Berlin Wall
I am here at the Berlin Wall reporting on a historic day for the German nation. The Berlin Wall, a symbol of oppression and division of the German people for decades, is being torn down. After World War II, the defeated Germany was split evenly between the four Allied powers, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Berlin, residing in the far east of Germany, yet being the power center of the country, was also divided at the end of World War II, and became an island of freedom within the East German state. Now as Perestroika has been in effect in the Soviet Union, and Poland has been successful with its Solidarity movement, Germany is once again to be united for the first time since 1945.
The momentous occasion has been precipitated for months by peaceful demonstrations in Berlin, applying tremendous pressure to the leaders of…...
mlaOne man speaks of crossing to the West in search of opportunity, choosing to leave his family behind and deciding to send back what money he could. The coming down of the wall means that this man will be reunited with his family after so many years away, a moment of joy. Another reveler tells the story of being whisked away by their parents at a young age right after the end of the war, in a desperate attempt to reach West Germany. It was seen, even at the beginning, that the Soviet Union would be a far more rigid determinant in the post-war era as opposed to the lenient west. All across Europe, it would appear as though big political change is on its way. The scars left behind from World War II are now, forty years later, being healed, and it is unforeseen what will happen to the Soviet Union in the future, now that its power in Eastern Europe is waning.
For many viewers at home who fought in World War II, or who have been directly affected by the war, which surely is the vast majority of the viewing world, the tearing down of the Berlin Wall has a special significance. It signifies victory for the West, and the ideals of Freedom and Democracy, and the magnetic pull of the highly efficient free market. Ultimately it was economics which befell East Germany, as the planned economy tumbled to a halt as innovation and inspiration led to a difficult decade. Now West Germany has the responsibility of tending care to the fragile Eastern economy, forcing billions of dollars of spending by the German Parliament as well as from European and American allies. There is another symbol of the fall of the Berlin Wall, however, and that is the belief that meaningful peace in the world can be accomplished by humanity within a generation after the end of World War II, and it only takes discussion and diplomacy to resolve world issues before another devastating war breaks out somewhere else in the world.
November 9th, 1989 will be remembered forever as the day that East Germany decided to reunify with the West, and here at the Berlin Wall, we see that the German people could not be happier. The ever depressing conditions of the East Berliners compared to their Western counterparts has been visible for years, but this repressed feeling has finally brought change to the nation as a whole.
Berlin Wall 1961
The construction of the wall and the global impacts
The city of Berlin lies on the eastern side of Germany approximately thirty five miles west of the post 1945 border of Poland. When Germany created its German stated, Berlin was declared as the capital city of New Germany. Berlin remained the capital up until the end of World War Two during which the super powers ussia, France, Britain and the United States captured four distinct zones of the city of Berlin. In the cooperation between the West and Soviet Union, Germany was divided into two separate countries (odriguez, Niland, 2011).
The events that led to the creation of Berlin Wall
In 1949, the Western powers decided to sponsor the formation of the West Germany whereas the Soviets sponsored the creation of East Germany. One problem that arose with this division was the fact that Berlin was physically a part of East…...
mlaReferences
Barker, E., (1963). The Berlin Crisis 1958-1962. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-)
Gearson, J.P.S., (1992). British policy and the Berlin Wall Crisis 1958-61.
Halsall, P., (1998). USA and USSR: Exchange of notes on the Berlin Wall, 1961.
Harrison, H., (2000). Driving the Soviets up the Wall: A super-ally, a super-power, and the building of the Berlin Wall, 1958-61. Cold War History
erlin Wall's History And Significance
The erlin Wall was a physical, concrete barrier erected to divide East Germany from West Germany during the Cold War Era. The wall was constructed in 1961 and stayed erected until the early 1990s when it began to be demolished as a result of the Cold War ending and the fuller implementation of the Soviet policies of perestroika and glasnost under Gorbachev.[footnoteRef:1] While the Wall had practical applications, it ultimately served as a symbol of the ideological divide between the East and the West -- between the social, economic and political forces of the U.S. in particularly and the social, economic and political forces of the Soviet Union. [1: Rupert Cornwell, "Fall of the erlin Wall: It was thanks to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that this symbol of division fell." Independent, 2014. Accessed Apr 25, 2017. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/fall-of-the-berlin-wall-it-was-thanks-to-soviet-leader-mikhail-gorbachev-that-this-symbol-of-9829298.html]
This paper asks how the Wall came into being --…...
mlaBibliography
"1961: Berlin is Divided." History. Accessed Apr 25, 2017.
