Childhood phobias usually disappear before adulthood. However, those that persist into adulthood rarely go away without treatment." (Gersley, p. 1)
This imposes a considerable responsibility upon the mental healthcare community find ways of identifying the roots causes of phobias and altering the behavioral patterns that cause these phobias to become ingrained. Hickey (2009) indicates that these root causes are often of a traumatic nature and that subjects tend to engage in "persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness." (Hickey, p. 1) This is dysfunctional behavior, Hickey indicates, that can manifest in other forms of cognitive and emotional dissonance. It is thus that the preliminary review of literature presented here above helps to reinforce the rationales stated above for the engagement of such a study.

Accordingly, the research proposed here should initiate first with a more comprehensive review of available literature and a more exhaustive identification…...

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Works Cited:

Friedman, M.J.; Keane, T.M. & Resick, P.A. (2010) Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice. Guilford Press.

Gersley, E. (2001). Phobias: Causes and Treatments. AllPsych Journal.

Hickey, P. (2009). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Behaviorism and Mental Health.

Naik, P. (1998). Behaviorism as a Theory of Personality: A Critical Look. Personality Research.

ehaviorism in the 20th Century System of Psychology
ehaviorism

The purpose of this work is to provide an outline of ehaviorism, which, is a major system of psychology in the 20th Century. Further the work will provide a substantive treatment of the supportive and critical perspectives associated with the system. Finally this work will include the applications of dualistic activity vs. monistic passivity, source of knowledge: self-generative vs. sensory and mentalism vs. materialism.

John roadus Watson was the founder of ehaviorism and held that:

"Psychology as the behaviorist views it is purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control ob behavior. Introspection forms no essential part to its methods nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness, which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his effort to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing…...

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Bibliography

Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology: Behaviorism - The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy 1988 Jan 1 Online at: Highbeam Research.

Skinner, Christopher H. Functional Behavioral Assessment: Principles, Procedures, and Future Directions - School Psychology review (2001)

Overskeid, Geir (2000) Why Do We Think? Consequences of Regarding Thinking as Behavior" The Journal of Psychology 2000 July 1.

Swann, WB, Jr. et al. (2005) Personality Psychology's Comeback and Its Emerging Symbiosis with Social Psychology. Personal Social Psychological Bulletin. 2005 Feb; 31(2): 155-65. PMID 15619589

Behaviorism
activity: Written -- Behaviorism Essay Context: Behaviorism a great impact Core Knowledge Planning Objectives philosophies. In assignment, expand discussion earlier activity fully articulate behaviorism impacted philosophies.

Behaviorism and its influences

According to E.D. Hirsch, the content of education does matter when educating children. Contrary to the notion that students merely need to 'learn how to learn' and subject matter is irrelevant, Hirsch's concept of Core Knowledge is that certain aspects of cultural literacy are essential for students to function in an academic context. Hirsch based his theory upon what he had noticed as an educator, namely that "knowledgeable students, it turned out, could far more easily comprehend and analyze difficult college-level texts (both fiction and nonfiction) than their poorly informed brethren could" despite similar levels of intelligence (Stern 2009). Familiarity, in other words, does not simply breed contempt, but also is a critical component of knowledge.

Core Knowledge is not a new concept…...

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References

Chen, Irene. (n.d). Behavioral Theories. An Electronic Textbook to Instructional Technology.

Retrieved: https://viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebook/et-it/behavior.htm

Classical model: Ralph Tyler 1949. (n.d). Retrieved:

 http://www.neiu.edu/~aserafin/New%20Folder/TYLER.html

Skinner also proposed a full social model of an ideal society based on his principles of behaviorism.
The growth of cognitive psychology (aided in no small part by advances in neuroscience and medicine) has served to both discredit many behaviorist claims and to bolster the theory in the eyes of some through an incorporation of cognitive theories (Graham 2010; Mills 1998). Focusing explicitly on how the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information -- exactly the kind of "mental states" rejected by early behaviorists -- cognitive psychology at first seemed directly opposed to behaviorism (Graham 2010). There has actually been an incorporation of the two theories by some, however, where cognitive processes join other influences on behavior (Mills 1998).

In modern applications of behavioral theory, certain philosophical elements and conclusions have become especially important. In one emerging view of behaviorism, the concept of a teleological view is increasing important, and a root…...

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References

Graham, G. (2010). Behaviorism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed 25 September 2011.  http://seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/behaviorism/#6 

Mills, J. (1998). Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology. New York: NY University Press.

Rachin, H. (2010). Teleological Behaviorism and the Problem of Self-Control. In Self-Control in Society, Mind, and Brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

This interest was initially dispersed, being higher among some children and lower for the angrier and more depressive children. Still, with sustained efforts, the second category of children also registered an increase in its interest towards education. From the theoretical standpoint, this change can be explained by the efforts to stimulate children education. These efforts were directly made by the interns and the volunteers at the summer program, and they were indirectly supported by the children who were more eager to learn. The stimulation to learn not only directs the children towards an increased emphasis on learning, but it also stimulates their future social position. This stimulation effort is necessary and welcomed in summer programs for all children, since lacunas in educational stimulation can exist in any household, regardless of socio-economic status.
"Children of high stimulating home environments scored higher in social adjustment that those from a low stimulating home…...

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References:

Epstein, I., 2008, the Greenwood encyclopedia of children's issues worldwide, Vol. 3, Greenwood Publishing Group

Huang, Y.S., 2007, the effect of home stimulation on social adjustment: comparative study of Asian-American and Causacian kindergarteners, ProQuest

Hunt, 1993, Literature for children CL, Routledge

Jordan, B., 1974, Poor parents: social policy and the "cycle of deprivation," Routledge

Unlike in the first article, we can see that Phillips' advice (or behavior) is consistent with the reader's. The reader's liberal view on online dating was reinforced by Phillips', particularly when she said "Joining a dating site is nothing to be ashamed of, and I have known several online matches that have led to happy marriages" (ibid, par. 4). Hence we can say that the consensus being painted in this article is towards the popularity and normality of online dating in today's time and age.
Case 3: A year and half ago, before turning sixteen years old, the reader has decided to set some dating guidelines which involved being in a relationship with someone who is not controlling and would treat her well. She also decided to defer her first kiss until she finds someone special. However, she is faced with the fact that most people her age are already…...

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References

Corcoran, N. (n.d.). Consensus. Retrieved from   on March 20, 2009.https://www.msu.edu/~corcora5/org/consensus.html 

Phillips, J. (2009a). Daughter says new girlfriend is nothing but trouble for dad.

Retrieved from   on March 30, 2009.http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/columnists/advice/chi-090309-dear-abby-column,0,7776082.column 

Phillips, J. (2009b). Romance that began online is no cause for embarrassment.

Behaviorism refers to a systematic approach to comprehending human and animal behavior (Staddon, 2014). The assumptions are that every behavior is a reflect created by responses to specific stimuli within any given environment. It can also be a consequence of a person’s history like punishment and reinforcement coupled with a person’s existing controlling stimuli as well as motivational state. The theory is weak in the sense that the focus is on environmental factors although behaviors do accept and understand the significance of inheritance in determining behavior. Skinner added another element to it further weakening the theoretical concept behind behaviorism. Essentially, he included private events (feelings and thoughts) to be subjected to the same examination as observable behavior generating the foundation for radical behaviorism (Staddon, 2014). While Skinner devised a technique called operant conditioning by evaluating the controlling nature of consequences, the overall radical behaviorism stemming from his work has proven highly…...

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References

Staddon, J. E. (2014). The new behaviourism: Mind, mechanism and society. Psychology Press.

 

8-10)
Kohn's belief of behaviorism

Kohn's belief is the most controversial since he believes that the other behaviorist theory is not entirely correct. For example, he believes that arrogance is an individual's authority as well as status and the willingness, eagerness to enforce an individual's theory through the exertion of control on other persons as outlined by others (Curran,1998)

Criticisms

It contradicts Darwin's ideas of natural selection-Darwinsm does contradict skinner's theory of operant conditioning. This is because Darwin believed that humans are constantly in a process of improving themselves in order to gain control of themselves (self-control).However "to increase self-control means to increase liberty" or rather free-will is a concept denied by Skinner (Dahlbom, 1984, p. 486)

Constructivism as a learning theory

Constructivism's meaning changes in regards to one's perspective as well as position. In the domain of education, various philosophical interpretation of constructivism exists. There is the personal constructivism as pointed out by Piaget…...

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References

Beecroft, R.S. (1966). Method in classical conditioning. In R.S. Beecroft, Classical

conditioning (pp. 8-26). Goleta, CA: Psychonomic Press.

Curran, J (1998). Motivating Students without Grades

 http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/alfiek.htm

history of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. The writer explores the changes the field has undergone since its inception as well as some of the people who were important to those changes. There were six sources used to complete this paper.
Throughout the last fifty years there have been massive changes in the field of therapy. Two of the most common approaches to therapy are behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Each of the approaches has followers who believe that it is the best approach. Each of the approaches has commonalties and differences in their foundations. Each approach was developed to answer need in the clients that the therapists treated and to address the questions of human nature and its reactions to various life events.

EHAVIORISM

While behaviorism has been credited to John . Watson, it was Edward Thorndike who started the ball rolling at the turn of the century. He worked at several experiments including one…...

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Blanchard, E.B. (1982). Behavioral Medicine: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50 (6), 795-796.

Wilhelm Reich and Orgone Energy

  behaviorism  http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0497_DeMar_-_Behaviorism.htmlhttp://search.dogpile.com/texis/search?q=%22Wilhelm+Reich%22&cat=web&top=1 

Within its strict perspective of humanity, there is no room for free will; actions are automatic responses to prompts from one's surroundings. It goes without saying that behaviorists do not allow for mankind's soul; this does not rest well with most, particularly with theologians and religious leaders. Naturally, such perspectives on humanity are not acceptable to many. What's more, behaviorism is harshly reproached for its inability to generalize behavior. True, it may predict specific actions but behaviorism does not even attempt to contemplate general behavioral patterns.
Despite its limitations, behavioral psychology is deeply embedded in mainstream psychology. Most notably, the experimental practices espoused by behaviorism are currently observed throughout the psychology field. In other words, its research procedures were recognized as objective and systematic; accordingly other schools of thought eventually adopted them. This respectable research practice undoubtedly facilitated psychology's standing as a true science.

Furthermore, behaviorist theories and practices are applicable…...

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References

DeMar, Gary (1998). Behaviorism. Surviving College Successfully: A Complete

Manual For the Rigors of Academic Combat. New York: Wolgemuth & Hyatt Publishers.

Kunkel, John H. (1996). What Behaviorists Accomplished -- And What More

Can They Do?. The Psychological Record. 46(1), pp. 21-38.

My answer: Yes.

10. What do you feel was the strongest influence on your attitudes?

Interviewee: My mother and maternal grandparents.

My answer: My parents and siblings.

11. What role do you feel a person's race, gender, or ethnicity play when forming a person's personality and attitudes?

Interviewee: I think that culture can have a tremendous impact on a person's personality because it can help shape expectations and reasonable beliefs. However, every advancement in civil rights or culture has been because someone has defied expectations, and those people seem to credit a strong family unit for the strength to stand up to adversity.

My answer: I think they contribute greatly to a person's personality and attitudes when people are raised in a manner that seems to verify truths about stereotypes regarding their race, ethnicity, and gender. For example, watching the Katrina footage three years ago, so many of the poor in New Orleans seemed trapped in…...

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References

Morris, C.G. & Maisto, a. (2005). Learning. In Psychology: An Introduction, 12d (pp. 185-

223). City of Publication: Prentice Hall.

Morris, C.G. & Maisto, a. (2005). Memory. In Psychology: An Introduction, 12d (pp. 224-

257). City of Publication: Prentice Hall.

The concepts of behaviorism have been very important and infinitely significant for the psychological treatment and cure of human beings, and have therefore been accepted as the foundation for 'pharmacological therapy'. According to neo-behaviorism, free will, or the idea of a person being completely responsible for his own actions or behaviors, does not exist at all, and this is in complete contrast to the existentialist theory which holds man responsible for all his actions. Neo-behaviorism states that all man's behavior is determined by his environment, wherein the main influences may be through association, or through the so-called 'operant conditioning', a theory propounded by Skinner, and animals upon which Skinner experimented showed that they demonstrated classic consequences as related to a typical behavior. (Behaviorism)
Skinner was responsible for much of the Behaviorist's theories, and his school of research was named 'Experimental Analysis of Behavior', or EAB. Skinner in fact takes a…...

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References

Behaviorism" Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved at   3 October, 2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BehaviorismAccessed 

Skinner and Radical Behaviorism" Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved at   Accessed 3 October, 2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism#B.F._Skinner_and_radical_behaviorism .

Cline, Austin. "What is Existentialism? History of existentialism, Existentialist Philosophy"

Retrieved at   Accessed 3 October, 2005http://atheism.about.com/od/philosophyschoolssystems/p/existentialism.htm?nl=1 .

The whole language method of teaching reading, versus phonics instruction, is a common use of constructivist theory (Chen, 2010, Social constructivist).
Cognitive theories

As the structures of the human mind began to become better understood in the 20th century, cognitivism became a popular learning theory. It suggests that by understanding how the mind works, teachers are better able to enable students to learn. Assumptions of this approach include the idea that "some learning processes may be unique to human beings…[and] mental events are central to human learning and they must therefore be incorporated into theories of learning" (Ormond 1999). Learning is facilitated by making associations with students' previous learning experiences and skills. The learner is a highly active, involved participant in the learning process, because human minds and experiences can be so individualized. For example, understanding the rhythms of poetry and comparing them to contemporary rap song lyrics might be a…...

