Battered Women
ational of the Study

In preceding years, numerous studies on the battered woman syndrome, or BWS, have been presented to sustain and expose the bitter realities on battered women. The rational of this paper is to present information in relation to the nature of aggressive relationships, as well as the psychological consequences ensuing from recurring abuse. Specially, studies and laws relating to the battered woman syndrome are highlighted to elucidate the occurrence of repeated abuse that formed a battered woman's insights and rulings, making her belief that she was in danger of impending death or physical injury.

Public consideration to the dilemma of domestic violence has risen over the past two decades. esearchers and practitioners have measured the dilemma and its prospective solutions employing both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. More lately, public-policy makers have united in the attempt. However, even though the attention has augmented, the dilemma perseveres. The general…...

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References

American Bar Association. (1994). The Impact of Domestic Violence on women. Chicago: American Bar Association.

Astin M.C., K. Lawrence, G. Pincus, and D. Foy. (1990). Moderator Variables for PTSD Among Battered Women. Paper presented at the convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans.

Bachman R. (1994). Violence Against Women: A National Crime Victimization Survey Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). (1994). Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

According to the study, men were overall more likely to experience only emotional abuse than were women, while women experienced more power-and-control abuse along with other types of partner violence (Frieden pp). Furthermore, men who had experienced only verbal abuse were much more likely to carry a gun for protection than women in that category (Frieden pp). According to Ditter, results from other studies of emotional abuse also indicate that it can be very harmful (Frieden pp).
Investigators in one study found that all of the twenty-five emotional abuse subjects that were studied had three sequelae of "battered woman's syndrome" six months after leaving their partners, 'including trauma symptoms, low self-esteem, and a paradoxical attachment to the former partner," while another study revealed that the victims of even severe intimate partner violence reported psychological humiliation as their worst battering experience (Frieden pp).

A report from the American Psychological Association Task Force…...

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Works Cited

Walker, Lenore E.A. "Understanding battered woman syndrome."

Trial; 2/1/1995; pp.

Frieden, Joyce. "Emotional abuse may raise risk of mental illness."

Clinical Psychiatry News; 3/1/2005; pp.

Criminal Defense -- Mental Insanity / Georgia v. Randolph / Fernandez v. California
hat defenses, if any, were used in these cases? (Georgia v. Randolph) Scott Randolph wanted the cocaine possession thrown out because he said he did not give permission; however Georgia defended the search because the consent of one "joint occupant…who has common authority," is consistent with the Fourth Amendment and with U.S. v. Matlock. However, the High Court ruled that when co-occupants are not in agreement as to letting police search, the search is then illegal. In the Fernandez v. California case, the High Court argued that if the police were restricted from getting permission from the girlfriend -- and had to ask the suspect to grant a search -- that would "impose unnecessary restrictions on law enforcement."

How did these cases impact law enforcement and prosecutors? The decision in Fernandez v. California overturned Georgia v. Randolph, so basically…...

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Works Cited

Cipparone, R.C. (1987). The Defense of Battered Women Who Kill. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 135(524). Retrieved July 30, 2015, from http://www.scholarship.law.upenn.edu.

Cornell Law. (2006). Insanity Defense. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from  http://www.law.cornell.edu .

Supreme Court of the United States. (2005). Georgia v. Randolph. Retrieved Malo, A., Barach, M.P., and Levin, J.A. (2010). The Temporary Insanity Defense in California. PLRI Public Law Research Institute. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from http://www.gov.uchastings.edu.

Supreme Court of the United States. (2014). Fernandez v. California. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from  http://www.scotusblog.com .

Cassandra: Case Study
There is evidence that substance abuse and other mental disorders associated with substance abuse such as anxiety and depression have strong genetic links. In the case of Cassandra, her father and her brother both have had substance abuse issues. For example, "a NIDA-sponsored study of alcohol dependent patients treated with naltrexone found that patients with a specific variant in an opioid receptor gene, Asp40, had a significantly lower rate of relapse (26.1%) than patients with the Asn40 variant (47.9%)" (Genetics of addiction, 2008, NIDA). However, the genetics of addiction are not like the genetics of sickle cell anemia, in which a single, targeted variation causes the illness. At best, there are certain genetic patterns which increase the tendency to develop certain addictions, in the presence of other social factors.

Cultural influences, such as an environment where addiction is the norm rather than the exception can lead genetically vulnerable people…...

