attle of Midway: Japanese Perspective
The attle of Midway is considered to be the most devastating battle of the World War II fought between 4th and 7th June 1942 in the Pacific Campaign shortly after the attle of Coral Sea and Japan's attack on the Pearl Harbor. The Japanese operation was aimed to eliminate the United States strategic power in the Pacific. This will enable Japan an easy hold in the formation of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japan was of the view that after Pearl Harbor attack the battle will be a frightening defeat for the United States and they would surrender in the Pacific war . [1: Charles Mercer, Miracle at Midway (Putnam Publishing Group, 1977).]

Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto had planned to make a surprise attack on the Midway, a small island located thousand miles from Hawaii. Their efforts were concentrated on to destroy the American forces after the…...

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Bibliography

Chen, P. (n.d.). "Battle of Midway and the Aleutian Islands." Available from Internet; accessed July 28, 2011http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=6;

Dull, Paul S. A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941 -- 1945). U.S. Naval Institute Press. (1978).

Gordon W. Prange, Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, Miracle at Midway by Penguin, Non-Classics, 1983

Jonathan P. And Anthony T. Shattered Sword, Peattie & Evans, Kaigun, 2005, 33

Battle of Midway, a naval battle fought near the Central Pacific island of Midway, was the most important victory for the United States in orld ar 2. Before this battle Japanese forces were on the offensive, gradually capturing territory throughout Asia and the Pacific. Japan was now the dominant naval force after severely damaging the U.S. Pacific Fleet during the attack of Pearl Harbor six months prior (Newman). Japan was convinced that they were now in position to expand their empire in the Pacific, and Midway was the next strategic move. By capturing Midway the Japanese planned to use the island as an advance base, and hoped to further decimate the U.S. Pacific Fleet into eventual surrender. However, successful American communication intelligence resulted in breaking codes that provided crucial information on Japan's strategy to attack Midway. Being prepared for the conflict the U.S. Pacific Fleet were able to surprise…...

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Works Cited

Bicheno, Hugh. Midway. London: Cassell, 2001.

This book provides an overall review of the Battle of Midway. It pays particular attention to the strategic errors made by both sides and how those errors contributed to the battle's outcome.

Bowen, James. "Despite Pearl Harbor, America Adopts a "Germany First" Strategy." 8 October 2009. America Fights Back. 25 November 2011 .

The website article by James Bowen discusses how United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was persuaded by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to adhere to the "Germany First" war strategy after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The article explains that the "Germany First" war strategy was not announced to the American public because it would have been an admission that America's army in the Philippines and the U.S. Pacific Fleet would be abandoned to its fate in the event of a Japanese attack. The victory at the Battle of Midway was crucial in enabling Roosevelt to maintain full attention on both fronts of the war.

Termed "the forgotten battle," the Battle for the Aleutians represented the only instance during World War II when the Japanese occupied American soil and the campaign exacted a significant toll of American lives and treasure. The Aleutians became strategically significant during World War II for the Japanese as well as the United States, but the American preparations in anticipation of this attack were woefully inadequate. Despite a U.S. naval base was being established at Dutch Harbor in 1942, the Japanese bombed the base and later occupied Attu, Kiska, and Agattu islands. Although a U.S. counterattack from bases on Adak and Amchitka retook these islands in 1943, several thousand of American lives were lost in the process and many more were injured. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of the primary and secondary juried and scholarly literature concerning the Battle of the Aleutians to…...

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References

'Aleutian Islands,' 2012, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.

'Battle of the Aleutian Islands,' (n..d). History. Retrieved online:   / battle-of-the-aleutian-islands.http://www.history.com/topics 

Breslin, CB 1994, June 18, 'World War II in the Aleutians: The Fundamentals of a Joint

Campaign,' Newport, RI: Naval War College.

World War II -- Battle of Midway
The Battle of Midway was fully intended by the Japanese to be a key to Japanese military domination in the Pacific and a further crippling blow to merican naval forces merely six months after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. However, Midway ultimately exposed and deepened the weaknesses of the Japanese war effort. More than a mere defeat, the Midway had far broader effects on the Japanese war effort.

The Implications of the Battle of Midway to the Japanese War Effort

The Battle of Midway's destruction of Japan's offensive capability in the Pacific had far-reaching implications for the Japanese war effort. somewhat surprising result of research is the lack of emphasis on the Japanese Navy's specific losses at Midway. Legend has it that the losses of ships and trained personnel at Midway crippled the Japanese for the duration of the War. However, John Keegan's The…...