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References

Chen, Irene. (2010). Behavioral theories. An electronic textbook on instructional technology.

Available November 20, 2010 at http://viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebook/et-it/behavior.htm#instruction

Chen, Irene. (2010). Social constructivist theories. An electronic textbook on instructional technology. Available November 20, 2010 at http://viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebook/et-it/behavior.htm#instruction

Ormrod, J.E. (1999). Cognitive learning theory. Human learning (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River,

Unfortunately such misunderstandings commonly erupt into violence. One has but look at the conflict that has occurred in Palestine for thousands of years to understand that cultural disagreements and right to ownership is a constant source of behavioral and cultural tension among peoples. Multiple factors motivate such tribes to fight for what they believe is legally or rightly theirs, particularly religious and strong cultural beliefs.
Problems often ensue when one group is unwilling to compromise on their stand or on their values, cognitions and motivation for pursuing a particular claim. In the case of the Assam tribal feud for example, varying militia groups have become involved in the conflict, claiming to represent either the Karbis or the Dimasas. Unfortunately in many cases like this the innocent again often end up severely injured or dead. Most of the dead reported in Assam include women and children or the elderly.

In this particular…...

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References

Bhaumik, S. (2005 - Oct). "Thousands flee Assam tribal feud." BBC News, Guwahati.

23, Oct. 2005:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4367494.stm 

Cataloguing U.S. abuses." (2004 - Dec). BBC News. October 23, 2005:

 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4114825.stm

However, Crisp and Turner are quick to note that imagined contact is of course not meant to be a substitute for real contact, but more of a springboard towards building more cohesive race relations in a noticeably effective manner. "Encouraging people to mentally simulate a positive intergroup encounter leads to improved out-group attitudes and reduced stereotyping. It curtails intergroup anxiety and extends the attribution of perceivers' positive traits to others" (Crisp & Turner, 2009). Crisp and Turner spend a copious amount of time during the paper explaining how simply the act of imagining and how it can have a tremendous impact on people's perceptions and actions. For example, in a study they cite by Garcia and colleagues on the bystander effect, some participants were told to imagine they had just had dinner with 10 people. Others were told to imagine they just had dinner with one other person. Those…...

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References

Burgess, D., van Ryn, M., Dovidio, J., & Saha, S. (2007). Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 882 -- 887.

Crisp, R., & Turner, R. (2009). Can Imagined Interactions Produce Positive Perceptions? American Psychologist, 231-240.

Dovido, J., & Gaertner, S. (1999). Reducing Prejudice: Combating Intergroup Bias. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 101-110.

Levy, S. (1999). Reducing Prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 745-765.

....

 Introduction:

The Little Albert Experiment, conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920, stands as a seminal study in the field of psychology. This experiment sought to investigate the principles of classical conditioning, focusing on the acquisition, generalization, and extinction of conditioned fear responses in a human infant. The Little Albert Experiment has had a profound impact on our understanding of behaviorism and remains a foundational study in the history of psychology.

 The Experiment:

Watson and Rayner meticulously selected an 11-month-old infant, Albert B., for their experiment. They began by introducing Albert to a variety of stimuli, including a white rat,....

1. Educational psychologists play a crucial role in understanding and managing learning behaviors in students. By applying psychological perspectives to teaching, educators can create effective strategies to address various challenges that may arise in the classroom. These perspectives help educators identify the underlying factors influencing behavior, tailor instruction to meet individual needs, and create a positive learning environment conducive to student success.

2. One key psychological perspective that educators often utilize is behaviorism. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the external factors that influence them. Educators can apply behaviorist principles by using reinforcement and punishment to shape students behaviors. For example,....

Effective management of learning behaviors is a cornerstone of successful education, enabling educators to optimize students' cognitive, emotional, and social development while addressing individual needs. By leveraging psychological perspectives, educators gain invaluable insights into the complexities of human behavior, equipping themselves with evidence-based strategies to foster positive learning outcomes for all students.

Educators strive to create an inclusive learning environment where every student feels valued and supported. Understanding diverse learning styles and identifying potential barriers to learning are imperative for accommodating students with special educational needs. By integrating psychological principles into their practice, educators can tailor interventions to the specific requirements....