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References

Depression and anxiety facts, treatment and prevention. (2013). UHC. Retrieved from:

 http://www.uhc.com/source4women/health_topics/depression_anxiety.htm 

Genetics of addiction. (2008). NIDA. Retrieved from:

 http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/topics-in-brief/genetics-addiction

Battered Women
The problem of internal hostility and shabby women has been a matter of great concern that attracted increasing concentration in both nationally and worldwide in the course of media campaigns, legislation initiatives, and research performed in fields like criminal justice, social science, and women's studies. (McWhirter, 120) It is estimated that on an average one women is physical abused by her husband in every 7.4 seconds in the United States. The hostility at home is considered to be the most significant cause of hurting the women who are in the health care system. With the passage of time the battering of women is growing in intensity and also in occurrence with the 75% of battering women being victimized in more than one number of cases. (Leon, 36) About 20 to 25% of married women have acknowledged the fact of physical abuse in the Identifying Battered Women National Surveys. About…...

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References

Capellaro, Catherine. Help for Battered Immigrant Women - National Network for Battered Immigrant Women. The Progressive. July, 1997. pp: 6-8

Clarke, T. Identifying Battered Women. American Family Physician. May, 1989. Volume: 7; No: 1; pp: 64-68

McWhirter, Ellen Hawley. Applying Social Cognitive Career Theory to the Empowerment of Battered Women. Journal of Counseling and Development. September, 2003. Volume: 12; No: 1; pp: 120-125

Mirands, D. Battered Women: Why Do They Stay?. Psychology Today. May-June, 1992. Volume: 6; No: 1; pp: 47-53

Women Who Kill Their Abusive Spouses
In the last several decades, criminologists and social scientists have begun to pay a greater attention to cases of battered women who kill their abusive spouses. Many of these women who kill their husbands claim they do it to defend themselves. Nevertheless they are often convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to imprisonment. Until recently, battered women were viewed by the public as either "mad" or "bad" (Noh, Lee, & Feltey, 2010) who should be punished as murderers. But lately scholars have begun to argue that killing an abusive spouse must be justified in extreme cases and codified in the law (Ewing, 1990). This paper is of the opinion that women who kill their abusive spouses should have the right to defend themselves in the court before any verdict is issued.

According to legal systems of most civilized nations, self-defense is justified when one is under an…...

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References:

Ewing, C. (1990). Psychological self-defense: A proposed justification for battered women who kill. Law And Human Behavior, 14(6), 579-594. doi:10.1007/BF01044883

Noh, M.S., Lee, M.T., & Feltey, K.M. (2010). Mad, Bad, or Reasonable? Newspaper Portrayals of the Battered Woman Who Kills. Gender Issues, 27(3/4), 110-130. doi:10.1007/s12147-010-9093-9

, 1994)." (Salazar, 253) This is not just troubling as a statistical illustrator of the problem's prevalence but it is indicative of a much larger cultural condition predisposing us to violence toward women. ith ties to the patriarchal machinations of the country's monarchical origins and a dependency upon the fortification of such leanings in modern legal, social and even familial structure, the issue of domestic violence is very much a result of a long-standing and still present heritage of sexism. As we contend with the apparent root causes of domestic violence by helping women find ways out of negative relationships, we are yet contending with a more deep-seeded impulse toward misogyny and violence.
The rationale for further study on this subject will be to provide those in social services, outreach programs and other positions of counsel with the understanding of this problem to address and navigate the correlation and cycle between…...

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Works Cited:

An Abuse, Rape and Domestic Violence Aid and Resource Collection (AARDVARC). (2008). Long-Term Effects of Domestic Violence. Aardvarc.org.

Belmonte, J. (2007). Domestic Violence and Abuse. Helpguide.org.

Butter, V. (2006). The Physical and Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence on Women. Inver Hills Community College. Online at http://faculty.inverhills.edu/vbutter/domesticviolenceweb.htm

Goelman, Deborah M. (2004). Shelter from the Storm: Using Jurisdictional Statutes to Protect Victims of Domestic Violence after the Violence against Women Act of 2000. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law.

omen in Abusive Relationships
According to a report in the Public Broadcasting Service, the home is one of the "most dangerous places for a woman" (PBS). That is because of the legacy of domestic abuse that many women have had to go through, and are going through today. Indeed, the U.S. Department of Justice reports that two-thirds of violent attacks against women are perpetrated by someone that woman knows. Every year about 1,500 women are actually killed by boyfriends or husbands, the Justice Department explains. And every year nearly 2 million men "beat their partners," according to the FBI. This paper reviews the statistics, the reasons that women decide to stay in those relationships, and what alternatives there are for her.

The Abuse of omen -- Background Information

The Public Broadcasting Service story indicates that 95% of victims of domestic violence are women, and that women are "7 to 10 times more likely…...

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Works Cited

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2011). Antoine Robert Three Fingers Sentenced in U.S. District Court. Retrieved June 12, 2011, from  http://saltlakecity.fbi.gov .