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All three sources agree that the Japanese deemed the Battle of Midway a key to domination of the Pacific. According to Weinberg, the Japanese Navy's intended landing on Hawaii required victory at Midway; consequently, the loss of Midway rendered an invasion of Hawaii impossible.[footnoteRef:6] Keegan agrees that Midway was Japan's strategic objective in mid-1942[footnoteRef:7] and Overy calls the Battle of Midway "The most significant fleet engagement of the War."[footnoteRef:8] Weinberg concludes that if Japan had won at Midway, "the course of the War could have proceeded very differently."[footnoteRef:9] [6: Ibid., p. 330.] [7: Keegan, p.88.] [8: Overy, p. 43.] [9: Weinberg, p. 339.]

The assertions about the importance of Midway for Japanese expansion are supported by the authors' explanations of the Japanese adjustments after Midway. After Midway, the Japanese could not expand their domination of the Pacific. Weinberg maintains that the Japanese expansion to the East, South and in the Indian Ocean ended with the loss at Midway.[footnoteRef:10] According to Weinberg, Japanese expansion into the Indian Ocean, which the Japanese had promised to the Germans and wished to pursue, was decisively crippled by the American counterattack on the Solomon Islands that kept the Japanese preoccupied.[footnoteRef:11] Consequently, the Japanese defeat at Midway did not merely result in a stalemate; rather, it forced the halt of Japanese efforts to expand their domination of the Pacific Ocean. [10: Ibid., pp. 329, 339.] [11: Ibid., p. 339.]

Japan's loss at Midway also meant that the U.S. could take an offensive position in the Pacific, forcing the Japanese into a defensive position. As mentioned previously, Japan's initial plans to push further into the Indian Ocean were crippled by preoccupation with the American counter-attack on the Solomon Islands.[footnoteRef:12] According to Weinberg, that very American offensive, that

Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) took place because at that time Henry Tudor was able to mount a serious challenge to the position of King Richard III. He was able to do so because during the preceding two years Richard's position had been weakened by his own acts and by rebellion and discontent among the English nobility, and because Henry had been able to secure his own place as the head of the Lancastrian tendency and the only credible challenger to Richard's throne.
This was despite the very real weakness of Henry Tudor's claim. Henry's royal blood was real enough but illegitimate, and his claim to the throne was not a particularly strong one; it was based on his descent from the Beaufort line, illegitimate offspring of John of Gaunt's union with his mistress Kathryn Swinford. John of Gaunt was son of Edward III and held the title Duke…...

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Works cited

Evans, Robin, 'The Battle of Bosworth Field: A Welsh Victory?', History Review, Decmeber 2002: 4-7.

Haigh, Philip A., The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1997).

Jacob, E.F., The Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976).

Richmond, Colin, 'The Battle of Bosworth', History Today, August 1985: 17-22.

Battles of World War II
Battle of Britain:

When Hitler conquered France in June of 1940, he acquired a forward base to launch his attack against England. Had England fallen in the Battle of Britain, the Nazis would have, at the very least, conquered the entire continent of Europe. The fall of Britain would have allowed Hitler to concentrate his forces on one front in Operation Barbarosa, the invasion of ussia, which he launched in 1941. Most

historians believe that, more than any other single fact, Hitler's decision to fight a war on two fronts, simultaneously, accounted for the eventual defeat of Germany at the hands of the Allies.

The Battle of Britain was won by the heroes of the British oyal Air Force,

flying Spitfire fighters who handed the German Luftwaffe its first defeat of the war in a savage, month-long battle over the skies of Britain in the summer of 1940. It…...

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REFERENCES

1. Ambrose, S. The Good Fight: How World War II Was Won (2001)

2. Commager, H.S., Miller, D.L. The Story of World War II: Revised, Expanded & Updated from the Original Text by Henry Steele Commager (2002)

3. Kowalick, T.M. The Western Tradition Transcripts (1989)

4. Lucas, J. The Last European War (1976)

[footnoteRef:32] This lack of forces for other Pacific struggles generally weakened the Japanese war effort, as the Japanese were forced to fight those battles with insufficient men, weapons, ammunition and other related materiel. [27: Eric Hammel. Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea: The Naval attle of Guadalcanal, November 13-15, 1942. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 1999, p. 346.] [28: Colin G. Jameson. "attle of Guadalcanal: 11-15 November, 1942." www.history.navy.mil Web site. 1944. http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/battleguadalcanal1942.htm (accessed March 18, 2013), p. 78.] [29: Robert Leckie. Challenge for the Pacific: Guadalcanal: The Turning Point of the War (Paperback). New York, NY: antam ooks, 2010, pp. 127-128.] [30: Mark Stille. USN Cruiser vs. IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2009, pp. 19-20.] [31: Leckie, p. 306.] [32: Ibid.]
The Allied victory at the Naval attle of Guadalcanal through the leadership of Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, the Southwest Pacific Theater commander, was also a turning…...

