This result showed that there was no association between schizophrenics and the 14 candidate genes that were previously identified genes (DTNB1, DISC1, GS4, STX7, NG1, DD2, DAOA, CHNA7, AVCF, COMT, PPP3CC, TAA6, DAOA, and AKT1). Only chance variation was seen in the distribution of the data from the study.
Environmental factors in the onset of schizophrenia
In the research of the environmental factors that influence the onset and development of schizophrenia, researcher not only look at the dwelling of a person (house and neighborhood) but also look at other environmental aspects such as their nutrition, social life, chemical and hormonal environment as relates to development during pregnancy and other dynamics such as education, drug abuse, use of supplements, etc.
esearch has shown that children who are born during the months of winter i.e. January to about April have a risk that is 10% higher than average of developing schizophrenia. Those children who…...
mlaReferences
Conklin, H.M., & Iacono, W.G. (2002). Schizophrenia: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 33-37.
Gaser, C., Nenadic, I., Buchsbaum, B.R., Hazlett, E.A., & Buchsbaum, M.S. (2004). Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia related to volume reduction of the thalamus, striatum, and superior temporal cortex. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(1), 151-156.
Harrison, P.J., & Owen, M.J. (2003). Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. The Lancet, 361(9355), 417-419.
Leask, S.J. (2004). Environmental influences in schizophrenia: the known and the unknown. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10(1), 323-330.
Schizophrenia/Biopsychosocial Model
Schizophrenia and the Biopsychosocial Model
In 1977, University of ochester psychiatrist George Engel posited a theory that disease, and health in general, is a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors, rather than simply biological ones. esearchers have discovered that the need to involve "consideration of function in daily life, productivity, performance of social roles, intellectual capacity, emotional stability and well-being" is an important part of clinical tests and patient care. ("Biopsychosocial Model") But it is not only the patient's psychology but social interaction and the environment in which all of this takes place that are also factors. Biopsychosocial factors may work to facilitate, maintain, or alter the course of an illness and can vary with different diseases. These factors can also vary between individuals with the same disease, or between two different episodes of the same illness in the same individual. For instance, research has indicated that "unexplained symptoms…...
mlaReferences
Clark, Rodney. Et al. (1999) Racism as a stressor for African-Americans, A Biopsychosocial Model. American Psychologist 54(10). Retrieved from http://meagherlab.tamu.edu/M-
Meagher/%20Health%20Psyc%20630/Readings%20630/PNI%
20 read%203:15/Clark%20racism.pdf
"Biopsychosocial Model Thirty Years Later." (2008, Jan. 24). ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080121115422.htm
Biopsychosocial Assessment: Morris S. Schwartz
Morris Schwartz, a former sociology professor, was diagnosed recently with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and presented in the clinic expressing concern about morning bouts of atypical anxiety, fear, self-pity, and crying (Albom, 1997, p. 56). Mr. Schwartz's day-to-day medical needs are provided by a palliative care nurse in his home and has no desire to be transitioned into a nursing home or hospice center as he reaches the end of his life. What follows is a biopsychosocial assessment of Mr. Schwartz, or Morrie as he prefers.
Biological
Morrie was in his mid-70s when diagnosed with ALS ("Morris S. Schwartz," 1995) and was probably already experiencing many of the physical symptoms of aging (Zasrow & Kirst-Ashman, 1997, p. 546-555). ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, resulting in the gradual paralysis of the limb, respiratory, and bulbar muscles (Foley, Timonen, & Hardiman, 2014). Although 15…...
mlaReferences
Albom, M. (1997). Tuesdays with Morrie: An Old Man, a Young Man, and Life's Greatest Lesson. New York: Doubleday.
Foley, G., Timonen, V., & Hardiman, O. (2014). Acceptance and decision making in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from a life-course perspective. Qualitative Health Research, 24(1), 67-77.
Hecht, M.J., Graesel, E., Tigges, S., Hillemacher, T., Winterholler, M., Hilz, M.J. et al. (2003). Burden of care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Palliative Medicine, 17(4), 327-33.
INTERMED Foundation (2009). The INTERMED Method: INTERMED Complexity Assessment Grid (IM CAG version 6). Retrieved 28 Apr. 2014 from https://www.intermedfoundation.org/uploads/10/32/103299ff97ac58bcee216085ec23a708/Description-of-IM-CAG-v6-including-interview-and-score-December-2009.pdf.
The biopsychosocial perspective is a comprehensive approach to understanding human health and illness. This model posits that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness. Unlike more traditional models of health, which focus primarily on the biological aspects of disease, the biopsychosocial perspective takes into account the complex interplay between these three components (Engel, 1977).
From the biological standpoint, the biopsychosocial perspective examines how the physical body contributes to illness and health. This includes an analysis of genetic predispositions, immune system function, and physiological responses that can influence an individual's health status (Kaplan & Sadock, 2010). For example, when considering the impact of chronic stress on an individual's well-being, the biopsychosocial model would look at how prolonged exposure to stress hormones like cortisol can lead to physical health problems such as hypertension or weakened immune responses.
Psychologically, the biopsychosocial perspective…...
mlaReferences
Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129-136.
Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, B. J. (2010). Kaplan and Sadock\'s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry.
Suls, J., & Rothman, A. J. (2004). Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: Prospects and challenges for health psychology.
Berkman, L. F., & Glass, T. (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp. 137-173). Oxford University Press.
Biopsychosocial Assessment and AgingAging involves a whole person, so a biopsychosocial assessment of our clients is critical to guide effective interventions. Biopsychosocial assessment is essential in guiding effective interventions because it is a model that views health and illness in old age from physical and biological factors. In addition, this model views health and illness in aging from the aggregate effects of a lifetime of social, psychological, and social processes. Therefore, the use of this model provides a framework to examine health and illness from a biological course of decline throughout the lifespan (ook, Charles & Heckhausen, 2011). This paper examines biopsychosocial assessment tools used to examine health and illness in old age. This evaluation discusses tools used for assessing physical/social health and mental health screening tools.Mental Health Screening Tools/AssessmentsThe biopsychosocial model of health and illness incorporates three major components i.e. biological, psychological, and social. These three domains form the…...
mlaReferencesAas, I.H.M. (2014). Collecting information for rating Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): Sources of information and methods for information gathering. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 10(4), 330-347. Hardie, M. (2021). Three aspects of health and healing: The biopsychosocial model in medicine. Retrieved from Washington University School of Medicine website: W.H. (2019). Assessment of older people 4: Assessing the psychological domain. Nursing Times, 115(8), 44-48. Rook, K.S., Charles, S.T. & Heckhausen, J. (2011). Aging and health. Health Psychology. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0015https://surgery.wustl.edu/three-aspects-of-health-and-healing-the-biopsychosocial-model/ Kendall,
Biopsychosocial View of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia can be a debilitating condition that adversely affects the quality of life of sufferers and their families. Although clinicians in some parts of the world view schizophrenia as a brain disease that is incurable, while most practitioners in the Western world view the condition as having a genetic or organic basis that can be successfully treated with prescription medications and psychosocial interventions. To determine the fact, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning schizophrenia using a biopsychosocial model. The review includes evidence supporting brain localization for schizophrenia, the genetic factors in the onset of this disorder and an evaluation of the environmental factors in the onset of this disorder.
eview and Discussion
On the one hand, some researchers have suggested that schizophrenia is a disease of the brain that is common to all human societies, and that it is a chronic condition…...
mlaReferences
Bemak, F. & Epp, L.R. (2007, Spring). Transcending the mind-body dichotomy: Schizophrenia reexamined. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 41(1), 14-
19.
Cantor-Graae, E. (2009, May). The contribution of social factors to the development of schizophrenia: A review of recent findings. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(5), 277-
Farmer, R.L. & Pandurangi, A.K. (1999, May). Diversity in schizophrenia: Toward a richer biopsychososocial understanding for social work practice. Health and Social Work,
Nursing Theorist: Sr. oy Adaptation Model
The oy Adaptation model for Nursing had its beginning when Sister Callista oy happened to get admitted in the Masters Program of pediatric nursing in the University of California, Los Angeles, in the year 1964. At that time, Sr. Callista was familiar with the idea of 'adaptation' in nursing, and it must be mentioned that Sr. Callista's adviser at that time was Dorothy E. Johnson, who believed firmly in the need to define nursing as a means of focusing the development of knowledge, for the practice of nursing. When Sr. Callista oy started working with children in the pediatric ward of the hospital, she was quite impressed with the basic resiliency of the small children who had been admitted into the wards for treatment. This was why when the first seminar in pediatric nursing was called for; Sr. Callista oy proposed that the basic goal…...
mlaREFERENCES
"Callista Roy's Adaptation Model" Retrieved From
Accessed 28 October, 2005http://www.geocities.com/ninquiry2002/callistaroy
'Case Study" Retrieved From
Accessed 28 October, 2005http://www.geocities.com/ninquiry2002/casestudy.html
Addict, Michael Stein uses a case study approach to exhibit, analyze, and discuss addiction in general and how addiction impacts the lives of individuals specifically. The author takes into account psychological trauma, psycho-social issues, and other situational variables but ultimately ascribes to the disease model of addiction. Stein concludes from his case study with Lucy that substance abuse is a disease just as heart disease is but does not provide any substantial evidence backing up this claim. In fact, Stein (2010) simply calls addiction "the disease of wanting more," which is hardly a scientific assessment of substance abuse (p. 25). If the disease model were supported by the literature, there would be clear outlines of disease etiology and the neurobiological pathways upon which it works. In fact, the disease model has not received unequivocal research support. Although popular and politically effective in terms of freeing up funding for addiction…...
mlaReferences Not Cited
Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J. & Lohr, J.M. (2015). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press.
Rasmussen, S. (2013). A management model for a chronic disease called addiction. APHA 275427. Retrieved online: https://apha.confex.com/apha/141am/webprogram/Paper275427.html
Volkow, N.D., Koob, G.F. & McLellan, T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. The New England Journal of Medicine 2016(374), 363-371.
Professional Presence
Different Models of Health and Healing
Models of health and healing influence patient attitudes and lifestyle, and also impact health seeking and healthcare behaviors. Often, the concept of healing a patient has will come from cultural or religious beliefs However, healthcare workers also operate within their own models of health and healing, which could conflict with those of their patients. When nurses become more aware of the different models, they can better communicate with patients about healthcare issues.
Physical Body: The Mechanistic View
The rise of empiricism and the triumphs of modern science gave rise to the view that the body itself can be treated as a discreet system. Although the mechanistic view can be traced back as far as Asclepiades, it was never fully accepted as a viable model of health and healing until the 20th century (Curtis & Gaylord, 2004, p. 8). The mechanistic view predominates throughout the Western world,…...
Chemical Addiction Progress More apidly in Young People than Adults?
Chemical dependency is the obsessive use of chemicals like drugs, alcohol, and tobacco and the incapacity to stop using them, in spite of all the troubles caused by their use. People with a chemical dependency can stop using for a while but find it hard to start all together. This is where professional help is needed to stop it for life. Those who quit without professional help, typically overcome with an agonizing desire to resume alcohol, tobacco or drug use. Alcohol and drug addiction are progressive diseases. In most, addictions begin gradually and grow until one's life becomes increasingly uncontrollable. As recurring efforts to gain control over the addiction are unsuccessful, life for the person who has developed a chemical dependency begins to fall apart (Chemical dependency, n.d.).
Drug addictions in young people have been found to progresses more quickly than…...
mlaReferences
Chapter 2 -- The Role of PPC in a Managed Care Environment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://kap.samhsa.gov/products/manuals/tips/13b.htm
Chemical Dependency. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aboutdrugtreatment.org/chemical_dependency.htm
Chemical Dependency. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.galaxrecovery.com/chemical_dependency_treatment.asp
Drug and Alcohol Information. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.egetgoing.com/drug_addiction/chemical_dependency_treatment.asp
Abnormal Psychology is often misunderstood as a field of psychology because it deals with behavior that "creates a problem for an individual or society" -- and hence, the question immediately arises as to just what is "abnormal" and what is "normal"? The AP Psychology 7th Edition (Sharpsteen, et al., 2005) text suggests that abnormal behavior is "maladaptive or pathological behavior" and before determining whether a behavior is abnormal or not, the "total environment and impact of a person's behavior" must be taken into consideration. Moreover, abnormal psychology does not attempt to link "normal and abnormal" with the concepts of "good and bad," Kendra Cherry explains. Abnormal psychology deals with "psychopathology and abnormal behavior" covering a wide swath of disorders, including sexual deviation, depression, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, to name a few (Cherry, 2008).
The History and Evolution of Abnormal Psychology into a Scientific Discipline
In 800 B.C., Homer believed that mental illness results when…...
mlaWorks Cited
AS Psychology. (2009). Biological and Psychological Models of Abnormality. Retrieved July 9,
2011, from http://as-psychology.pbworks.com.
Bennett, Paul. (2006). Abnormal and Clinical Psychology: An Introductory Textbook. New York: McGraw-Hill International.
Cherry, Kendra. (2008). Psychology / What Is Abnormal Psychology? About.com. Retrieved July 8, 2011, from http://psychology.about.com .
SPIRITUALITY IN YOUNG CHILDREN'S TEMPERAMENT AND SELF-CONTROL: THE CULTURAL INFLUENCE
The objective of this study is to address the cultural contexts relating to spirituality in young children's temperament and self-control.
Child-Well eing Outcomes
Jesus grew in wisdom
Jesus grew in stature
Jesus grew in grace
Einoth's work entitled "uilding Strong Foundations World Vision's Focus on Early Childhood Development and Child Well-being" published by World Vision 2010 reports that World Visions biblical bases for the definition of Child Well-eing Outcomes is found in the ible in the ook of Luke, Chapter 2, Verse 52 which states "And Jesus grew in wisdom and stature, and in favor (grace) with God and with people'. (2010, p. ix) Einoth states that in the tradition of the Jewish people that the body "is the object of special care because it is God's creation and special gift of grace. Growing in stature implies growing caring for the body and for healthful nutrition,…...
mlaBibliography
Einoth, SR (2010) Building Strong Foundations World Vision's Focus on Early Childhood Development and Child Well-being. A research project carried out on behalf of the World Vision Institute for Research and Development in co-operation with the Child Development and Rights Team within World Vision International's Children in Ministry Department. Friedrichsdorf/Germany . May 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.worldvision-institut.de/_downloads/allgemein/TheorieUndPraxis_5_StrongFoundations.pdf
Holloday, R. (2007) Cultural Trends Influence Our Children. United Church of God. 28 Apr 2007. Retrieved from: http://www.ucg.org/sermon/cultural-trends-influence-our-children/
Sharley, V. (2012) New ways of thinking about the influence of cultural identity, place and spirituality on child development within child placement practice. Adoption and Fostering, 22 Sep 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/New+ways+of+thinking+about+the+influence+of+cultural+identity,+place...-a0310516728
The study will also be important to those in the future, because scientists have not yet found ways to cure these chronic illnesses or correct some of these problems that are seen today, and therefore it stands to reason that there will be more people in the future who will have to face the same problems as those with chronic illnesses and traumatic injuries today.
Scope of the Study
The scope of the study is relatively large, simply because there has been a great deal written about chronic illness and injuries from the perspective of the physician and from the perspective of the patient. Both sides are important, although the focus here will remain largely on the patient perspective. Because there are so many people today that suffer from a chronic illness or traumatic injury, much study has been done about these individuals. Despite these studies, however, not a lot of…...
mlaReferences
Anderson, B.L. (2002). Biobehavioral Outcomes Following Psychological Interventions for Cancer Patients. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(3), 590-610.
Brannon, L., & Fiest, J. (2004). Health Psychology: Vol.. An Introduction to Behavior and Health (Fifth ed.) Belmont CA: Thompson/Wadsworth.
DiMatteo, M. (2004). Social Support and Patient Adherence to Medical treatment: A Meta- analysis. Health Psychology, 23(2), 207-218.
Eitel, P., Hatchett, L., Friend, R., Griffin, K.W., & Wadhwa, N.K. (1995). Burden of Self-Care in Seriously Ill Patients Impact on Adjustment. Health Psychology, 14(5), 457-463.
This is related to bronchitis, asthma and long-term conditions such as lung cancer and bladder cancer (obinson, 2009).
It is estimated that the chances of getting bladder cancer is high for ex-smokers and passive smokers even after thirty years later. This brings us to the question of management of bladder cancer for current and ex-smokers as well as passive smokers.
The management of bladder cancer is a three-pronged approach that involves reducing the progression of the disease, protecting the bladder and increasing the chances of survival. The course of treatment depends to a large extent on the stage of the cancer. During the earlier stages, surgery, trans urethral resection, intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy are used to contain the disease and prevent it from progressing further. The malignant areas are treated with one of the above procedures to remove the tumor. In the case of a more advanced stage, radical cystectomy or…...
mlaReferences
Cancer Research UK. (2011). Cancer in the UK: April 2011. Retrieved from http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/mortality/
Friedman, Howard. (1990). Personality and Disease. Publisher: New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Abrahamson; Seligman; Teasdale. (1978). Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation. Abnormal Psychology. Vol 87. pp 49-74.
McAllister, Robert. (May 1974). Viral Etiology of Cancer: Two Hypotheses with relevance to chemical exposure. Pediatrics. Vol 53 (5). pp826.
In terms of the plainness of gendered inequalities in the health and longevity of women, compared with men, the majority world demands our notice. The world-wide toll in terms of women's raised levels of mortality and morbidity corroborates that limited or negligible access to political power, land-ownership, education, sexual self-determination and earning ability has detrimental bodily effects (Bradby, 2009).
While sociologists have long studied the aspect of illness, it has only been recently that they have turned their attention to the development of sociology of health. Sociologists' interest in health emerged in part in reaction to the biomedical mode, which focused primarily on disease. A more holistic approach to health and healing, sociologists argued, must also encompass the idea of positive health and well-being. The concept of health itself needs to be explored, and such exploration must take lay perspectives into account. A holistic, or socio-environmental, model of health also…...
mlaReferences
Albrecht, Gary L., Fitzpatrick, Ray and Scrimshaw, Susan. 2003. "Handbook of Social Studies
in Health and Medicine." Sage Publications: California.
Bradby, Hannah. 2009. "Virtual Special Issue on feminism and the sociology of gender, health and illness." Sociology of Health and Wellness. Available at:
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/shil_enhanced/virtual2_full.asp
The Importance of Mental Health Awareness and Stigma Reduction
Topic 1: Understanding the Spectrum of Mental Health
Explore the different types of mental health conditions, their symptoms, and prevalence.
Discuss the biopsychosocial model of mental health and how it explains the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Examine the impact of mental health conditions on individuals, families, and society.
Topic 2: The Stigma Associated with Mental Illness
Define stigma and explore its various forms related to mental health.
Analyze the causes and consequences of stigma, including discrimination, shame, and social isolation.
Discuss strategies for challenging stigma and promoting acceptance.
Topic 3: Barriers....
The biopsychosocial perspective takes into account the biological, psychological, and social factors that influence a person's health and well-being. By considering all of these factors together, this perspective provides a more holistic understanding of health and well-being than a purely biological or psychological perspective would.
From a biological standpoint, the biopsychosocial perspective acknowledges the importance of genetics, physiology, and physical health in determining overall well-being. It recognizes that physical health conditions, such as chronic illnesses or genetic predispositions, can have a significant impact on a person's well-being.
From a psychological perspective, the biopsychosocial model recognizes the role of mental health and emotional....
## Childhood Experiences and Adult Development
Childhood experiences play a profound role in shaping our adult behaviors and personality traits. The environment in which we are raised, the interactions we have with our caregivers, and the events we experience during our formative years all contribute to the development of our unique characters.
### Attachment Theory
One of the most influential theories on the impact of childhood experiences is attachment theory. Developed by John Bowlby, attachment theory suggests that the quality of a child's early relationships with their caregivers has a lasting impact on their ability to form healthy relationships in adulthood.
Secure attachment, characterized....
I. Introduction
II. Body
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