Mayo Clinic. (2010). Domestic Violence Against Women: Recognize Patterns, Seek Help.

Retrieved June 12, 2011, from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/domestic-violence/WO00044/method=print .

Morris, Carrie A. Wachter, Shoffner, Marie F., and Newsome, Deborah W. (2009). Career

Women and men are two parts of the human race. Men are important to society just as women are. However, because of the social structure of many cultures and society, men appear as the dominant, superior sex. This leads to the belief that men must control women, dominate them in order to be seen as 'real men'. Katz explore in his novel the need to remove such belief systems and create gender equality to end violence against women and create a balanced society.
Domestic violence is an issue many people face on a daily basis. However, in Katz book, The Macho Paradox, chapter 1 opens the discussion of domestic abuse seen as a common event in the American landscape. "...found that two-thirds of American men say that domestic violence is very or fairly common in the U.S., and in a 2005 national survey...92% of respondents said that family violence is a…...

But sometimes the victims themselves are afraid to voice their grievances in the public because speaking up entails shame, ostracization, and even extra-judicial killings. The victims can express their grievances in public "only at certain times and in certain ways" because their rights are infringed on social and cultural levels (Dewey).
The fact that cultural and traditional beliefs and attitudes contribute to violations of women's rights in a systematic manner can be observed by reading literature on the practice of dowry. Many Indian legal and philosophical thinkers use relativistic terms to contest the notion that the practice contributes to the abuse of women. They contest the notion because they argue the concept of human rights is a estern notion, sometimes disregarding cultural variations and sensibilities of the Indian nation (Gupta). The general critique of the concept of human rights as a western notion may be valid in some matters, but…...

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Works Cited

Dewey, Susan. "Dear Dr. Kothari': Sexuality, Violence Against Women, and the Parallel Public Sphere in India." American Ethnologist, 36/1 (2009): 124-139.

Duggal, Ravi. "The Political Economy of Abortion in India: Cost and Expenditure Patterns." Reproductive Health Matters, 12/24 (Nov. 2004): 130-137.

Grewal, Indu and Kishore, J. "Female Foeticide in India." International Humanist and Ethical Union. 1 May 2004. Web. 12 Dec. 2011

Gupta, Nidhi. "Women's Human Rights and the Practice of Dowry in India." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 48 (2003): 85-123. Web. 12 Dec. 2011

The problems that these women have encountered have ranged from domestic issues to career issues to stereotypes. To solve these problems, the United Status must view them in the light of immigrant women.
eferences

Anderson, M.J. (1993, April). A License to Abuse: The Impact of Conditional Status on Female Immigrants. The Yale Law Journal 102(6). etrieved January 28, 2008, from No Status Quo. Web Site: http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/anderson/brides/pg2.html

Grieco, E. (2002, May). Immigrant Women. etrieved January 28, 2008, from Migration Information Source. Web Site: http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=2

Jewish Women's Archive. (2009, January 27). Exhibit: Women of Valor, Emma Lazarus

Introduction. etrieved January 27, 2009, from the Jewish Women's Archive. Web site: http://jwa.org/exhibits/wov/lazarus/

Lee, a. (2008, March 10). Justice Denied for Battered Immigrant Women.

etrieved January 28, 2009, from the American Prospect. Web Site: http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?

A article=justice_denied_for_battered_immigrant_women

McDonnell, J. And de Lourenco, C.I., 2005-08-12 "Women's Stories: Brazilian

Immigrant Women as "Transnational" Migrants" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott…...

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References

Anderson, M.J. (1993, April). A License to Abuse: The Impact of Conditional Status on Female Immigrants. The Yale Law Journal 102(6). Retrieved January 28, 2008, from No Status Quo. Web Site:  http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/anderson/brides/pg2.html 

Grieco, E. (2002, May). Immigrant Women. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from Migration Information Source. Web Site:  http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=2 

Jewish Women's Archive. (2009, January 27). Exhibit: Women of Valor, Emma Lazarus

Introduction. Retrieved January 27, 2009, from the Jewish Women's Archive. Web site:  http://jwa.org/exhibits/wov/lazarus/

Being of nature, a supposedly passive entity does not necessarily stime the female poet, it can also, in Bishop's construcion, empower her as a speaker.
Yet, there is one caveat -- for Bishop's poem remains tantalizingly silent about her own gender as a female. Thus, even as late as Bishop, the idea of an openly female speaker within a poem associating herself with nature, and seeing herself reflected in nature remains tenuous. Thus, although not Byronic in its imposition of meaning upon the natural world, nor Barrett Browning like in its denial of it, Bishop does not comlpetely deny the cultural assumptions of associating women with nature that still haunt female poets today. Unlike men, women must grapple with this association as authors, of passivitity and feminine voicelessness as mere subjects of the poetic experience -- while men can chose to view nature as neutrals, rather than as conciously gendered…...

