic and Depression episodes where "Manic episodes usually begin abruptly and last for between 2 weeks and 4-5 months (median duration about 4 months). Depressions tend to last longer (median length about 6 months), though rarely for more than a year" (WHO, 1992). These types of episodes can be induced by stress or traumas and occur at any age.

The disorder is often hereditary and affects both men and women equally. The chances of having the disorder greatly increase if there is one parent that has the disorder although it is…...

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Bibliography (continued)

1998-2003)

Genetics and Mental Disorders National Institute of Mental Health Report of the National Institute of Mental Health's Genetics Workgroup retrieved on 1 November 2003, from NIMH, www.nimh.nih.gov/research/genetics.htm

2003) Bipolar disorder underestimated and under diagnosed. Psychopharmacology Update, March, 2003. Retrieved from FindArticles, www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0BFY/3_14/99012485/p1/article.jhtml?term=bipolar+hereditary

Bipolar Disorder is a complex mood and brain disorder, characterized by unusual energy levels, shift in moods, and the capacity to carry out routine tasks. People living with this disorder experience numerous symptoms amid episode (Hawke, Velyvis and Parikh, 2013). In addition, anxiety disorders are among the highly prevalent co-morbidities linked with the disorder. Prior studies suggest that 74.9% of individuals with the disorder have at least one anxiety disorder at some point of their life. The disorder is a major health care challenge that results mortality risk, which is the primary cause of global disabilities to young and adults (ock et al., 2013). Current research in adults and young adult shows that hypomania experience is a common phenomenon in both the young and adults.
Literature eview

esearch suggests that there exists a common bipolar phenotype in the late adolescence, which is identifiable through interview or online surveys. Some of the attributes…...

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References

Angst, J. (2013). Bipolar disorders in DSM-5: Strengths, problems and perspectives.

International journal of bipolar disorders, 1, 12. Retrieved from  http://www.journalbipolardisorders.com/content/pdf/2194-7511-1-12.pdf 

Campos, N.R., Domingos dos Santos, R.J., Cordas, A.T., Angst, J., & Moreno, A.R. (2013).

Occurrence of bipolar spectrum disorder and co-morbidities in women with eating disorders. International journal of bipolar disorders, 1, 25. Retrieved from  http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/43643/2194-7511-1 -

Bipolar disorder, which is also sometimes known as manic depression, is a serious psychiatric illness experienced by approximately 1% to 15% of the population at large (Mannu et al., 2011). The disorder is characterized by severe and unusual shifts in activity, mood, energy, and ability to perform everyday tasks (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012). Generally, the disorder is experienced as a depressive phase 70% of the time, and an excitatory phase 30% of the time (Mannu et al., 2011). It is a complex illness that requires the patient to be monitored to ensure that the treatment they are receive is meeting their needs and minimizing the symptoms being experienced (Mannu et al., 2011). Efforts for pharmacological treatments have unfortunately not been highly effective. It is possible that other non-pharmacological treatment options may prove effective in the treatment of the disorder. The following explores the potential effectiveness of a physical…...

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References

Howells, F.M., Ives-Deliperi, V.L., Horn, N.R., Stein, D.J. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improves frontal control in bipolar disorder: a pilot EEG study. BMC Psychiatry, 12:15.

Mannu, P., Rinaldi, S., Fontani, V., Castagna, A. (2011). Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder with a radioelectric asymmetric conveyor. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 373-9.

National Institute of Mental Health (2012). Bipolar Disorder.   retrieved 15 March, 2012.http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar -disorder/complete-index.shtml,

Bipolar disorder is described as a condition in which individuals oscillate between periods of good or irritable mood and depression. The condition is basically characterized with very quick mood swings between mania and depression. Since the disorder equally affects men and women alike, it always starts between 15-25 years (ogge & Zieve, 2012). While the actual cause for disorder remains unknown or unclear, it tends to develop in relatives of individuals with the illness. However, the manic or depressive incidents in people with the disorder can be attributed to various factors such as life changes like childbirth, periods of insomnia, medications like antidepressants, and recreational drug use. The major risk of the disorder is that patients are susceptible to suicide to an extent that they are likely to abuse alcohol or other substances. Such abuse enhances the risk of suicide and the symptoms of the disorder become worse.
elationship between Brain…...

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References:

Keck, P.E. & McElroy, S.L. (2002). Clinical Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Antimanic and Mood-Stabilizing Medications. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(4), 3-11. Retrieved from  http://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/pccpdf/v04s02/v63s0401.pdf 

McCray et. al. (2012, April). The Importance of Differential Diagnosis in Neurodevelopmental

Disorders: Implications for IDEIA. Retrieved January 29, 2013, from  http://www.apadivisions.org/division-16/publications/newsletters/school-psychologist/2012/04/neurodevelopmental-disorder-implications.aspx 

Rogge, T. & Zieve, D. (2012, May 25). Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from U.S. National Library

Scientists thus call this tendency a "genetic vulnerability" to inherit depression (Read 2007:1)
Biologically, bipolarity is not caused by brain damage although there is mounting evidence that the brains of bipolar patients look different from those without mood disorders. A 2000 study in the American Journal of Psychiatry that the brains of patients with bipolar disorder contain 30% more cells that send signals to other brain cells, suggesting that the extra signal-sending cells may lead to a kind of over-stimulation, causing the rapid shifts of extreme moods characteristic of the disease (Read 2007:1). However, whether the disease causes the different brain configuration or the extra cells causes the disorder still remains a mystery.

To add to the mystery of treating this illness, because bipolar disorder has two distinct mood components, that of mania, and that of depression, treating it with medication can be especially difficult. Patients with bipolar disorder usually must…...

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Works Cited

Belmaker, R.H. (2004) "Medical Biology: On Bipolar Disorder." New Engl. J. Med.

351:476. Retrieved 1 Aug 2007 at  http://scienceweek.com/2004/sb041029-5.htm 

Bipolar Disorder." (2001). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 1 Aug 2007 at  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolar.cfm 

Bipolar Disorder." (2007). The Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 1 Aug 2007 at  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bipolar-disorder/DS00356

Bipolar Disorder: Abnormalities in Brain Structures
and Functions

A person experiencing bipolar disorder will feel alternately euphoric and severely depressed of they can have a mixture of those emotional states. This condition is known to e a disease, much like any other chronic medical condition, which can be mediated by a medication regimen, but not cured. It is also known that there are elements of the disease which relate to certain structures and processes in the brain. Specific physical properties in the brain that are related to bipolar disorder are more speculative than determined. Understanding what research has determined are known to be direct links to bipolar disorder and what is hypothesized and requires further study is the focus of this paper.

First the condition must be understood from a clinical perspective. "Bipolar disorder (BPD; loci MAFD1 [MIM 125480] and MAFD2 [MIM 309200]) is a chronic psychiatric disorder with a worldwide lifetime prevalence…...

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References

Mula, M., Scmitz, B., Jauch, R., Cavanna, A., Cantello, R., Monaco, F., & Trimble, M.R. (2008). On the prevalence of bipolar disorder in epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 13. 658- 661.

Murphy, F.C., & Sahakian, B.J. (2001). Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178. 120-127.

Neves-Pereira, M., Mundo, E., Pierandrea, M., King, N., Macciardi, F., Kennedy, J.L. (2002). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: Evidence from a family-based association study. American Journal of Human Genetics, 71. 651-655.

NIH. (2008). Bipolar disorder. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved February 28, 2011 from   disorder/nimh-bipolar- adults.pdfhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar -

In stark contrast, in the adult population of individuals with bipolar disorder, females outnumber males slightly (Egan 2008, p.11).These discrepancies indicate a profile of a more 'difficult child' rather than the specific disease-related pattern of manic depression. The malleable nature of childhood reality presents another difficulty in diagnosis. While a dissociation from reality is one of the manifestations of bipolarity in adults, "it's normal for children to pretend that they are superheroes, or believe that they can run faster than cars, whereas in an adult, these convictions would be signs of grandiosity" (Egan 2008, p.1).
The changing face of psychiatry is another possible social explanation for the increase in diagnosis. More and more non-clinicians are involved in the diagnostic process: a critical shortage of child psychiatrists in non-urban areas may result in a difficult child being diagnosed by a by family doctor or pediatrician. The health insurance industry is also…...

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References

Carey, Benedict. (2007). More children being treated for bipolar disorder. The New York Times.

September 3, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2010 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/03/health/03cnd-psych.html 

Egan, Jennifer. (2008, September 14). The bipolar puzzle. The New York Times Magazine.