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Bibliography

Baer, George. One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890-1990. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993.

Frank, Richard B. Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle. New York, NY: Penguin Books USA, Inc., 1992.

Hammel, Eric. Carrier Clash: The Invasion of Guadalcanal and the Battle of the Eastern Solomons: August, 1942. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press, an imprint of MBI Publishing Company, 2004.

-- . Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, November 13-15, 1942. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History, 1999.

Turning Points of WWII: Battle of Midway, Battle of Britain, and Battle of Stalingrad
There were many significant turning points in World War II, within which, had they not happened as they did, the outcome of World War itself could, arguably, have been much different

In particular, many of the key battles fought during World War II; between the Americans and the Japanese; Germany and North Africa; Germany and England; Germany and Russia, or elsewhere, could arguably be considered the three most significant. Some of these would including the Battle of Kursk; the Battle of El Alemain; and the Battle of Moscow

However, it is my opinion that the three major turning points of World War II, which played the biggest roles in the war's turning out as it did, were: (1) The Battle of Midway; (2) the Battle of Britain, and (3) the Battle of Stalingrad. In this essay, I will analyze…...

musical style epitomized the 1920s? Jazz
What did John Steinbeck describe in he Grapes of Wrath? he dust bowl and its impact on agricultural families during the great depression.

National Industrial Recovery Act? An act created by President Roosevelt to stimulate the economy by allowing the government to regulate particular industries.

What did the Civilian Conservation Corps do? Created jobs on state and national lands to stimulate the economy.

What did Eleanor Roosevelt see as her primary role as First Lady? o be an advocate for civil rights

Which of the following was not true concerning the election of 1936? Incomplete Question

Which of the following pieces of legislation was an attempt at campaign reform in the late 1930s? Incomplete Question

he National Resources Planning Board facilitated? he National Resources Planning Board facilitated creating and implementing employment for young men during the great depression.

What feature of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 established the basic framework…...

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The Manhattan Project was? The secret project for inventing the atom bomb

Who were the Scottsboro boys? Nine black teenagers accused of rape in a 1931 Alabama case. It revealed the deeply seated racism in Alabama due to its denial of a fair trail.

A. Philip Randolph's call for a massive march on Washington led to? Desegregation of the armed forces.

80).
And, during the sinking of the Hornet, Kernan recalls a story of his own "unexplained" and spontaneous courage, and commitment to a shipmate, Dan Vanderhoof. Vanderhoof, after a 50-year silence between the two, reminded Kernan of that horrible day, with fire around them, the ship listing and running in circles, while the Japanese continued to pound her with artillery.

Vanderhoof recalled Kernan and himself on the hangar deck of the sinking Hornet waiting to climb down the cargo net. For some reason, Kernan asked Vanderhoof if there was anything he wanted from his locker. He remembers saying to Kernan that he wouldn't go back to his locker for anything. ut Kernan insisted on going back...and came back later with a pillow cover loaded with Vanderhoof's gear, including some personal memorabilia that Vanderhoof still cherishes today. And Kernan, to this day, does not remember why he thought it so important to…...

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Bibliography

Kernan, a. (2007). Crossing the line: A bluejacket's oddyssey in World War II. New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press.

Over 1,000 Chinese witnesses came forth to testify in the trials which lasted until February of 1947 after the Chinese government posted notices in Nanking regarding the need for credible witnesses, (Chang 1997:170). Unlike the Nuremburg Trials, however, much of the case against the Japanese fell apart thanks to faulty prosecution and a lack of true concern for justice in the region.
The events which conspired in Nanking during the Japanese occupation broke several established international laws for the protection of civilians, prisoners of war, and unarmed Chinese soldiers. According to the International Military Tribunal of the Far East, three classifications of war criminals were established based on the intent and nature of their crimes. This tribunal followed the model set in Europe by the coinciding tribunal the International Military Tribunal of Nuremburg and followed the same charter with the definition of war crimes as "violations of the laws and…...

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References

Alderman, Sidney. 1945. Address to the Tribunal: November 23, 1945.

Chang, Iris. 1997. The Rape of Nanking. Penguin Books.

Marrus, Michael R. 2006. The Nuremburg war Crimes Trial. Bedford Press.

Moghalu, Kingsley Chiedu. 2008. Global Justice. Stanford University Press

In 1903, groundbreaking national defense legislation hiked up the role of the United States National Guard as a reserve force for the U.S. Army. In fact, all this legislation did was render legitimate the purpose of the Guard as it was used since 1776. In World War I, which the U.S. entered in 1917, the National Guard made up an incredible 40% of the U.S. combat divisions in France; in World War II, National Guard units were among the first to deploy overseas and the first to fight.
In essence, the Guard has long been the backbone of the United States military, but only in 1903, finally, did it get at least Congressional recognition and appropriation for its roles in all major United States conflicts.