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Works Cited

Bishop, Elizabeth. "The Fish." From Charters, Ann & Samuel. Literature and its Writers. Third edition. New York: Bedford, 2002.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett." "How do I love thee? From Charters, Ann & Samuel. Literature and its Writers. Third edition. New York: Bedford, 2002.

Gordon George -- Lord Byron. "She Walks in Beauty Like the Night. From Charters, Ann & Samuel. Literature and its Writers. Third edition. New York: Bedford, 2002.

Immigrant Chinese omen in Canada
Immigrant Histories: Chinese omen in Canada

Nothing is as difficult and as painful as uprooting oneself or one's family for a new life in a strange land. However, many have had to do so throughout history, to not only survive, but also to prosper. The New orld, fabled for its freedoms and its promises of riches, has appealed to many people across this vast world. This appeal has reached as far as China, parts of whose population started their voyage to North America almost 150 years ago (Multicultural History Society of Ontario [MHSO], 2001). This research will examine a brief history of the Chinese population in Canada, starting at the turn of the century, and will continue by describing this population's lifestyle, complete with its problems, its disappointments and its successes, in detail.

According to the Multicultural History Society of Ontario (2001), the Guangdong province, located in southern…...

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WORKS CITED

Anonymous. (2001). But Women did Come: 150 Years of Chinese Women in North America. Multicultural History Society of Ontario. Panel 1-5.  http://www.mhso.ca/ggp/Exhibits/Chinese_Women/panel1.html 

Anonymous. (2011). About Us. Chinese Professional Women of Canada. 1.  http://www.cpaasv.org/hannie/cpwc/ 

Li, S. & Gillett, M. (1995). Chinese-Canadian women in Montreal: case studies in the importance of education. 15-23.  http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23226&local_base=GEN01-MCG02 

Poy, V. (2005). The Equality Deficit -- Chinese Immigrant Women in Canada. Women's Legal Education and Action Fund -- LEAF. 1.  http://sen.parl.gc.ca/vpoy/english/Special_Interests/speeches/Speech%20-%20LEAF_021105.htm

abuse of women has grown to near epidemic levels. Some professionals think this may be because women are finally reporting the abuse that has always been. Abuse can start out as actions as seemingly harmless as name-calling or pushing, but over time may turn into something far more dangerous. There are many emotional dynamics at play in an abusive relationship. These emotions propel the abused toward staying in a relationship that she knows is unhealthy. In her heart, however, the abused feels it almost impossible to break free. Over time she forgets about her wants and needs, and learns only to react to the abuser's feelings and emotions. Her very survival may depend on how well she reacts to the demands of her abuser. Abused women often learn at a very early age how to feel normal and adjust to an abusive environment. They stay with their abuser because…...

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Works Cited

Doyle, Roddy. The Women Who Walked into Doors. London: Viking, 1995.

Quindlen, Anna. Black and Blue. New York, New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1999.

Criminalization occurs when women are treated like offenders rather than victims when they defend themselves against abusive males. Criminalized women are made to feel like they are the ones responsible for situations such as damage to property, child exposure to violence, immigration status issues, reputational damage, homelessness, and poverty occurring as a direct result of male violence. We have heard of numerous cases -- for instance, where women living with abusive partners are accused of failing to protect their children, and are held responsible in the unfortunate event that the children fall victim to, or witness disturbing episodes of domestic violence. The situation is no different in the prison system, where these women are incarcerated upon conviction. ather than strive to address the social injustices such as poverty, sexual and domestic abuse, and psychological issues that drive such women to commit crime, we dedicate our attention to making their lives…...

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References

Balfour, G. (2006). Introduction to Part III. In E. Comack & G. Balfour (Eds.), Criminalizing Women: Gender and (In)Justice in Neo-Liberal Times (pp. 157-76). Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing

Canadian Prostitution Related Laws as of December, 2014 ( URL Link XXX)

Casavant, L. & Valiquet, D. (2014). Bill C-36: An Act to Amend the Criminal Code in Response to the Supreme Court of Canada Decision in Attorney General of Canada vs. Benford and to make Consequential Amendments to Other Acts. Library of Parliament. (URL Link XXX)

Dell, C.A., Gardipy, J., Kirlin, N., Naytowhow, V. & Nicol, J.J. (2006). Enhancing the Well-Being of Criminalized, Indigenous Women. In E. Comack & G. Balfour (Eds.), Criminalizing Women: Gender and (In)Justice in Neo-Liberal Times (pp. 314 -329). Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing