Behavior Modification Therapy
Effects of Behavior Modification Therapy on Children with Low Self-Esteem

Behavior modification therapy is used in changing the behavior of children, adolescents and adults. However, its use in modifying or dealing with self-esteem is not considered to be very effective and is not used frequently. This paper discusses the basic elements of behavior modification therapy along with the theoretical concepts involved in it. Later on in the paper, ten different studies are discussed mentioning the efficacy of the therapy with regards to low self-esteem in children. In the end, the conclusion about the effectiveness of the behavior modification therapy in treating children with low self-esteem is discussed.

Effects of Behavior Modification Therapy on Children with Low Self-Esteem

Behavior Modification Therapy

Majority of behavior modification research regarding children require management of extreme outcomes. There are basic methods involved in behavior modification therapy which are positive reinforcement and punishment. Examples of positive reinforcement are…...

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References

Bolger, K.E., Patterson, C.J., & Kupersmidt, J.B. (1998) Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been maltreated. Child Development, 69(4), 1171 -- 1197.

Haney, P., & Durlak, J. (1998). Changing self-esteem in children and Children: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 423 -- 433.

Kendall, P. (Ed.). (1991). Child and adolescent therapy: Behavior modification procedures. New York: Guilford Press.

Kernis, M.H., Brown, A.C., & Brody, G.H. (2000). Fragile self-esteem in children and its associations with perceived patterns of parent -- child communication. Journal of Personality, 68(2), 225 -- 252.

Behavior Modification of Drinking More Water
Water is one of the most important ingredients in the body to an extent that it constitutes 75% of the human body. As a result, it's an essential part of human existence that has several major benefits to the body. In the past few weeks, I have noted that I do not really drink much water as I ought to despite of its importance to my well-being and health. I have ignored drinking water because of increased consumption of carbonated drinks, which have significant health effects on my body. The decision to consume these drinks has been based on the flavor and taste they have over water that doesn't necessarily have much of a taste. Furthermore, this decision has been influenced by the attractive marketing and promotional strategies used by companies to market the flavored soft drinks.

In the past few weeks, I have several difficulties…...

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References:

Engelhardt, N. (2012, October 13). Behaviour Modification: Daily Water Intake.

Retrieved October 31, 2013, from  http://prezi.com/pr-x1xv6sjus/behaviour-modification-daily-water-intake/ 

Ko, J., Hung, Y. & Chu, H. (2007). Mug-Tree: A Playful Mug to Encourage Healthy

Habit of Drinking Fluid Regularly. Retrieved from Walden University website: http://mll.csie.ntu.edu.tw/papers/Ubicomp2007LBR_1569054868_camera_ready.pdf

Behavior Modification and Skill Enhancement for High-Risk Students in Community Colleges
Community colleges traditionally maintain an open-door policy, often enrolling students who are poorly prepared to enter higher education.

Once these students are enrolled, they often find themselves struggling with severe skill deficiencies and, in a survey of 6,246 students attending a large, urban community college, Jack Friedlander (1981) discovered that, of the students who were not confident in one or more skill areas, less than 30% took advantage of available support services to help with issues of remediation.

This issue is one of great debate today, with many educators arguing that it is the responsibility of community colleges to assess underprepared and "at-risk" or "high risk" students to better provide the developmental support requisite to educational success.

This research project will define underlying causal factors for high-risk behaviors in community college students and compare/contrast outcomes when neurolinguistic programming is correctly applied to predetermined…...

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Works Cited

Bandler, R., & Grinder, J. (1975). The Structure of Magic. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books.

Bandler, R. & Grinder, J., Frogs into Princes, Moab, Utah: Real People Press, 1979.

Bandler, Richard, and John Grinder, Reframing, Moab, Utah: Real People Press, 1982.

Collingwood, Chris & Jules. (1996). Inspiritive: Teaching Lasting Life Skills Soft Shores Industries Pty Ltd.

While this will not necessarily change the behavior it will provide a blueprint for making the person more aware of what he eats and why it happens outside of hunger.
The next step would be stimulus control. This involves identifying the environmental cues that are associated with overeating and modifying them so that they are reduced as triggers.