Retrieved March 3, 2010 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/14/magazine/14bipolar-t.html?pagewanted=11&_r=1

In other words, the nurse needs to become the patient's mentor and confidant all at the same time. This requires excellent communication skills and listening skills on the part of the nurse.
Applicable Psychological Theory:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

The Cognitive Behavioral model is an amalgamation of three major psychology disciplines: behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and social psychology (Cooper & Lesser, 2008). There are a series of steps that need to be undertaken to assess or intervene using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. These are: 1) Specifying the problematic behaviors; 2) Data collection (monitoring and recording); 3) Goal setting; 4) Intervention; 5) Homework; 6) einforcement for Change; 7) Helping the client take credit for change; 8) elapse prevention (Cooper & Lesser, 2008, pp. 167-168).

According to Scott (2001) "There is increasing support for the use of cognitive behaviour therapy as an adjunct to medication for patients with bipolar disorder" (p. 164). The primary goal of…...

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References

Cooper, M.G. & Lesser, J.G. (2008) Clinical social work practice, Pearson Education.

Doran, C.M. (2007) The Hypomania Handbook: The Challenge of Elevated Mood, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM IV) (1994) American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Press

Hirschfeld, R.M.A. (2002) The Mood Disorder Questionnaire: a simple, patient-related screening instrument for bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 4(1), 9-11.

A depressive episode is clinically diagnosed if five or more of these symptoms last most of the day, nearly every day, for a period of 2 weeks or longer.
People with bipolar disorder often lead healthy, productive lives if the illness is treated early. However, without treatment, the natural course of bipolar disorder tends to worsen and the person may suffer more severe manic and depressive episodes than those experienced when the illness first appeared. Bipolar disorder is a long-term illness that has no cure. Psychosocial treatments are helpful in providing support, education, and guidance to people with bipolar disorder and their families. Psychosocial interventions commonly used for bipolar disorder are cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, family therapy, and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy.

Common medications for polar disorder include lithium, anticonvulsant drugs, and antidepressants. Treatment choices depend on the type and phase of the illness. Patients with less frequent and more…...

Bipolar Disorder
Genetics, Brain Structure & Behavior

Bipolar disorder is biological problem which affects the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). It is also known as manic-depressive illness. Bipolar disorder is different than regular mood swings and daily ups and downs of the average person's life. Bipolar disease typically develops in late adolescent and early adulthood and is treatable; currently there is no cure for this disorder (NCBI, 2010). In this paper we will discuss bipolar disorder and the brain, behaviors associated with bipolar disorder, genetic links, causes, prevention, treatment, national and international occurrences.

Bipolar Disorder and Behavior

Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings, the individual goes from a state of mania to a state of depression. Mania is the part of the disorder where the individual has an overtly high amount of energy. A diagnosis of mania is made when the patient exhibits three or more of the…...

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References

Bipolar disorder. (2002, September). Retrieved from  http://www.athealth.com/consumer/disorders/Bipolar_1.html 

Emedicehealth. (2011). Bipolar disorder causes. Retrieved from  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/bipolar_disorder/page2_em.htm 

Emedicinehealth. (2011). Bipolar disorder symptoms. Retrieved from  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/bipolar_disorder/page3_em.htm 

Health Grade Inc. (2011). Prevalence of Incidence of Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from  http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/b/bipolar/prevalence.htm

(Maj, p. 360)
While bipolar can be treated with psychiatric intervention, when the disorder lasts, it can have a debilitating effect on a person's social life. Available treatments can control the symptoms and can alter brain chemistry in patients to make them less susceptible to the debilitating effects of this disorder. For those who suffer from this disorder, daily life can be a challenge as they struggle with their relationships, their jobs and every aspect of their everyday life. Fortunately research has led to many treatments, psychiatric interventions and therapies which have had significant success in some patients.

EFEENCES

Mario Maj (Editor), Hagop S. Akiskal (Editor), Prof. Juan Jose Lopez-Ibor (Editor), Bipolar Disorders. Wiley; 1st edition (May 15, 2002)

Lana . Castle, Bipolar Disorder Demystified: Mastering the Tightrope of Manic Depression. Da Capo Press (January 2003)

E. Fuller Torrey M.D. Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers. Basic…...

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REFERENCES

Mario Maj (Editor), Hagop S. Akiskal (Editor), Prof. Juan Jose Lopez-Ibor (Editor), Bipolar Disorders. Wiley; 1st edition (May 15, 2002)

Lana R. Castle, Bipolar Disorder Demystified: Mastering the Tightrope of Manic Depression. Da Capo Press (January 2003)

E. Fuller Torrey M.D. Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers. Basic Books (March 1, 2005)

Castle, p. 103

Bipolar disorder individuals often make highly lethal suicide attempts therefore early identification of high-lethality suicide attempters is critical. In this study, BD patients were classified as high- or low- lethality attempters. High lethality attempts required inpatient medical treatment. A logistics model and permutation analyses examined the correlations between lethality, number and order of attempts. esearchers found that multiple attempters showed no pattern in increasing or decreasing their lethality attempts later on, but individuals who were disposed to early high-lethality attempts indicated this pattern of recurrence of high-lethality attempts later. In other words, risk for high-lethality suicide attempts was greatest amongst those who were more resolved to die and who had made a greater number of suicide attempts. However, attempters of low-lethality attempts does not indicate that these individuals would not try high-lethality attempts later on.
Are procedures parametric or non-parametric? Why

Parametric tests require a normal distribution of the studied variable, the…...

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References

Fagiolini et al. (2004) Suicide attempts and ideation in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 509-514

Hills, Andrew P., Neil A. King and Timothy P. Armstrong. 2007. The Contribution of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviours to the Growth and Development of Children and Adolescents: Implications for Overweight and Obesity. Sports Medicine, 37 (6): 533 -- 546.

Livingstone, Sonia and Ellen J. Helsper. 2006. Does Advertising Literacy Mediate the Effects of Advertising on Children? A Critical Examination of Two Linked Research Literatures in Relation to Obesity and Food Choice. Journal of Communication, 56: 560 -- 584.

Oquendo, ML. et al. (2009)Are High-Lethality Suicide Attempters With Bipolar

[Frank et.al, 2006)]
aethge et.al (2005) examined substance use disorders in patients with first episode P 1 disorder using 'Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders' (SCID). The study included a total of 172 patients who were admitted in the McLean hospitals between 1989 and 1996 for clinically diagnosed first lifetime manic/mixed P 1 episodes. All the 172 subjects underwent follow-up assessment at 6,12 and 24 months respectively. Results from the study indicate that 37 (33.0%) were substance addicts at entry and this increased to 38.8% at the end of the study period. Statistical analysis further revealed that cannabis dependent subjects had more prolonged manic episodes (mean=26.8%, SD=34.0%, versus mean=11.5%, SD=19.1%; ratio=2.3:1), whereas alcohol dependant subjects had increased episodes of depression (mean=11.9%, SD=22.9%, in mania vs. mean=21.9%, SD=29.5%, in depression; ratio=1:1.8). Also morbidity was higher among polysubstance abusers. [aethge et.al, 2005]

A more recent study by Wilens et.al (2009) analyzed…...

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Bibliography

1) NIMH, (2009),'Bipolar Disorder', retrieved Dec 7th 2009, from  

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1. The enduring impact of mental illness stigma on individuals' self-esteem and identity
2. How societal attitudes towards mental illness hinder individuals' ability to seek treatment
3. The intersectionality of mental health stigma and its disproportionate impact on marginalized communities
4. The role of media in perpetuating harmful stereotypes and misinformation about mental illness
5. The stigma surrounding mental illness in the workplace and its effects on job security and career advancement
6. The importance of dismantling stigmatizing language and conversations around mental health
7. The long-term psychological effects of internalized stigma on individuals' mental health recovery journey
8. How advocacy and activism can help combat mental....

There are various reasons why humans commit suicide:

1. Mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia can lead individuals to feel overwhelming despair and hopelessness.

2. Traumatic life events such as loss of a loved one, abuse, or a serious illness can trigger suicidal thoughts.

3. Substance abuse and addiction can impair judgment and lead to impulsive behavior.

4. Social isolation and lack of support from friends or family can contribute to feelings of loneliness and worthlessness.

5. Chronic pain or debilitating illness can lead individuals to believe that their quality of life will not improve.

6. Financial difficulties or job loss can....

Factors Contributing to Suicide Among Humans

Suicide, the intentional act of ending one's own life, is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. While there is no single definitive reason why individuals commit suicide, research has identified a multitude of factors that contribute to this devastating act.

1. Mental Health Disorders:

Mental health disorders, particularly depressive disorders, are strongly associated with suicide. Individuals experiencing depression may have persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness, which can lead to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Other mental health conditions linked to suicide include anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.

2. Social Isolation and Lack of Support:

Social isolation and a....