Big Bang Theory
Blake Williams

It is commonly believed among the field of astronomy that the universe began with a "Big Bang (Dominey, 2011)." This big bang was a powerful explosion of space and time that sent matter and energy outward into what was then a vast state of nothingness. This position as to the Big Bang is based upon Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity and the later discovery in the 1960s of cosmic microwaves but for most lay persons understanding the details of the Big Bang Theory is nearly impossible.

The theory claims that when the big bang occurred, matter, energy, space and time were all formed, and that the universe at that time was extremely hot and incredibly dense. Presently all the best minds in science have no idea what came before the Big Bang Theory. They have no answer.

Part of the Big Bang Theory is the belief that the…...

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References

Cowen, R. (2009). The solar system's Big Bang. Science News, 26-29.

Dominey, B. (2011). What Triggered the Big Bang. Astronomy, 24-29.

Oppy, G. (2009). Cosmological Arguments. Nous, 31-48.

Big Bang Theory

The singularity at the beginning of the Big Bang did not begin in space; it was the origin of space.
Black Holes

hile singularities are difficult to define and to prove, black holes are not. Black holes are areas with such extreme gravitational pull that the velocity an object would need to escape them is greater than the speed of light, and, thus, unattainable. Bl.ack holes are observable and have been proven to exist. They may be created when a star collapses, though this is also a theory.

Infinite Density

Because the gravitational pull of a black hole is immense, objects cannot escape from it. Moreover, as the objects approach the event horizon of the black hole, the gravity becomes more and more intense, so that, eventually objects are unable to escape. This means that the black hole continues to engulf matter. Furthermore, the intense gravity that exists in a black hole means…...

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Works Cited

All About Science. "Big Bang Theory- an Overview." All About Science. N.p. 2012. Web.

11 Dec. 2012.

Space Telescope Science Institute. "Hubble Essentials: About Edwin Hubble." Hubblesite.

N.p. 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.

The one thing that the Christian belief in God's creation of the universe does not account for is evolution since the animals, plants and man were formed as complex life forms. Scientists scoff at this view of creation due to the totality of evidence they believe exists for evolution.

However fundamentalists would argue that there is not one shred of evidence for anything but microevolution -- that is, organisms adopting within a species. ut nowhere in history do we see one species evolving into another. Why not? They ask, if evolution is an ongoing process.

(Ross)

Intelligent Design Theory

The Intelligent Design Theory says that intelligent causes are necessary to explain the complex, information-rich structures of biology and that these causes are empirically detectable. Certain biological features defy the standard Darwinian random-chance explanation, because they appear to have been designed. Since design demands an intelligent designer, the appearance of design is cited as evidence…...

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Bibliography

Ross, L. "Theory of Creation." n.d. ThinkQuest Entry. 30 Nov 2009 .

Shestople, Paul. "Big Bang Cosmology Primer." 24 Dec 1997. cosmology.berkeley.edu. 30 Nov 2009 .

"What is the Intelligent Design Theory?" n.d. gotquestions.org. 30 Nov 2009 .

" At almost 4 minutes, the temperature has fallen to the point where sub-atomic particles become naturally attracted to each other and form certain kinds of isotopes. At almost an hour after the Big Bang, all nuclear material has bonded, yet the temperatures is "still too high for protons and electrons to bind together" to form atoms. From this point on to about 700,000 years later, the temperature has dropped sufficiently and allows electrons and protons to bind together to create atoms of hydrogen. Therefore, as free electrons "are bound up in atoms, the primary cross-section leading to the scattering of photons is removed" which allows the universe to alter from being opaque to transparent, thus allowing photons of light to travel freely in this newly-created universe ("The Hot Big Bang" 2007, Internet). At some unknown point in spatial time, the universe begins to cool even further, allowing gases like…...

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References

La Rocco, Chris and Blair Rothstein. 2007, "The Big Bang," Internet. Retrieved at  http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm .

Sullivan, William S. The Big Bang and Cosmology. New York: Scribner's, 2004.

The Hot Big Bang." 2007. Internet. Retrieved at   / lect/cosmology/hotbb.html.http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162 

Big Bang vs. Six-Day Creation Theory
Man knows that the universe exists; however, his curiosity has not allowed him to dwell on this knowledge alone. Throughout his brief history on this planet, man has struggled to understand his "place in this universe, and furthermore, the place of the universe itself" (Laocco & othstein, n.d.). For ages, he has attempted to find answers on the age of the universe, as well as on the origins of matter and the greater universe. In his quest, man has moved from the mystical beginnings of earth's origin to the development of scientific theories, some of which have only made the subject more complex and intriguing. Man's continued interest in the subject has led to the emergence of two cadres of creationists - the young earth creationists, who posit that earth was created by a supernatural being, over a span of six days, thousands of years…...

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References

Dean, D. (2003). Is the Truth Out There: A Journey through Critical Thinking that Spans Man's History, Origin, and Place in the Universe. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.

Landgraf, K. (2011). No Bones about It: The Truth about Fossils and Other Science Myths. Mustang, Oklahoma: Tate Publishing

LaRocco, C. & Rothstein, B. (n.d.). The Big Bang: It Sure was Big. University of Michigan. Retrieved 23 June 2014 from  http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm 

Taylor, B. (2008). The Late Great Ape Debate. Santa Rosa, CA: Standard Publishing.

725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave ackground radiation (CM) that pervades the observable universe. This is believed to be the remnant that scientists were looking for. Penzias and Wilson shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for this discovery.
Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" hydrogen and helium found in the observable universe are believed to support the ig ang model of origins (the ig-ang Theory Web site, 2003).

In 2003, Physicist Robert Gentry proposed an alternative to the standard ig ang theory, an alternative that also accounts for the evidences listed above (Eastman and Missler, 1996). Gentry believes that the standard ig ang model is founded upon a faulty paradigm that he claims is inconsistent with the empirical data. Gentry bases his model on Einstein's static-spacetime paradigm that he claims is the "genuine cosmic Rosetta."

Gentry is not alone. Other high-profile dissenters include Nobel laureate Dr.…...

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Bibliography

Eastman, Mark. Missler, Chuck. The Creator: Beyond Time and Space, (1996) p. 11.

W. Wayt Gibbs, "Profile: George F.R. Ellis," Scientific American, October 1995, Vol. 273, No.4, p. 55.

Big-Bang-Theory.com. (2002). Big Bang Theory. Retrieved from the Internet at: www. Big-Bang-Theory.com.

Gish, Duane. (June, 1991). The Big Bang Theory Collapses. Institute for Creation Research.

Theory
Compare and contrast at least three views on what constitutes a theory. Distinguish the related concepts of theories, such as hypothesis, paradigm, model and concept.

Differentiating between hypothesis and theory

The word hypothesis is a description of various phenomenon occurring. In most cases, it's not a confirm statement. In other cases, it can be well-developed, designed and explained to follow through the workings and mechanisms of certain phenomenon. According to one definition, it states particularly that it's a precursor to a conditional proposition. A hypothesis is an unconfirmed theory. One can develop a hypothesis while the observation is being tested, that could be unconfirmed too. By an observation, one can simply have a window of opportunity to verify a hypothesis. A hypothesis can be detailed and inclusive of details. This permits lucid testing. Apart from that, it is the distinguishing factor from a theory (Harris, 2001).

The word theory is of scientific nature…...

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References

Ardichvili, A., & Gasparishvili, A. (2001). Leadership profiles of managers in post-communist countries: A comparative study. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(2): 62-75.

Ashkanasy, N.M., Trevor-Roberts, E., & Earnshaw, L. (2002). The Anglo cluster: Legacy of the British Empire. Journal of World Business, 37, 28-39.

Bakacsi, G., Sandor, T., Andra, K., & Viktor, I. (2002). Eastern European cluster: Tradition and transition. Journal of World Business, 37, 69-80.

Bass, B.M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership. (3rd Edition.). New York: Free Press.

Earth evolves Around the Sun
Is this idea/theory/episode/question an example of scientific activity? Why or why not?

It's important to bear in mind that the philosophers of hundreds of years ago didn't always believe that the Earth revolved around the sun. Many of these thinkers believed that the sun revolved around the Earth and that the Earth was the center of the universe -- with the sun and all the stars and planets revolving around it. However, the complicated movement of the sun made this a very difficult theory to support. "The Sun, however, does not merely rise in the east and set in the west. You can see for yourself that the Sun only rises directly in the east on the equinoxes: at all other times of the year, it rises in the northeast (summer) or southeast (winter). Also, the Sun moves with respect to the stars: the Sun wanders…...

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References

Cain, F. (2010, March 30). Earth's Orbit Around The Sun. Retrieved from universetoday.com:  http://www.universetoday.com/61202/earths-orbit-around-the-sun/ 

Cuk, M. (2002). Is there a proof that Earth moves? Retrieved from Cornell.edu:  http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=190 

Motz, L. (2003). The Unfolding Universe: A Stellar Journey. New York: Perseus Books.

Tate, J. (2009, December 10). Stellar Parallax. Retrieved from Universetoday.com:  http://www.universetoday.com/47182/stellar-parallax/

HM Organizational Behavior, Theories, Frameworks and the Links Between Individual and Organizational Performance
This work in writing conducts a critical evaluation of HM Organizational Behavior Theories Frameworks that link performance.

Defining and measuring the effectiveness and performance of workers is a specific part of the HM manager's work. The question presenting is one that asks how the skills, behaviors and attitudes that are needed by workers to successfully and effectively perform their roles is defined. One way of measuring this is linking the performance of individuals to the organizational goals. This is generally accomplished through use of competencies which are described as "the integrated knowledge, skills, judgment, and attributes that people need to perform a job effectively. By having a defined set of competencies for each role in the business, it shows workers the kinds of behaviors the organizational values…" (MindTools, 2011) Lawrence (1998) reports that people are "multifaceted and complex"…...

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References

Alderfer, C.P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth. New York: Free Press.

Argyris, C. & Schon, DA (1996) Organizational Learning II Theory, Method, and Practice. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley.

Beer, M. (1980) Organization Change and Development: A Systems View. Santa Monica, CA, Goodyear.

Castellano, William G. (nd) A New Framework of Employee Engagement. Center for Human Resource Strategy Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.

Hararis SapiensAt the basis of Yuval Hararis Sapiens is an assumption rooted in Darwins theory of evolutionthat the earth is billions of years old, that life is the result of a Big Bang, and that human life evolved from primitive animal life to be what it is today. This assumption starts off the book and proceeds as the framework for every single one of the authors thoughts: life is evolutionary and finite, continually progressing in stages to greater and greater things, experiencing hiccups along the way that can have negative effects (like extinction or enslavement), and so on. This idea of evolution is so central to Hararis book that a quick CTRL+F shows that the term evolution appears 308 times throughout the 439-page work. On page 16, Harari states, That evolution should select for larger brains may seem to us like, well, a no-brainer. The point he aims to make,…...

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Works CitedFrankowski, Nathan. Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. Vivendi, 2008.Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Random House, 2014.Wolfe, Tom. The Kingdom of Speech. Random House, 2016.

It should also be noted that the idea do the Big Bang is also included to some degree into the other two theories.
What makes the two theories based of string theory so compelling is that they are multidimensional and provide a more appropriate and fitting understanding of the universe. Another aspect is that many critics have stated is that the Big Bang theory does not answer the vital question of what occurred or existed prior to the Big Bang. Theories such as the Ekpyrotic Theory tend to provide us with a better understanding of the universe as it may have existed before the Big Bang.

4. Conclusion

In conclusion, an answer to the question, what are the origins of the universe has not been as yet conclusively reached by modern science, What modern science has realized is that a simplistic and logical explanation for the origins of the universe will not…...

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References

God, Genesis and the big bang: The Origin of the Universe. Retrieved August 23,

2009, from http://www.hpcisp.com/~kls/page4.html

Origin of the Universe Theories. Retrieved August 23, 2009, from http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~danr/ph367u/report.pdf

Scientific Origins of the Universe. Retrieved August 23, 2009, from  http://www.infoplease.com/cig/theories-universe/scientific-origins-universe.html

Age of the Universe
Understanding the origin of the universe and the mysteries behind the complex machinery has always been a fascinating subject for the inquisitive minded. Questions of the nature as to whether the universe is infinite or is it well confined within its own boundaries, the exact time period in which the universe came into being, the ultimate end and other cosmological complexities of the universe are rather intriguing. The inherent curiosity to unravel the secrets behind the universe has long driven scientists in to exploring the beginnings of our universe. In the process methods have been evolved which have more or less traced down the age of our universe. Let us have a brief outlook into one of the well-known methods available for calculating the age of earth.

Radiometric Method

Currently radiometric-rating technique is one of the valid methods of calculating the age of the universe. Radiometric rating method is…...

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Bibliography

Edward L. Wright, "Age of the Universe," Accessed on November 29th, 2003,  http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/age.html 

Jon Covey, "Age of the Universe," Accessed on November 30th, 2003,  http://www.ldolphin.org/univ-age.html 

Author not Available, "Redshift: A Measure of Distance," Accessed on November 29th, 2003, http://www.channel4.com/learning/main/netnotes/sectionid237.htm.

