etrieved April 2, 2008, at http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14125483.html
The Columbia World of Quotations. (1996). New York: Columbia University Press. etrieved April 2, 2008, from: www.bartleby.com/66/.

David, Daniel. "Quo Vadis Cbt? Trans-Cultural Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies: Interviews With the Current Leadership in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies." Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies; one 9/1/2007. etrieved April 2, 2008, at http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1364057551.html www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95724398

Debell, C.S. (1992) B.F. Skinner: Myth and Misperception. Teaching of Psychology, 19(2), 68-73. etrieved April 3, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95724398

How Great Experiments eveal Our Humanity. (2004, March 7). The Washington Times, p. B08. etrieved April 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002086243

Jensen, ., & Burgess, H. (1997). Mythmaking: How Introductory Psychology Texts Present B.F. Skinner's Analysis of Cognition. The Psychological ecord, 47(2), 221+. etrieved April 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000445098

Levis, Donald J.. "The Negative Impact of the Cognitive Movement on the Continued Growth of the Behavior Therapy Movement: A…...

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References

Bancroft, Dennis, Carr, Ronnie, and Open University. (1995). Influencing Children's Development. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved April 2, 2008, at http://books.google.com/books?id=03-QGkHocQC&pg=PA73&dq=TThe+technology+of+teaching,+B.F.+Skinner&sig=ObcGZzjPjaBpWoo9p82OuPfpn9I

Cangemi, Joseph P.;Kowalski, Cash J.. "Does a hierarchy of significance exist in one psychology and the mental health disciplines?" Education, March 22, 1993. Retrieved April 2, 2008, at  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14125483.html 

The Columbia World of Quotations. (1996). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from: www.bartleby.com/66/.

David, Daniel. "Quo Vadis Cbt? Trans-Cultural Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies: Interviews With the Current Leadership in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies." Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies; one 9/1/2007. Retrieved April 2, 2008, at   www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95724398http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1364057551.html 

Yes, rote behavior might require direct reinforcement. But "stimuli play a cognitive role as signals to the organism, leading to the formation of "cognitive maps" and to "latent learning" in the absence of reinforcement." For example, a child may learn how to kick a ball and receive praise from a parent, but the child honing his or her skill later in life is not merely seeking praise, but has learned something else from the skill, in contrast to what would be alleged by Skinner. Meanings that began as simple stimulus and response activities can be invested with a larger purpose. Tolman also placed less of an emphasis on biology, arguing that muscle movements were "too far removed from our perceptual capacities and explanatory purposes to provide suitable units for meaningful behavioral analysis," unlike kicking a ball, or playing soccer game (Hauser 2006). On a higher-level learning activity, the "incoming…...

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Works Cited

Hauser, Larry. (2006). Behaviorism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 Oct 2008 at  http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/behavior.htm#SSH1a.i 

Skinner, B.F. A brief survey of operant behavior. Bfskinner.org. Retrieved 3 Oct 2008 at http://www.bfskinner.org/brief_survey.html

Zimmer, Gene. (1999). B.F. Skinner. SNTP.net Retrieved 3 Oct 2008 at http://www.sntp.net/behaviorism/skinner.htm

B.F. Skinner, John Watson and Edward C. Tolman.

B.F. Skinner's Motivation of Behavior
Skinner remains one of the most important contributors to the field of behaviorism. According to Skinner, individuals are often free to engage in some kind of behavior. However, most times, there are consequences associated with specific deeds or actions. Pleasant consequences are likely to motivate the kind of behavior that brought about the said consequences. This is what Skinner referred to as reinforcement learning. This text concerns itself with the modern-day application of reinforcement learning in both education and behavior therapy.

einforcement theory, in the words of Lussier and Achua (2009, p. 93), "purposes that through the consequences for behavior, people will be motivated to behave in predetermined ways." As the authors further point out, this particular theory makes use of behavior modification as well as operant conditioning. According to Skinner, the learning of some kind of behavior occurs via encounters with positive and negative consequences (Lussier…...