Suggestions for ways patients can implement this strategy include:

eating only at the kitchen table without watching television;

keeping no snack foods in the house;

laying out exercise clothes the night before as a reminder to walk or jog in the morning (FOEYT, 2000)."

Cognitive restructuring is used to help the person become aware of himself. In addition it can help the person understand why he overeats and present a realistic expectation about the consequences of that behavior and what benefits are realistically going to come from not overeating.

Stress management is also an important element in behavior…...

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References

Foreyt, John P (2000) Successful Management of the Obese Patient.

American Family Physician

Mulcahy, Nicholas (2003) Psychotherapy may help the obese lose weight: behavior modification insufficient.(Clinical Rounds). From: OB GYN News

Tucker, Miriam E. (2005) Is binge eating disorder tied to obesity? Maybe: patients diagnosed with BED are demographically different from those with either anorexia or bulimia.(Psychosomatic Medicine) Clinical Psychiatry News

In using operant conditioning to modify temper tantrums, the most effective and efficient method uses a system of positive reinforcement that rewards a child for reacting to a situation in a manner other than a tantrum, and a negative reinforcement that involve taking away something a child if the child throws a tantrum. hen the child is presented with a situation that usually would result in a tantrum, the ideal response is to face it calmly. If the child behaves in this manner, positive reinforcement is used, and the child is rewarded. This reward could take the form of a sticker, a toy, a privilege, or another small but tangible reward. if, however, the child responds to the situation by throwing a tantrum, negative reinforcement is applied. The child is removed from the situation and something similar to that mentioned above is taken away. The key to the success of…...

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Works Cited

Skinner, B. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. Retrieved from http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/PDFBooks_files/Science_and_Human_Behavior.pdf

ECOLOGICAL BEHAVIO MODEL & BEHAVIO MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Special Education

The behavior management technique that the teacher along with the assistant used was a form of negative reinforcement and punishment. When Megan displayed disruptive behaviors, she was likely spoken to, in some form of warning, and then removed from the activity, that despite her disruptive behavior, it was an activity in which she actually wanted to participate. The technique planned reinforced her behavior, clearly because as stated, her disruptive behaviors continued in frequency and intensity for group time. They did not support Megan in positive ways, so this approach was a negative reinforcement of Megan's behavior. Megan was furthermore punished for her behavior with her strategic removal from the activity. Megan in some way, received positive reinforcement because of her actions because she received more intense and direct attention from the assistant teacher and then the assistant teacher and the lead teacher at…...

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References:

Dunlap, L.L. (2009). Chapter 13: Behavior Management. An introduction to Early Childhood Special Education. NJ: Pearson.

Computer programming also allows the student unlimited control of stimulus presentations. Computer-based reinforcers can also immediately follow responses. And computers allow concurrent or "cooperative" use (Goldsmith & Lelanc).
Virtual Reality

This creates a three-dimensional, computer-generate environment, where people can behave and interact (Goldsmith & Lelacn 2004). It has been shown effective in treating phobias, burn pain during wound care as adjunct therapy; self-mastery of wheelchair use by children with cerebral palsy; and movement by children recovering traumas and diseases. It can allow the elimination and gradual introduction of distracting stimuli, exaggeration and then gradual return to normal stimuli features and unlimited creation of exemplars to promote generalizations. It is also a safer alternative to skills commonly taught in the natural environment. Virtual reality training, however, is costly, has programming requirements and lacks knowledgeable clinicians and researcher to handle it. Nonetheless, technological advances and evolving lower-cost systems may make virtual reality more…...

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Bibliography

Cautilli, Joseph D, Hancock, Margare a., Thomas, C.A., and Tillman, Chris. Behavior Therapy and Autism Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment. Behavior Analyst Today:

Behavior Analyst Online, 2002. Retrieved on March 20, 2009 at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6884/is_2_3/ai_n28132951?tag=content;col1 

Goldsmith, Tina R. And LeBlanc, Lynda. Use of Technology in Interventions for Children with Autism, Journal of Early and Intensive Behavioral Intervention: Behavior

Analyst Online, 2004. Retrieved on March 20, 2009 at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6887/is_2_1/ai_n28246902

Learning Theory and Conditioning
Whether there are ethical objections to using learning theory to shape the behavior of oneself or others is a very interesting ethical question, which has no clear-cut answer. Learning theory is critical to teaching people, and, particularly with children, is a universal part of the behavior conditioning process. Moreover, many adults choose to use learning theory to help retrain themselves, eradicating bad habits and reinforcing good habits. The real ethical dilemma arises when one adult person is consciously using learning theory in a goal-directed manner to change the behavior of another adult person without that other person's permission.

Few people could argue that there are objections to using learning theory to shape behavior in children. Whether a person is an advocate of rewards-based behavior modification in children, whereby children are given rewards for participating in particular behaviors, or an advocate of punishment for children, whereby children are punished…...

Reinforcement Magnitude and Response Rate
Original research is detailed within this document about the correlation between reinforcement magnitude and response rate. Literature indicates there is a positive correlation between these two phenomena, which served as the hypothesis for this experiment. Participants were randomly assigned colored tokens that correlated to amounts of candy for correctly stringing together beads. The results indicate that the more candy they were given (which functioned in this study as research magnitude), the longer more prolonged their response rate was -- because they opted to continue with the clinical trials. These results served to underscore the fact that there is a causal relationship between reinforcement magnitude and response rate consistent with literature on this topic.

NTRODUCTON

This paper will explore the phenomenon of reinforcer magnitude on response rate. t is attempting to determine if there is a correlation between the magnitude of reinforcement and the rate of response of participants.…...

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In this new study conducted by Aaron J. Brownstein and Stanley S. (1968) three adult pigeons were the subjects; two schedules of reinforcement were simultaneously available during training time. Concurrent schedules were programmed by changeover-key procedure. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of relative reinforcement rate and changeover delay in response-independent concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Results showed that there is no change in a behavior.

These studies demonstrated the importance of the reinforcement effect in any research. Every study suggested that the dimension or magnitude of a reinforcer has a big impact on any dependent variable. It is very clear that reinforcement is a very effective approach to behavior modification and learning. For instance, Jenkins and Clayton (1948) demonstrated that reinforcement magnitude has a very significant effect upon the rate of response of pigeons. It could also be determined that superior performance of learning or preference assessment is obtained when the reinforcer is present for a longer period of time.

The effect of reinforcement quantity on response rates was measured. Multiple trials were done in order to obtain solid results. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the magnitude of a reinforcer will influence the time a participant will spend stringing beads. Based on previous research a strong correlation and a significant difference should be found on the results, since reinforcement magnitude is projected to have an effect on response rate.

Behavior therapy uses rewards or reinforcements to create positive behaviors in order to replace destructive behaviors. Desensitizing is an important part of this type of therapy, where the patient confronts something they have been unable to deal with, such as a fear or anxiety, and gradually learns to become desensitized to the problem, which eliminates the negative behavior (Editors, 2006).
Basically, both therapies give the patient ways to deal with problems in their lives. The basic different between the two therapies is how they address and handle these problems. Psychotherapy attempts to give the patient ideas and tools to help them master their problems and reactions to problems, while behavioral therapy attempts to fully eliminate unwanted behaviors by desensitizing and behavior modification.

eferences

Editors. (2006). Psychotherapy: An overview of the types of therapy. etrieved from the Mayo Clinic Web site: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/psychotherapy/MH0000912 March 2007.

Little, N. (2006). Techniques in psychotherapy. etrieved from the Anxiety-and-depression-solutions.com…...

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References

Editors. (2006). Psychotherapy: An overview of the types of therapy. Retrieved from the Mayo Clinic Web site:   March 2007.http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/psychotherapy/MH0000912 

Little, N. (2006). Techniques in psychotherapy. Retrieved from the Anxiety-and-depression-solutions.com Web site:   March 2007.http://www.anxiety-and-depression-solutions.com/articles/conventional/psychotherapy/psychotherapy_techniques.php12 

8%) and all were s-commerce users. 58.2% were Korean natives, 14.6% were Chinese and 10.8% were American. 9.7% were European and 6.7% were Japanese. The majority used s-commerce to purchase tickets for entertainment (44.5%) and 67% had been using s-commerce for more than two years.
The study shows that transaction safety (.480) and reputation (.450) both at the .01 level of significance, most contribute to trust in an s-commerce platform. The combination of all seven factors explains .784 of all variation in the sample with regard to trust in s-commerce. This is statistically significant at the .05 level of confidence and shows that purchase intentions can be explained by the seven-factor model the researchers created (Kim, Park, 2013). The model of s-commerce security and reliability therefore is statistically sound and applies to the South Korean social e-commerce industry. Study limitation include the lack of cross-sectional design definition and the development of…...

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References

Baird, C.H., and Parasnis, G., (2011). From Social Media to Social Customer Relationship Management, Strategy & Leadership, Vol. 39 Iss: 5, pp. 30 -- 37.

Rosa Diaz, I.M. (2013). Price assessments by consumers: Influence of purchase context and price structure. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37(1), 13-20.

Hollenbeck, C.R., & Kaikati, A.M. (2012). Consumers' use of brands to reflect their actual and ideal selves on Facebook. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 395.

Kim, S., & Park, H. (2013). Effects of various characteristics of social commerce (s-commerce) on consumers' trust and trust performance. International Journal of Information Management, 33(2), 318.

Environmental Cues Shape Behavior
Most people spend their daily lives completing tasks, which involve waiting or queuing on a line. With this situation of waiting like at ATMs, others avoid, postpone, or even abandon their endeavors. Other people endure the wait even though they feel frustrated or dissatisfied by the experience (Horowitz, 2007).

It is evident that irrelevant environmental cues like queue barriers used in airports, banks of ATMs serve as barriers that split people waiting in two categories. The first category comprises those who are within the system and the other category involves those outside the system. In-system people show increased persistence in task completion, action initiation and overall optimism (Ahmad & Prasad, 2012).

Situational cues have a substantial impact on behavior. For instance, wine shops that play French music have demonstrated an increase in the purchase of French wine. This suggests that cues not directly connected to a person's objectives…...

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References

Ahmad, P. & Prasad, M. (2012). Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change. New York: Springer New York.

Cormier, L., Nurius, P., & Osborn, C.J. (2009). Interviewing and change strategies for helpers: Fundamental skills and cognitive behavioral interventions. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

Horowitz, F.D. (2007). Exploring developmental theories: Toward a structural/behavioral model of development. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates.

Managing Behaviors & Teaching Social Skills
Antisocial behavior in schools in on the rise and has become a concern in school systems, from both a learning perspective and from a safety perspective, as well. Previously, schools have dealt with such behaviors using punitive measures such as expulsion, or even law enforcement measures to attempt to discourage youth from behaving in an undesirable manner. These programs have had little or no effect on curbing behavior problems in schools. Second Step and Boys Town are programs, which implement a positive approach to behavior management. These programs teach youth alternatives to violence and stress problem solving, coping, and conflict management. These programs have had considerably greater success than their predecessors. This research will qualitatively explore the theoretical issues behind the success of these two programs and take a critical look at them to explore ways in which they may be further improved for greater…...

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References

Butterworth, F. (1998, July 26). Why the South's murder rate is so high. The New York Times on the Web. ( http://www.nytimes.com )

Capra. F. (1996). The Web of Life. New York: Anchor Books.

Carlson, N.R. (1994). Physiology of behavior. Boston: Allyn & Bacon

Cohen, D., Nisbett, R.E., & Bowdle, B.F. (1996). Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: an "experimental ethnography." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 945-960.

(Singh, 2007)
E. Conflict Resolution

Conflict resolution is inclusive of several specific steps which are stated to include:

(1) Fact finding: Identify all individuals who are affected by the behavior and get complete history about the patterns of physician's behavior, preferably in writing (assuring the complainant about confidentiality). Identify probable risk to all affected individuals including patients and the organization itself. Make sure and document this step.

(2) Meetings: meeting comes when manager has got the most complete knowledge about the issue and its consequences. It is advised to plan for the meeting beforehand. Set the agenda for the meeting, communicate about the issues and how it is affecting staff and the workflow, and what is expected or desired. listen, listen, listen to the physician (sometimes just listening itself resolves the issue or gives you an idea about what to do). Stay focused on the issue, don't send mixed messages and don't bluff.…...

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Bibliography

Bartholomew K. Ending Nurse-to-nurse Hostility. Marblehead, MA: HealthPro, 2006.

Brown D. At med schools, a new degree of diversity. Washington Post; June 1, 2007:A1.

Early P, Soon C, Soon a. Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Stanford University Press, 2003.

Ford, John (2010) Contextualizing Disruptive Behavior in Health Care as a Conflict Management Challenge (nd) Conflict Management Practice Notes. Online available at:  http://johnford.blogs.com/jfa/2009/03/contextualizing-disruptive-behavior-in-health-care-as-a-conflict-management-challenge.html

Activities to Reduce Inappopiate Behavios Displayed by Childen With Autism and Othe Developmental Disabilities
The pupose of this dissetation study is to test the effectiveness of an eveyday activities-based potocol (Holm, Santangelo, Fomuth, Bown & Walte, 2000) fo managing challenging and disuptive behavios of 13- to 23-yea-old esidential students (male and female) with Autism who live at Melmak Homes, Inc., of southeasten Pennsylvania, and attend school o adult day pogams. Applied behavio analysis and a focus on eveyday occupations (activities) will be combined duing the intevention phase. Reinfocement will be fo subtask completion and duation of paticipation, NOT fo absence of taget maladaptive o disuptive behavios. Behavio analysts, howeve, will document the fequency/duation of the taget behavios duing each condition. Inteventions will occu daily, Monday though Fiday. A single-subject, multiple-baseline, acoss-subjects design with nine subjects will be used to evaluate change in behavios unde altenating conditions. Data will be analyzed…...

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references, and favorites)

Child and Family Assets

(Abilities, strengths, skills, accomplishments, and capabilities)

Functional and Meaningful Interactions

(Purposeful interactions; ways interests and assets are used in everyday life)

While stress is a commonly used term, it is a poorly defined term that can refer to a wide scope of things, depending on the context.  Generally speaking, stress refers to the person’s response to some sort of aversive stimuli or stressor, though stress can also be used to refer to the stimuli that causes the stress.  The perception of stress appears to be related to whether a person finds a particular stimulus to be overwhelming. Therefore, a stress concept analysis can have different meanings and is personalized for each person experiencing a particular stressor.  Generally, we....

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Trauma and PTSD

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapy approach that has proven effective in treating trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CBT focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors that contribute to and maintain trauma-related symptoms.

Understanding the Impact of Trauma

Trauma can significantly impact an individual's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. Traumatic experiences can lead to:

Intrusive memories and flashbacks
Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
Negative cognitions about oneself, others, and the world
Hyperarousal and difficulty regulating emotions
Impaired social and occupational functioning

Principles of CBT for Trauma

CBT for trauma aims to address these....

How to Lose Weight: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Weight loss is a common goal for many people, but it can be challenging to achieve and maintain. There are numerous factors that can contribute to weight gain, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions. However, there are also a number of effective strategies that can help you lose weight and improve your overall health. This presentation will provide a comprehensive guide to weight loss, covering topics such as:

The causes of weight gain
The different types of weight loss diets
The importance of exercise
The role of behavior modification
The challenges of weight....

Corporal punishment, or physical punishment, is often debated in terms of its effectiveness in disciplining and modifying behavior. While some may argue that it can be an effective method of teaching consequences and boundaries, research has shown that corporal punishment may actually have negative long-term effects on a child's behavior and development.

Studies have found that corporal punishment can lead to increased aggression, defiance, and antisocial behavior in children. It can also have negative effects on a child's mental health, contributing to issues like depression and anxiety. Additionally, using physical punishment as a form of discipline can damage the parent-child relationship....