Hitchhiker's Guide
ouglas Adam's comic work of science fiction, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, satirizes both society and science. As the story opens, protagonist Arthur ent is railing against the local government for its decision to raze his home, which is in the way of highway construction. ent argues that he was never made aware of the decision, though officials assure him the plans had been on display for a sufficient amount of time, albeit "on the bottom of a locked filing cabinet stuck in a disused lavatory with a sign on the door saying 'Beware of the Leopard'"(Adams 2010, p. 9). Similarly, planet Earth is in the way of hyperspace bypass construction project, for which plans were also available for review. Bureaucratic red tape ensured the plans were never seen and ent flees the planet with his alien friend Ford Prefect before it explodes. They hitchhike their way through…...

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Dent and Prefect travel through space by hitchhiking, picked up by spacecraft within the improbable nanosecond during which contact could possibly occur. They travel from planet to planet in a "nothingth of a second," making their travel faster than the speed of light, given the distances over which they traverse. Although this mode of travel has been theoretical supported by the theory of special relativity, it has obviously never been done except within the pages of books such as Adams's. In reality, it seems as improbable as Adams' physics of improbability.

Some of the science in Hitchhiker is accurate, or nearly so. Dent's alien friend is from a small planet "six hundred light-years away in the near vicinity of Betelgeuse" (Adams, p. 22); Betelgeuse is, in fact, 640 light-years from Earth. On page 26, the Vogons admonish Earthlings for failure to involve themselves in the "local" affairs of Alpha Centuri, "only" four light years away; Alpha Centuri is 4.4 light years away (Dickinson 1999, Tyson, Liu and Irion 2000). On page 60, Adams refers to "a nice hot cup of tea" as an example of a strong Brownian Motion producer. Brownian motion refers to the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid. Tea could, in fact, serve as an example.

Some of the science is deliberately ridiculous, such as the computer called the "Bambleweeny 57 Sub-Meson Brain" (Adams, p. 60). Adams also blends science and satire. On page 33, he lets the alien Vogons debunk the theory of evolution by having them ignore nature and have elective surgery to "rectify the gross anatomical inconveniences" that made

Scientific Models and eligious Myths
Differences between scientific models and religious myths

There are several approaches toward s the creation issue, some of them are scientific and others are religious. All the approaches are postulates towards the search for the cradle of man. They may therefore be divided into scientific models and religious myths. Although people view these theories and models from different perspectives, they too have their similarities. Therefore this paper will contain an in depth study of the two different ideologies that is from the religious view on creation and the scientific view of creation. The types of theories that will be discussed here will be the big bang theory which will be a scientific view and the creation theory which is based from the religious point-of-view. An in depth look into the evolution theory will be looked at.

The scientific theory is based on scientific modeling of the creation of…...

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References

Alister, E. McGrath. (2010). "Science & Religion" 2nd Edition

Charles Darwin, (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life,," p. 162.

Eliade, Mircea, (1960), Myth and reality. New York: Harper & Row

Futuyma, Douglas J. (2005). Evolution,. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Scientific Knowledge
There lies question on whether scientific knowledge is able to answer all the questions that relate to physical reality. For many years, people have wondered what the earth is composed of, leaving them wondering if the nature's secrets will one day be revealed (Grant 64). However, it is notable that since Galileo discovered the moon in 1608, there has been a remarkable move by his fellow scientists.

A lot of studies in science including the origin of the solar system, sonata of the stars, how matter changes to energy, and detailed works of an atom, among others has not fully exposed the science knowledge. However, the human culture seems to change with science. orldview patterns prove that complex systems studies by working from their smallest constituents meaning from bottom up. These paradigms also confirm that the laws of nature pounce from deep symmetry writs in to the basics of time,…...

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Works cited

Berlin, I. Concepts and Categories New York: Viking Press, 2006

Davis, P. Cosmin Jackpot: Why Our Universe is Just Right for Life California: Houghton Mifflin 2007

Grant, EA History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century. London: Cambridge University Press, 2007 pp. 62 -- 67

Gleiser, M. The dancing Universe: Creation Myths to the Big Bang New York: Continuum 2001

I. Introduction
A. Brief explanation of the topic
B. Thesis statement: The biblical creation account offers valuable insights into the origins of the universe, presenting a unique perspective on the concept of creation based on divine intervention.

II. Overview of the biblical creation account
A. Explanation of the creation narrative in the book of Genesis
B. Key elements of the biblical creation story, such as the six days of creation and the role of God as the creator

III. Creation ex nihilo: God as the ultimate source
A. Explanation of the concept of creation ex nihilo
B. Analysis of the biblical....