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References

Counseling Directory. (2014). Behavior Therapy. Retrieved from  http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/behavioural.html 

Lussier, R. & Achua, C. (2009). Leadership: Theory, Application, and Skills Development (4th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Tuckman, B. (2009). Operant Conditioning. Retrieved from  http://www.education.com/reference/article/operant-conditioning/ 

Spiegler, M. & Guevremont, D. (2009). Contemporary Behavior Therapy (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

BF Skinner's Beyond Freedom And Dignity
In Beyond Freedom and Dignity, psychologist B.F. Skinner argues that all human behavior, including consciousness, is a product of the social environment. This position is a notable departure from cognitive psychology, which focuses on the inner psyche of individuals. Skinner eschews the idea of unobservable inner phenomenon as unscientific, arguing that consciousness itself is socially constructed behavior.

Though Skinner rightly points out that all human activity has social roots, his rejection of core concepts such as individual autonomy and free will prove unsettling. For example, Skinner takes an extreme position on consciousness, stating, "it is not only not the special field of man, it is not within the range of a solitary man" (192).

By its very name, "behaviorism" focuses not on a person's thoughts and attitudes, but their actions. This is done through a system of differential reinforcements, wherein "we change the probability of an act…...

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Works Cited

Skinner, BF. Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf, 1971.

Skinner continued to work at various universities including the
University of Indiana and Harvard. Skinner was working at a time when the
interest in psychology and particularly behavioral psychology was high.
Skinner truly believed that an understanding of behavioral psychology would
help people. He opposed coercion and felt that society could be guided in
a positive direction through the use of positive reinforcement. For
Skinner, society should seek friendship, good health, balance, pleasures,
and as little unpleasantness as possible along with satisfying curiosity
(Vargas, 2006).
Eventually, Skinner turned his attention to the educational process in
an attempt to improve the world around him and satisfy his own curiosity.
The story goes that Skinner attended his daughter's school for Father's Day
and observed a math class. During the course of this class, he became
aware that not all the student were learning at the same rate and that they
were not receiving immediate feedback, something that Skinner understood as
important through his studies with animals. Consequently,…...

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References

Boeree, C.G. (2006). Personality Theory: B.F. Skinner. Shippensburg

University. Retrieved

February 12, 2006, from  

Vargas, J.S. (2006). A brief biography of B.F. Skinner. B.F. Skinner

Foundation. Retrieved

February 12, 2007, from http://www.bfskinner.org/briefbio.htmlhttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html 

Dialogue Between B.F. Skinner and Abraham Maslow
Maslow: So, Skinner, what are your views on behavior modification, to start this dialogue?

Skinner: I think that operant conditioning has a lot to offer the world in terms of behavior modification. Behavior can be reduced to a simple analysis of stimuli and response. After all, human learning is simply a result of a person's response to a stimulus. In this sense, adhering to the principles of operant conditioning can easily attain behavior modification.

Maslow: Let's make sure that I've got this right, Skinner. You're arguing that mental illness can be treated through a simple application of your principles of operant conditioning. I have to disagree that operant conditioning in behavior modification can be so universally effective. It's important to note that your style of first force psychology has some important and effective uses, specifically in treating some specific behavioral problems. Even second force psychology, or…...

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Works Cited

Association for Humanistic Psychotherapy. 09 December 2003.  http://www.ahpweb.org/aboutahp/whatis.html 

Dass, Ram and Gorman, Paul. 1985.

How Can I Help?: Stories and Reflections on Service. Knopff.

SGI-USA. Buddhism FAQ. 09 December 2003.  http://www.sgi-usa.org/buddhism/faqs/index.html

BFSkinner
Interview with B.F. Skinner

Describe your life and work in the field of psychology.

Please call me Fred. As a boy, I loved building things, especially if they solved problems. I'm still that way. I have a lot of interests, which I guess you could figure out by looking around my study. I do most of my reading in that chair and because my eyesight is poor, a bought a large magnifying glass with a strong light. To keep it from jiggling, I attached the lens with these hooks, pulleys and fishing line to a counterweight. I can put the lens wherever I want and it will stay in place.

If you're wondering about the cardboard over the clock face, I put that up because I found I was getting distracted by checking it all the time. I write my ideas in longhand on large blank sheets of paper so I can record…...

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References

"B. F. Skinner." (2011). Britannica Biographies. Retrieved from  http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost 

Ervin, R.A., Ehrhardt, K.E., and Poling, A. (2001). Functional assessment: Old wine in new

Bottles. School Psychology 30(2), pp. 173-179.

Greenberg, J.B.F. Skinner and old age. Science News 122(9), p. 141.

Sigmund Freud and .F. Skinner are two of the most important theorists within the history of psychology and psychological development as a theory, but perhaps no two thinkers have developed psychological systems of analysis that could possibly clash with one another more vehemently. Indeed, both men would have profoundly disagreed on the most basic levels of even considering what psychology's basic function is. Sigmund Freud focused on a conception of psychology, known as psychoanalysis, in which he claimed that an observer could learn about elements of someone's mental state by speaking with them and making inferences from their observations. Freud created a concept of the unconscious and claimed that these unconscious structures were exceptionally important in defining our individual action. .F. Skinner on the other hand, argued that the mind was not at all the proper focus of study for psychology. Rather, Skinner argued that psychology should focus only on…...

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Bibliography

Felluga, Dino. "Modules on Freud: On the Unconscious." Introductory Guide to Critical

Theory. Purdue U. Web Site:.

Graham, George. (2002). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Web Site:

Rand, Ayn. "The Stimulus and Response: A Critique of B.F. Skinner."

.F. Skinner, a behavioral learning theorist, states that behaviors are learned and learning is represented by a permanent change in behavior. The components of this theory are reinforcers -- good or bad. Most people think of reinforcers as rewards for good behavior. There are actually two types of reinforcers -- positive and negative. Positive reinforcers are when a stimulus is given, and negative reinforcers are when a stimulus is taken away. However, negative reinforcers are different than punishments. Punishing is when either taking away a positive reinforcer or adding a negative reinforcer.
He also says that changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events, or stimuli, in the environment. When a particular Stimulus-Response pattern is reinforced, the individual is conditioned to respond. This pattern is known as Operant Conditioning, and the distinct characteristic of this is relative to previous forms of behaviorism, when the organism can emit…...

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Bibliography

Blavatsky, H.P. Psychology -- The Science of the Soul. 12 December 2002. www.blavatsky.net/blavatsky/arts/PsychologyTheScienceOfTheSoul.htm

Brave New Look at Behavioral Psychology. Ed. Kilburn-Peterson, Christopher. May 11, 1999. 12 December 2002. www.princeton.edu/~wws320/projects/99Fiction/ChrisKilburn-Peterson.htm

Rozycki, Edward G. Skinner's Concept of Person. 12 December 2002.  http://mywebpages.comcast.net/erozycki/PracPerson.html 

Operant Conditioning." TIP: Theories. 12 December 2002. http://tip.psychology.org/skinner.html

Skinner and Harlow to Investigating Influences on Behaviors.
One of the most common challenges for psychologists is: understanding the underlying motivations behind specific behavior. This is because there are a wide variety of theories that are providing different interpretations surrounding the primary causes. A good example of this can be seen with disparities in the philosophies of Skinner and Harlow in explaining human motivation. To fully understand each theory requires comparing and contrasting both approaches with one another. These elements will offer the greatest insights about the rationale behind individual behavior.

Skinner

Skinner was focused on the behaviorist approach. This is when there is an emphasis on how the actions (i.e. thoughts, feelings and deeds) of an individual will influence their conduct. According to Skinner, everyone is impacted by these actions throughout the course of their lives with a principal known as operant conditioning. This takes place based upon positive reinforcement that…...

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Maultsby, M, 1998, Behavior Therapy, Acrobem. Available from:

Ratcliff, D, 1988, BF Skinner, Rationalpi, Available from:

Childhood history for Skinner is a series of learning opportunities, which may or may not facilitate healthy adult functioning.
Focus of counseling and therapy

Getting to the root of childhood traumas is at the heart of Freudian therapy. This is often done by free association, or tapping into associations that the individual might not be immediately aware of, but inhibit mature social relationships. There is also a focus on understanding how a crisis at a stage during the child's psychosexual development has lead to a regression or a fixation in one of these states, and resulted in a malformed personality, such as an antisocial personality. Therapy for Skinner is focused on reconditioning the individual to no longer perform negative behaviors, and conditioning them to perform positive behaviors.

Human learning

Human learning in Freud is the imposition of the superego, or social rules and emotions (such as guilt) that curtail the primal id's impulses…...

Also, I believe that every kind of animal have their own natural instinct to communicate. Just like how Chomsky explains, a child is "built" to learn how to talk. It is part of survival. Chomsky coins the terms generative grammar and transformational grammar which explain the natural ability of the child to organize language according to a set of rules that would give rise to the formulation of an infinite set of sentences and the process that takes place in the evolution of these sentences to more complex forms. This, for me, is a more complete explanation of language acquisition. Although Skinner's may also play a part in the whole process, his theory seems incomplete.
ibliography:

Wikipedia Contributors (2006). ".F. Skinner." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 2, 2006 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.F._Skinner

Wikipedia Contributors (2006). "Language acquisition." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 2, 2006 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition

Wikipedia Contributors (2006). "Noam Chomsky." Wikipedia, the…...

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Bibliography:

Wikipedia Contributors (2006). "B.F. Skinner." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 2, 2006 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.F._Skinner 

Wikipedia Contributors (2006). "Language acquisition." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 2, 2006 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition 

Wikipedia Contributors (2006). "Noam Chomsky." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 2, 2006 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky

psychological work of John B. atson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman, along with the impacts that these three had on society. This paper will also compare and contrast these three iconic psychologists.
Edward C. Tolman is said by author Bernard J. Baars to have been the "…only major figure" in the emerging field of behaviorism "…who advocated the possibility of mental representation" (Baars, 1986, p. 61). Baars writes that more than any other behaviorist Tolman "anticipated…the cognitive point-of-view… [and] thought it necessary to postulate events other than stimuli and responses" (61). Tolman has made significant contributions to psychology, including: a) the use of cognitive maps in rats; b) the "latent learning" he pioneered though the use of rats; c) the concept of "intervening variables"; and d) the discovery that rats don't just learn their movements "…for rewards" but rather they also learn when no rewards are given, backing up…...

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Works Cited

Baars, Bernard J. (1986). The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology. New York: Guilford Press.

Geary, Eric. (2002). Psyography: Edward C. Tolman. Psyography. Retrieved October 27, 2012,

from  http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/edwardtolman.html .

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2005). Behaviorism / John B. Watson: Early

Starting from 19th century psychology, school of thought of behaviorist shared commonalities and as well ran concurrently with the 20th century psychology of psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements, however it was different from Gestalt psychologists' mental philosophy in significant ways. Psychologists who had major influences in it were Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. atson, they opposed method of introspective and advocated to use of experimental methods: Ivan Pavlov, investigated classical conditioning, but he was not to the idea of behaviorists or behaviorism: B.F. Skinner, he did his research on operant conditioning.
During second half of the 20th century, it was widely eclipsed that behaviorism was due to cognitive revolution. Even though behaviorism as well as cognitive schools of psychological thought tends to disagree in terms of theory, they have gone a head to compliment one another within applications of practical therapeutic, for example, cognitive-behavioral therapy has shown utility in treating some pathologies…...

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Work cited

Arntzen, E., Lokke, J., Kokke, G. & Eilertsen, D-E. (2010). On misconceptions about behavior analysis among university students and teachers. The Psychological Record, 60(2), 325- 327.

Chiesa, M. (2004).Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science ISBN

Claus, C.K. (2007) B.F. Skinner and T.N. Whitehead: A brief encounter, research similarities, Hawthorne revisited, what next? The Behavior Analyst, 30(1), 79-86. Retrieved  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2223160/?tool=pmcentrez 

Diller, J.W. And Lattal, K.A. (2008). Radical behaviorism and Buddhism: complementarities and conflicts. The Behavior Analyst, 31(2), 163-177. Retrieved  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2591756/?tool=pmcentrez

Technological Culture. Discussed: how it effects our life; B.F. Skinner; Aldous Huxley, and Zbigniew Brzezinski.
Technological Culture

The world has become a technological mecca, filled with gadgets and wonders that only a generation ago would have been impossible for the average citizen to envision, except perhaps in science fiction novels. However, today, the majority of households have at least one computer, if not more. The Internet allows one to access endless sources of information and to communicate with people around the world with a click of the mouse. Cell phones, once a handy luxury for professionals, are now carried by children and parents as a way to keep in touch. Technological advances in genetics has enabled scientists to clone species, and make remarkable leaps in medical research. The last one hundred years has brought mankind from the horse and buggy days to space age technology as a part of daily life.

B.F.…...

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Works Cited

Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology B.F. Skinner." The Dictionary of Cultural

Literacy. January 01, 1988.

August 7, 2002: Death ray weapons 'ready in a decade.'"   12-12-2002).http://gpgwebdesign.com.au/haarp.htm .(accessed

B.F. Skinner." Francis Marion University.   12-12-2002).http://www.fmarion.edu/psych/bio/skinner.htm .(accessed