Cleaver, Emily. "Sin City: Decadence and Doom in Weimar Berlin." Litro, 2013.
Cornwell, Rupert. "Fall of the Berlin Wall: It was thanks to Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev that this symbol of division fell." Independent, 2014.
In such situations, no rescue could be attempted without costing more lives, but the incident captured by the Western media increased international resolve against the Soviets (Buckley, 2004).
esolution of Issues:
Throughout the nearly half-century-long Cold War between East and West, the military expenditures dominated the respective fiscal budgets of the U.S. And Soviet Union. As military technology evolved, military tactics demanded continual development of more and more sophisticated weapons and warning systems on both sides. However, what was constituted a drain on the U.S. economy virtually bankrupted the Soviet Union. Poverty, at least by comparison to living standards in the Western
Hemisphere, were dismal throughout the Soviet Communist sphere of influence (Buckley, 2004).
Furthermore, the strategic use of proxies to conduct war against enemies of the Soviet Union also helped bring about the eventual collapse of Communist ussia as a world power. Originally, the Soviets pioneered the use of proxies in the…...
mlaReferences
Buckley, W.F. (2004). The Fall of the Berlin Wall. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley & Sons.
Feis, H. (1967). Churchill Roosevelt Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kalb, M., Kalb, B. (1974). Kissinger. Boston: Little Brown & Co.
Paul, J., Spirit, M. (2002). The Berlin Airlift. Retrieved November 19, 2008, at http://www.spiritoffreedom.org/airlift.html
Washington on August 28-29
On this day, more than 200,000 Americans congregated in Washington, D.C., for a civil demonstration referred to as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Planned and prepared by some civil rights and religious groups, the incident was intended to spell out the political and social challenges African-Americans constantly experienced across the nation. The march, which turned out to be a fundamental moment in the mounting struggle for civil rights in the United States, concluded in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, a strong-willed appeal for racial, even handedness, fairness and equality (History, 2016). This topic might be of interest today with the recent cases of killings and discrimination against African-Americans in the United States to the creation of the Black Lives Matter movement.
Beatles on Ed Sullivan Show
On this day, the Beatles were introduced to the American public. It is approximated that…...
mlaReferences
Carlson, P. (2010). K Blows Top: A Cold War Comic Interlude Starring Nikita Khrushchev, America's Most Unlikely Tourist. Read How You Want. pp. 408 -- 412.
Churchill, R. S., & Churchill, W. S. (1967). The six-day war (Vol. 5). Houghton Mifflin.
Cyr, A. I. (2012). Cyr: Cuban missile crisis offers lessons relevant today. Newsday. Retrieved from: http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/cuban-missile-crisis-offers-lessons-relevant-today-arthur-i-cyr-1.4133202
Haas, R. (2011). 9/11 Perspective. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from: http://www.cfr.org/911-impact/911-perspective/p25735
Modernism made its mark on Berlin's architectural trends, too. The Bauhaus style of modernism is characteristic of many of Berlin's social housing projects that sprouted up in the 1920s, and which recently became designated UNESCO orld Heritage Sites. The early twentieth century marked the birth of the eimar Republic, which gave rise to an industrial aesthetic that has become a hallmark of Berlin's look as well as symbolic of socialist ideology (Hake). For example, the Potzdammer Platz was conceived of as a symbolic collective space, a sentimental communal property made manifest in a massive public square.
Throughout Berlin's history, architectural development has paralleled social and political realities, and the Nazi years were no exception. Nazi monumentalist structures mirrored the warped dreams of the party. Hitler and his team of architects, designers, and builders helped create a network of structures in Berlin that enabled massive demonstrations and also imposed party ideology visually.…...
mlaWorks Cited
"Berlin's Social Housing Gets World Heritage Status." Spiegel Online. 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,564508,00.html
Egert-Romanowska, Joanna and Omilanowska, Malgorzata. Germany. London: Dorling-Kindersley, 2003.
Hake, Sabine. Topographies of Class. University of Michigan Press, 2008
Matthews, K. "Karl Friedrich Schinkel." Great Buildings. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel.html
Great all of America? A Bad Idea.