The purpose of the Ohio National Guard was particularly notable during the War of 1812. After receiving statehood in 1803, Ohio continued the law creating a…...

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Bibliography

Ohio National Guard. 2004. A brief history.

Snook, David. 2004. History of the Iowa National Guard. Iowa National Guard.

NGB. 2004. About The National Guard. The National Guard Board.

Baker, Bonnie. 1999. The Origins of the Posse Comitatus. Air and Space Power Chronicles, Nov. 1, 1999.

There had been a series of factors, ranging from bad weather to bad positioning, preventing the allies from advancing further into Rome.
After observing the strong resistance that they had encountered and the bad luck that they had, the allied forces had decided to make a significant move by bombing the monastery of Monte Cassino on the 15th of February, 1944. Even with the highest point of the Gustav line destroyed, the allies did not manage to advance into Rome until the time that the Germans retreated because they had no supplies left.

Parker has succeeded in accomplishing what little writers actually attempted to accomplish, with the Battle of Monte Cassino receiving lesser attention from other authors. The battle of Monte Cassino has had a slight I touch into it, as the conditions from the battles having lasted from 1914 to 1918 being similar to the ones in eastern Rome in…...

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Works cited:

Parker, Matthew. Monte Cassino: The Story of the Hardest-fought Battle of World War Two.

history western civilization a book called THE MAKING OF THE WEST.
Joan of Arc

Prior to becoming made into a saint in the early part of the 20th century, Joan of Arc was one of the primary causes of France's many victories in the Hundred Years War. The woman, who only lived to be 19 before she was eventually burned to death after being captured by the British, helped liberate many parts of France from British occupation during a relatively brief period of time, all of which took place during the 1420's prior to her death. Joan told several members of the French population that she was divinely inspired by visions from God to help her defeat the British and reclaim France's territory. With some dissent from France's military leaders, she was able to play an influential role in the Siege at Orleans, which was largely proceeded by several months' worth…...

WWII: Italy
Both World War I and II were world events that left territories, countries, nations, and individuals exhausted from the effort and from loss. These wars proved ultimately ironic when the term "the war to end all wars" proved tragically inaccurate with the outbreak of World War II. In addition to the devastation, however, were significant changes, developments and effects on the world and its paradigms. Decolonization, for example proved to be one of the most important effects. Whereas colonization was a mainly European paradigm as means of transport and new discoveries enabled increasing voyages across the world, the World Wars created the ability of territories to become autonomous, searching for their own identity rather than identities that were associated with those of their colonizers. For Italy, World War II also held its own specific events and paradigm shifts as the country became a territory affected by war and manipulation…...

I. Introduction
A. Background information on the Battle of Midway
B. Thesis statement: The Battle of Midway was a pivotal turning point in World War II, shaping the outcome of the war in the Pacific.

II. Historical Context
A. Japan's expansion in the Pacific
B. United States' response and strategy
C. Significance of Midway Island

III. Pre-Battle Events
A. Intelligence breakthroughs
B. American preparations and positioning
C. Japanese plans and expectations

IV. Battle of Midway
A. Day 1: June 4, 1942
1. Japanese initial attacks on Midway Island
2. American defense and counterattacks
3. Destruction of Japanese aircraft carriers
B. Day 2:....

I. Introduction

A. Hook: Begin with a captivating statement or anecdote that introduces the Battle of Midway.
B. Background: Provide a brief overview of the context of the battle, including the timeline, belligerents, and strategic significance.
C. Thesis Statement: State the main argument or claim of your essay.

II. The Opposing Forces

A. Japan:
1. Strength and capabilities of the Imperial Japanese Navy
2. Tactics and plans for the invasion of Midway
B. United States:
1. Strength and capabilities of the U.S. Navy
2. Intelligence gathering and codebreaking efforts
3. Defensive strategies and dispositions of forces

III. The Course of the Battle

A. Day 1:
1. The Japanese....

## Evolution of the Importance of Air Power in Modern Warfare

Prelude: Emergence of Air Power

The dawn of the 20th century witnessed the advent of aviation, introducing a revolutionary dimension to warfare. Airplanes initially served as reconnaissance platforms, providing a bird's-eye view of the battlefield. However, their potential for offensive operations soon became apparent.

World War I: Birth of Aerial Combat

During World War I, air power played a nascent role. Airplanes engaged in dogfights, bombing raids, and aerial reconnaissance. The war marked the development of specialized aircraft for combat, such as fighters and bombers.

Interwar Period: Technological Advancements

The interwar period saw rapid advancements....