It is widely known that the United States is a country of immigrants. The country's indigenous population constitutes a tiny miniscule of its population, while the rest came mostly from Europe, Latin America, and other parts of the world. Nevertheless, immigration to the United States has always been a divisive and controversial issue. In the nineteenth century, nativist feelings among the ASP (hite Anglo-Saxon Protestants) made the East Coast a very inhospitable place for Catholic Irish immigrants, while the legislators in the est Coast targeted immigrants and migrants from the Far East, singling out the Chinese in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 ("Chinese Exclusion Act"). Today, cross-border movement of people through the southern border of the United States has become a hotly debated issue for ordinary folks, legislators, anti-terrorist law enforcement agencies, Congressmen and Congresswomen as well as Presidential candidates. Criticizing the current…...
mlaWorks Cited:
"Chinese Exclusion Act." Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Web. 14 March 2012
"Environmental Rules Waived for Border Fence." Associated Press. 15 January 2007. Web. 14 March 2012
Drehle, David Von. "The Great Wall of America." Time. 19 June 2008. Web. 14 March 2012
Kenner, Robert, et al. Food, Inc. Los Angeles, CA: Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009.
Expatriate Debrief
While in Berlin, I visited a large art museum where, as in most parts of Europe, I was surrounded by people from all over the world. Docents guided small groups of people through the museum, talking about the art in the native language of the groups of people. A group of Japanese people were guided by a quiet, polite, and diminutive middle-aged woman. I don't understand Japanese so I couldn't effectively eavesdrop -- but it wouldn't have mattered if I did because she was so soft spoken -- her group members pressed close around her -- that I wouldn't have been able to hear what she said without closing the physical gap in an obvious manner. The group of Spanish-speaking visitors enthusiastically gave eye contact to those around them, gave way to others as they moved about the room, and often linked arms or touched the hands of people…...
mlaReferences
Fietze, S., Holst, E., Tobsch, V. Germany's Next Top Manager: Does Personality Explain the Gender Career Gap?, 2007 German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Retrieved
http://www.management-revue.org/papers/mrev_3_11_Fietze_Holst_Tobsch.pdf
Tanzania. (2011). Global Integrity Report. Retrieved http://www.globalintegrity.org/report
Why Merkel's Triumph Will Come at a High Price. (2011, December 12). Der Spiegel. Retrieved http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,803097,00.html
Tear down that wall," has been the one sentence legacy of Ronald Reagan's presidential administration (Boyd). Ask any conservative political pundit and you are likely to hear that Reagan's defense strategy and, in particular, his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was the direct cause of the Berlin all coming down, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the eventual end of the Cold ar. Yet, in reality, how instrumental was Reagan and his policy in these occurrences or was the actual cause due to other factors?
Reagan, unlike his predecessors, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and Richard Nixon, adopted a much sterner posture relative to relations with the Soviet Union. Reagan entered office initially on the coat strings of President Carter's problems with the Iran hostages and Reagan campaigned on the strength of his strong militaristic positions. hen Reagan entered office the Cold ar was forty years old. The Soviet Union and…...
mlaWorks Cited
Address to Members of the British Parliament," June 8, 1982, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1982 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1983), 742-48.
Blum, Bill. "Ronald Reagan's supposed role in ending the cold war." 7 June 2004. Centre for Research on Globalisation. 22 May 2011 .
Boyd, Gerald M. "Raze Berlin Wall, Reagan Urges Soviet." New York Times 12 June 1987: 1.
Collins, Susan Margaret. Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the World Economy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1991.
hen Alex tries to find out what his father looked like, his sister says she saw him at the Burger King. He wore gold rimmed glasses and drove a Volvo. That's not a very specific description; but she also said he eats cheeseburgers, so the director cuts to a scene of a very morbidly obese man stuffing a triple cheeseburger into his fat face. The place that the cheeseburger man is in seems quite opulent, and Alex says, "He lived in his world, and I lived in mine." This is poignant because throughout the movie Alex has indicated that he wants to know something about his father.
Another scene that relates to the geographic portion of the movie is Alex roaring along on a motor bike, saying life in East Berlin was moving faster and faster, "e were all like tiny atoms in a huge particle accelerator." But his mother, now…...
mlaWorks Cited
About.com. "Good Bye Lenin!" Retrieved April 14, 2014, from 2004http://german.about.com .
Becker, Wolfgang. "Good Bye Lenin!" YouTube. Retrieved April 14, 2014, from 2004.http://www.imbd.com.
Ebert, Roger. "Goodbye Lenin!" Retrieved April 14, 2014, from http://www.rogerebert.com .
2).
ir Cargo, Inc. only flew cargo from December, 1941 (when Pearl Harbor was attacked) through November, 1944. t that time, Siddiqi explains that individual airline companies authored their own freight services, and on page 2 the author of this article notes that in time the major passenger airlines began offering freight forwarding service and that pretty well eliminated the need for a whole fleet of airline companies that just forwarded freight (Siddiqi). Only Flying Tiger stayed aloft as a strictly air freight company until the 1980s when Federal Express entered the picture. More on FedEx later in this paper.
The Literature -- the History of ir Freight Transportation -- Berlin ir Lift
When the long, bloody war was over it was time for the winning llies to divide up the territory that once was Nazi Germany, the negotiated, agreed-upon divisions gave the llies (U.S., Britain, and France) the Western sections of…...
mlaApril 20, 2012, from http://www.centennialofflight.gov.
Wilde, Robert. (2005). Berlin Blockade / Berlin Airlift. About.com. Retrieved April 20, 2012,
In this regard, artee (2000) points out that the Leipzig protest of January 15, 1989, was a good example of how social protest in the East was becoming more sophisticated and organized, with thousands of activists distributing leaflets calling for attendance at the rally all over Leipzig around midnight of January 11-12, 1989: "The leaflets boldly called for an open demonstration the next Sunday afternoon in front of Leipzig's old Rathaus (City Hall). The occasion, the 70th anniversary of the murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, offered the opportunity to publicize Luxemburg's famous statement that 'freedom means always freedom for those who think differently'" (artee 2000, 121). This author adds that the efforts by the activists during January 1988 to join the official parade with banners of their own clearly inspired the Leipzig protestors: "The Leipzig event would be different, however; it would be independent of any official…...
mlaBibliography
Bartee, Wayne C. 2000. A time to speak out: The Leipzig citizen protests and the fall of East Germany. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Berger, T. 2001. German unification and the Union of Europe. German Politics and Society 19(1):80.
Conradt, D.P. 2002. Political culture in unified Germany: The first ten years. German Politics and Society 20(2):43.
Edwards, Vincent, Gennadij Polonsky, Danijel Pucko, Malcolm Warner and Ying Zhu. 2004. Management in transitional economies: From the Berlin Wall to the Great Wall of China. New York: Routledge.
CONESED PUBLIC SPACE: MEMORIES & HISORY
Contested Public Space: Memories and History
Das Denkmal fur Die Ermordeten Juden Europas
he Memory Landscape.
Mary's is a large old-style brick church belonging to the council of the Hanseatic city of Lubeck. On the floor at the rear of the church, broken pieces of two large bells remain where they fell during an air raid in World War II. he third largest church in Germany, it took 100 years to construct St. Mary's but just one Palm Sunday night in March of 1942 to nearly destroy it. As with so many churches ruined by bombing during the war, parishioners debated about restoration. Citizens living on war-torn homeland are caught: here is a lingering desire to preserve physical destruction as a message or signal to subsequent generations, or as an effort to share the horror of war time experience. If the physical evidence of war is wiped away,…...
mlaThe Construction of the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin.
A competition for the design of the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin was held in April of 1994. Twelve artists were invited to submit a design and a stipend of 50, 000 German Marks was provided to each candidate. The proposals would be reviewed by a jury with representatives from architecture, urban design, art, history, administration, and politics. Interest in the project grew and at the end of the competitive period, 528 proposals had been submitted. Rounds of reviews commenced and 13 proposals were selected. But during the interim period between meetings, the jurors -- who ostensibly were then able to review the critiques of their fellow jurors -- asked that 11 proposals be put back in the running. Two proposals were finally recommended to the foundation for feasibility study. One proposal was designed by Simon Ungers architectural group from Hamburg, and one proposal was designed by Christine Jackob-Marks. Jackob-Marks' work included names of murdered Jews engraved in a large concrete plate, with empty spaces signifying Jews who could not be identified by name. Her proposal also included debris from Massada where the Jewish inhabitants avoided capture by invading Romans by killing themselves. Chancellor Helmut Kohl vetoed this proposal. It was considered too "German" and too similar to the Nazi death rosters. The controversy continued under many different guises.
In June of 1998, Peter Eisenman's design was chosen, but it was scaled down to 2,711 blocks, or stelae, after considerable controversy.[footnoteRef:22] Daniel Liebeskind, who was pupil of Eisenman's, claimed that Eisenman stole his design from the Berlin Jewish Museum's Garden of Exile. In July of 2001, billboards reflecting Holocaust denial sentiments appeared in Berlin triggering a funding controversy. [footnoteRef:23] In October of 2003, there was a major disruption to the project. Degesch, a subsidiary of the German company Degussa, was revealed by a Swiss newspaper to be the same firm that made Zyklon-B, the gas used in the gas chambers to murder Jews in the extermination camps. Degussa had been hired to coat the concrete slabs with an anti-graffiti substance. In fact, many stelae had already been coated and the anti-graffiti substance had been discounted as in-kind sponsorship of the memorial. Degussa had National-Socialist leanings during the war and this fact was ostensibly known to the construction management company and to Lea Rosh. Rosh declared that she had no prior knowledge of the connection, and she is reported to have said that, "Zylon-B is obviously the limit."[footnoteRef:24] Another subsidiary of Degussa had, but this time, already poured the concrete foundation for the stelae. Members of the Jewish community were outraged at Degussa's involvement and wanted them out of the project. Politicians on the Board of the foundation did not want to impose further expense on the project by stopping construction, or worse, destroying any construction that Degasse had already accomplished. The cost of this action was estimated at €2.34 million. One Board member, Wolfgang Thierse, was reported to say, "[T]he past intrudes into our society."[footnoteRef:25] The Zentrairat der Juden in Germany was outspoken about not continuing the work with Degrasse. Hezryk Broder emphasized that, "The Jews don't need this memorial, and they are not prepared to declare a pig sty kosher." [footnoteRef:26] Peter Eisenberg, perhaps in a bid to see his work finished, supported continuing the project with Degrasse. In November 2003, work restarted with Degrasse. In May of 2005, the Das Denkmal fur Die Ermordeten Juden Europas was completed. At the opening ceremony, Peter Eisenberg spoke about the significance of the Mahnmal, saying that, "It is clear that we won't have solved all the problems -- architecture is not a panacea for evil -- nor will we have satisfied all those present today, but this cannot have been our intention."[footnoteRef:27] [22: Historic Sites -- Berlin, Op. Cit. ] [23: Ibid. ] [24: Translated from "Die Grenze ist ganz klar Zyklon B." Leggewie / Meyer, 2005, p. 294. ] [25: Translated from "Die Vergangenheit ragt in unsere Gesellschaft hinein." Claus Leggewie and Erik Meyer (2005) "Ein Ort, an den man gerne geht." Das Holocaust-Mahnmal und die deutsche Geschichtspolitik nach 1989. Munich, DE: Carl Hanser Verlag Publisher. Munich. p. 294.] [26: Translated from "Di Juden brauchen dieses Mahnmal nicht, und sind nicht beriet, eine Schweinerei als koscher zu erklaren." Leggewie / Meyer, 2005, p. 294] [27: Berstein, Richard. (2005, May 11) Holocaust Museum opens in Berlin, The New York Times. Retrieved ]http://www.nytimes.com/2005/0511/international/europe/11germany .
Acculturation and Reception of Soviet Jews in Germany after the collapse of the Soviet UnionI. IntroductionSince April of 1990, over a hundred thousand Soviet Jews and those with their origins in Soviet successor nations have immigrated to Germany, drastically changing the culture, size, and shape of Germanys Jewish population. The immigration mentioned above was unforeseen, unplanned for and disliked by both the Israeli and German governments and the majority of German Jews (Ostow, 110). It occurred in the aftermath of the Soviets dissolution and that of the German Democratic Republic: once it commenced, there was no stopping it. Throughout the Cold ar era, German Jews were portrayed by the print media as an anomaly or endangered species. Still, in February of 1990, following news of anti-Jewish uprisings within Soviet territory, a small East Berlin-based Jewish group linked closely to the Socialist Unity Party entreated the then-existing government of East Germany…...
mlaWorks citedBecker, Franziska. “Migration and recognition: Russian Jews in Germany.” East European Jewish Affairs 33.2 (2003): 20-34.Ben-Rafael, Eliezer. “10. Russian-Speaking Jews in Germany.” The New Jewish Diaspora. Rutgers University Press, 2016. 173-185.... “Germany’s Russian-speaking Jews.” Being Jewish in 21st-Century Germany 16 (2015): 63.Kotowski, Elke-Vera. “Moving from the Present via the Past to Look toward the future.” Being Jewish in 21st-Century Germany 16 (2015): 103.Ostow, Robin. “From Victims of Antisemitism to Post-modern Hybrids: Representations of (Post) Soviet Jews in Germany.” European Judaism 36.2 (2003): 110-117.Peck, Jeffrey M. “3. Russian Immigration and the Revitalization of German Jewry.” Being Jewish in the New Germany. Rutgers University Press, 2005. 40-59.Roberman, Sveta. “Impostors of themselves: performing Jewishness and revitalizing Jewish life among Russian-Jewish immigrants in contemporary Germany.” Social Identities 20.2-3 (2014): 199-213.Shneer, David. “The third way: German–Russian–European Jewish identity in a global Jewish world.” European Review of History—Revue européenne d\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'histoire 18.01 (2011): 111-121.Weiss, Yfaat, and Lena Gorelik. “The Russian-Jewish Immigration.” A History of Jews in Germany Since 1945: 379-416.Wolffsohn, Michael. “Jews in Divided Germany (1945–1990) and Beyond.” Being Jewish in 21st-Century Germany 16 (2015): 13.
There, they get the work done their way, with their tools and in their own space, but with much lower costs that in their native country.
Friedman is a firm believer in offshoring and states that such a process is a strong stimulant for fair and international competition. He criticizes the countries that did not yet adopt it saying that all countries should be members of the international market, regardless of their social or economical background.
To explain this idea, the author makes an exaggerated comparison. He says: "Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up. It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed. Every morning a lion wakes up. It knows it must run faster than the slowest gazelle or it will starve to death. It doesn't matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle. When the sun comes up, you better…...
mlaBibliography
Thomas L. Friedman, the World is Flat, Chapter two: The Ten Forces that Flatten the World, pages 48 to 172
The Official Web Site of the University of Tennessee, University Libraries, Ready for the World, Thomas Friedman's flatteners, by Martha Rudolph, posted on March 2, 2006 last accessed on October 5, 2006http://www.lib.utk.edu/news/readyfortheworld/archives/the_world_is_flat.html ,
James Berry, Review on the book the World is Flat, posted on April 19, 2006 accessed on October 5, 2006http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/pubs/adanews/adanewsarticle.asp?articleid=1884,last
Howard Rheingold, Seven Ways to See What's Next, winter 2005
The Dawn of a New Era: Poland's Political Transformation in 1989
The year 1989 witnessed a pivotal shift in Polish history, marking the end of four decades of communist rule and the dawn of a new era of political and economic transformation. This seismic change was sparked by a series of significant events that culminated in the first democratic elections in Poland since the end of World War II.
1. The Rise of Solidarity:
The catalyst for Poland's democratic revolution was the emergence of Solidarity, a trade union movement that became a symbol of resistance against the communist regime. Led by Lech Walesa,....
Historical Evolution of Russia-Germany Relations
The relationship between Russia and Germany has witnessed significant shifts throughout history, oscillating between periods of cooperation and conflict.
The Early Years:
18th Century: Prussia, the predecessor to Germany, allied with Russia against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774.
19th Century: Russia and Germany became rivals in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, with Germany siding with the Ottoman Empire against Russia.
World War I and Interwar Period:
World War I: Germany and Russia fought on opposing sides, with Germany emerging victorious.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Germany imposed harsh terms on Russia, seizing vast territories.
1922: The....
The fall of the Berlin Wall had a significant impact on global politics and diplomacy. Some of the key impacts include:
1. End of the Cold War: The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the symbolic end of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. It led to a thaw in relations between the two superpowers and contributed to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
2. Reunification of Germany: The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990, ending decades of division. This historic event....
Impact of the Berlin Wall's Fall on Global Politics and Diplomacy
The collapse of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, marked a pivotal moment in global history, profoundly reshaping international relations and diplomatic landscapes. The symbolic and practical implications of this event had far-reaching consequences that continue to resonate today.
1. End of the Cold War:
The Berlin Wall had been a physical and ideological barrier dividing East and West Berlin since 1961, epitomizing the Cold War divide between the Soviet Union and its allies and the Western powers. Its fall symbolized the waning of Soviet influence and the end of the....
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